This document discusses linking words that contrast ideas and express purpose in sentences. It provides examples of contrasting words like "but", "although", and "despite" and how they are used in sentences. It also discusses purpose words like "to", "in order to", "so that", and "for" and provides examples of how they are used to link verbs or explain the purpose of actions in sentences.

1. LINKING WORDS THAT CONTRAST
IDEAS

2. •But
•In spite of / despite
•Although / even though /
though

3. • The film was sad but interesting
• I tried to lift the box but it was too
heavy.
BUT IS ALWAYS USED IN THE MIDDLE OF A
SENTENCE!

4. in spite of / despite+ noun or
gerund
•We won the game in spite of having
fewer players
• we could finish the game on time in
spite of rain
•Despite the rain, we could finish the
game on time
•She could stay with us despite
feeling well

5. Although/ even though / though
• We use them to express that the result
of something was unexpected
• Even though is stronger than
although/though.
• I enjoyed the party, even though/
although/though I didn’t like the
music.

6. • ALTHOUGH + subject + verb
• Although, I exercise every day, I
can’t lose weight.
• Even though I exercise every day
I can’t lose weight
• I can’t lose weight, I do exercises
though
•

7. • In spite of the fact that/despite the fact that +
subject + verb
In spite/despite the fact that I have drunk
coffee, I still have a headache.
In spite of the fact I searched the web, I didn't
come up with a good find.
Despite the fact I searched the web, I didn't
come up with a good find.

8. LINKING WORDS THAT EXPRESS
PURPOSE

9. • TO
• IN ORDER TO
• SO THAT
• FOR

10. • TO / IN ORDER TO/SO AS TO +INFINITIVE
SHE REVISED ALL NIGHT TO / IN ORDER TO/SO
AS TO PASS HER EXAM
I HURRIED TO THE BUSS STATION IN ORDER NOT
TO MISS THE BUSS
WE HAD CONDUCTED THE TEST SO AS TO
REVEAL THE BEST STUDENTS
JANE WOKE UP EARLY SO AS NOT TO BE LATE
FOR WORK
NOT CAN’T BE USED ALONE WITHOUT LINLING
WORDS: SHE WOKE UP EARLY NOT TOBE LATE
FOR WORK INCORRECT

11. SO THAT + SUBJECT + VERB
• I WILL GIVE A MAP SO THAT YOU CAN FIND
THE WAY
• CAN- COULD
• WILL-WOULD DEPENDING ON THE TENSE
• I WILL GIVE YOU A MAP SO THAT YOU WILL
FIND OR I GAVE YOU A MAP SO THAT YOU
COULD FIND THE WAY

12. TO / FOR
• Use or purpose of things/objects we use FOR
AND TO
To explain the use of an object, what it is used
for, we use for following by -ing
What is this sponge for? = For what purpose is
it used?
It is for cleaning the sink. (general, state thing)
• It is to clean sink

13. • Reason or purpose of actions
To explain why we do something,
we use the infinitive (ex: to do)
What do you use this sponge for? = Why do
you use it?
I use it to clean the sink. (specific action)
• Why did you turn on the radio?
I turned on the radio to listen to the news.