The document discusses different types of linking words that connect ideas, including words that express reasons or causes (because, as, since), contrast (although, despite), and purpose (to, in order to, so that). It provides examples of how to use these linking words correctly in sentences and includes an exercise for practicing the use of linking words.

1. LINKING WORDS
Linking words connect different ideas.
1. BECAUSE, AS and SINCE, to introduce the reason/cause of an action
BECAUSE OF: We use BECAUSE OF when the reason is a NOUN, not a
sentence.
Claudia knew Damian BECAUSE OF her job.
She didn’t recognise him BECAUSE OF the beard.

2. LINKING WORDS
LINKING WORDS EXPRESSING CONTRAST
1. (AL)THOUGH and EVEN THOUGH
MAIN CLAUSE LINKING WORD CONTRAST
CLAUSE
They won the match ALTHOUGH/ EVEN THOUGH They played awfully
THOUGH is usually used at the end of the sentence.
They played the match. the weather was rainy THOUGH.

3. LINKING WORDS
LINKING WORDS EXPRESSING CONTRAST
1. DESPITE/ IN SPITE OF are used to introduce CONTRAST.
1. IN SPITE OF/DESPITE
DESPITE/ IN SPITE OF are followed by –ing OR A NOUN.
The match was not put off DESPITE /IN SPITE OF the rain.
IN SPITE OF/DESPITE being raining, the match was not put off.

4. LINKING WORDS
LINKING WORDS EXPRESSING CONTRATS
1. DESPITE THE FACT THAT/ IN SPITE THE FACT THAT.
DESPITE THE FACT THAT/ IN SPITE THE FACT THAT are followed by a
CLAUSE, and a SUBJECT must be introduced: .
We went to the beach IN SPITE THE FACT the weather was cloudy.
DESPITE THE FACT THAT Tom didn’t study, he passed the exam.

5. LINKING WORDS
2. SO and THEREFORE
We say SO and THEREFORE when we give the result of something
Their neighbours weremaking a lot of noise………………..SO
they called the police.
SO is usually in the middle of the sentence.
THEREFORE is in the beginning of a new sentence. It is usually used in writing.

6. LINKING WORDS
3. TO and IN ORDER TO (PURPOSE SENTENCES)
1. (IN ORDER) TO: when both subjects are the same
I’m studying hard in order to pass my examinations (POSITIVE)
I’m studying hard in order not to fail my examinations (NEGATIVE)
2

7. LINKING WORDS
2. SO (THAT)/ IN ORDER THAT: when both subjects are different or we want to
introduce the same subject again:
- She called Tom so that / in order that they could make arrangements for the cinema.
- She is studying English (in order) to get a diploma for a better job =
- She is studying English SO THAT she can get a diploma for a better job.
3. SO AS NOT + INFINITIVE (NEGATIVE)
Children should go to bed early SO AS NOT to be sleepy for school.

8. WRITING, PART 1: LINKING
WORDS PRACTICE
1. Peter missed his station because he fell asleep on the train
SO HE
Peter fell asleep on the train………………………………missed his station
2. Thieves steal from parked cars. Therefore it is important to lock your vehicle.
SINCE/BECAUSE THIEVES
It is important to lock your vehicle………………………………………..…steal from parked cars.
3. I’m working at home because I want to save money on train fares.
(IN ORDER) TO
I’m working at home………………………………………save money on train fares.
4. Philip opened the parcel since he believed it was for him.
SO HE
Philip believed the parcel was for him…………………………………………opened it.
5. She is applying in order to get a better job.
SO
She is applying………………………………she can get a better job.
6. She forgot the file at home so she had to go back.
THEREFORE
She forgot the file at home.………………………………………she had to go back.

9. WRITING, PART 1: GENERAL
REVISION
1. Tom’s coffee is too hot to drink.
Tom’s coffee is………………………………………………..… Not cold/cool enough
to drink.
2. Tim asked if the whole class would participate in the contest.
He asked:”………………………………..Will the whole
class participate in the contest?”
3. He can’t play tennis any more.
He is…………………………………………………Not able to/ unable to
play tennis any more.
4. Fortunately, I managed to win the last game.
Fortunately, I …………………………………………..Could/ was able to
win the last game.
5. I need to take the coat to the cleaner’s this week.
I need to get…………………………………………………………My/ the coat cleaned
this week.
6. They suggested to go to the shopping center.
They suggested: “………………………………………..What/ how about going
to the shopping center?”
7. I finished writing the postcard a minute ago.
I’ve …………………………………………………..Just finished
writing the postcard.
8. You know you mustn’t leave before 3.30
You know you are…………………………………………..Not allowed to
leave before 3.30.
9. He learned to drive in order to get a job as a salesman.
He learned to drive …………………………………………….So that
he could get a job as salesman.
10. They say that the film has some frightening scenes.
They say……………………………………..That there are
some frightening scenes in the film.

10. WRITING, PART 1: GENERAL
REVISION
1. Tom’s coffee is too hot to drink.
Tom’s coffee is………………………………………………..… Not cold/cool enough
to drink.
2. Tim asked if the whole class would participate in the contest.
He asked:”………………………………..Will the whole
class participate in the contest?”
3. He can’t play tennis any more.
He is…………………………………………………Not able to/ unable to
play tennis any more.
4. Fortunately, I managed to win the last game.
Fortunately, I …………………………………………..Could/ was able to
win the last game.
5. I need to take the coat to the cleaner’s this week.
I need to get…………………………………………………………My/ the coat cleaned
this week.
6. They suggested to go to the shopping center.
They suggested: “………………………………………..What/ how about going
to the shopping center?”
7. I finished writing the postcard a minute ago.
I’ve …………………………………………………..Just finished
writing the postcard.
8. You know you mustn’t leave before 3.30
You know you are…………………………………………..Not allowed to
leave before 3.30.
9. He learned to drive in order to get a job as a salesman.
He learned to drive …………………………………………….So that
he could get a job as salesman.
10. They say that the film has some frightening scenes.
They say……………………………………..That there are
some frightening scenes in the film.