Linked lecture wv

WILLIAM VEERBEEK
www.floodresiliencegroup.org | w.veerbeek@floodresiliencegroup.org

• Flood Resilience Group, Unesco-IHE
FLOODRESILIENCEGROUP

ir. W. (William) Veerbeek
Urban Development
• Dura Vermeer Business Development
FLOOD RESILIENCE GROUP | WE Department | Unesco-IHE
Westvest 7 | P.O. Box 3015 | 2601DA Delft | Netherlands
T: +31(0)15 2151 821 | M: +31(0)6 427 88 359
w.veerbeek@floodresiliencegroup.org
www.floodresiliencegroup.org

ARCHITECTURE>URBAN/REGIONAL PLANNING>ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE>URBAN CLIMATE ADAPTATION

FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED Page 1 May 2010

WILLIAM VEERBEEK

• Flood Resilience Group, Unesco-IHE, Delft

ir. W. (William) Veerbeek
Urban Development
• Dura Vermeer Business Development, Hoofddorp
FLOOD RESILIENCE GROUP | WE Department | Unesco-IHE
Westvest 7 | P.O. Box 3015 | 2601DA Delft | Netherlands
T: +31(0)15 2151 821 | M: +31(0)6 427 88 359
w.veerbeek@floodresiliencegroup.org
www.floodresiliencegroup.org

ARCHITECTURE>URBAN/REGIONAL PLANNING>ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE>URBAN CLIMATE ADAPTATION

> > >


WILLIAM VEERBEEK



DEVELOPING RESILIENCY: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR
THE CITY


RECILIENCY: CONCEPTS
Systems

SYSTEMS:
• Any set of interacting components that operate within an environment
• Systems show functional and non-functional behavior: local, global
• Some behavior is goal oriented (e.g. maximizing profits)
• Identification of a system depends on perspective

EXAMPLES:
• Corporate systems: e.g., Businesses
• Physical / Socioeconomic systems: e.g. Cities
• Mechanical systems: e.g. Machines
• Social systems: e.g. Friends
• Biological systems: e.g. Human body
• etc.

UNDER WHAT RANGE OF CONDITIONS
DOES A SYSTEM FUNCTION ( )
(OPTIMALLY)?
Does you body perform well
during -30 ºC or +40 ºC ?


Static vs Dynamic environment

STATIC ENVIRONMENT:
• No changes in conditions over time
• Optimization possible: e.g. construction of bridge
• Exceedance probabilities (norms in risk assessment)

CLOSED SYSTEM:
• No flow of energy in and out of the system
• Thus: Energy balance
Energy can be capital, labour,
resources, information, etc.


Static vs Dynamic conditions

DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENT:
• Changes in conditions over time (gradual, volatile)
• Uncertainty
• Optimization difficult: System has to perform in different circumstances

OPEN SYSTEM:
• Flow of energy in and out of the system
• Sometimes shortage, sometimes surplus


Robustness and Adaptation

ROBUSTNESS:
• Ability to withstand various stressor levels: threshold capacity
• Redundancy (risk distribution)

ADAPTATION:
• Ability to change (reconfigure) the functioning of a system
• Coping capacity, recovery capacity, adaptive capacity

LIMIT OR DECREASE VULNERABILITY:
• Short term AND long term = Sustainability


RESILIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY
Resiliency leads to Sustainability

EXAMPLE FINANCIAL CRISIS:
• High level of optimization (positive feedback)
• Short term perspective
• Extremely fragile system (no diversification)

LESSONS LEARNED (OR NOT)
• Risk distribution, diversification
• Short term and long term horizion
• Vulnerability assessment for a wider range of scenarios

GOAL: SUSTAINABILE ECONOMY


SUSTAINABILITY
What is it about?

Sustainability is the capacity to endure. (...) For humans it is the potential for long-term maintenance of well being.

HOW CAN WE ENSURE OUR WELL-BEING FOR THE LONG-TERM?

or

HOW CAN WE ENSURE OUR WELL-BEING IN CHANGING FUTURE CONDITIONS?


RECILIENCY: APPLICATION
How does a city perform under changing conditions?

NICE STORY BUT WHAT DOES IT HAVE TO DO WITH US?
• Cities are systems that perform under changing conditions
• Physical (e.g. climate), Social (e.g. demographics), Economic (e.g. crisis), etc.
• Is your city robust/adaptive enough to cope with these changes?
• Additional problem: Current changes evolve faster than ever

“A city is a pattern in time. No single consituent remains in place”
John Holland, 1995

LET’S FOCUS ON PHYSICAL CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT: CLIMATE CHANGE

CLIMATE CHANGE
What is it about?

Trend change: Overall increase in temperature
More extremes: Wetter, dryer, heat waves, storms
Drought

Heat

Severe storm
events

Severe precipitation

Climate Change (driver)
Autonomous urban development (driver/receptor)
• Drainage capacity
• Urban heat island effect
• Limited water suply


CLIMATE CHANGE
Relation to urban areas

Sea level rise 1992 2002
Many cities are located in deltaic regions

Ice mass in Greenland Vulnerable delta cities, 2005

Flooding (river)
Delta cities often cause enchroachment of rivers

Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Chehalis river flood, Washington, USA, 2007

Flooding (rainfall)
Limiting drainage capacity

Illustration urban water cycle Flooding Minsk, Wit-Rusland, 2009


CLIMATE CHANGE

Heat stress
Heat islands because of densification

Illustration Urban Heat Island effect Heat during the 4daagse, Nijmegen, 2007

Drought
Little or no water retention in urban areas

Illustration groundwater level during drought Scammonden Reservoir, Yorkshire, UK, 2003

Fires
Suburbs adjacent to natural reserves

Forest fires in de VS Wildfires, Los Angeles, USA, 2008


CLIMATE CHANGE

THE RUSSIAN ‘SOCIALIST CITY’:
• based on static rationalized requirements
• Yet, the design is oversized; room for further development: Adaptible


CLIMATE CHANGE
The urban receptor

Transformation of Russian public space


CLIMATE CHANGE

Transformation of public space into parking space
• Short-term thinking: cheap way to fullfill demand of growing car ownership


CLIMATE CHANGE
Loss of urban drainage capacity

Minsk, July, 2009


CLIMATE CHANGE
The historic European city: Dense urban centres vs sparse outskirts

Intensive land-use: land cover leaves almost no room for vegetation


DENSE CENTRES: IMPERVIOUS LAND COVER
The historic European city: Dense urban centres vs sparse outskirts

High %age of landcover is impervious: low infiltration capacity (natural drainage)

Based on: Veerbeek et al (2009) Klimaatrobuust Nederland


DENSE CENTRES: IMPERVIOUS LAND COVER
The Dutch urban areas are highly susceptible to extreme weather

Delft is representative for many Dutch cities (e.g. Rotterdam)

Especially industrial areas (e.g.
port zones) are vulnerable.

Based on: Veerbeek et al (2009) Klimaatrobuust Nederland

Landsat Infrared image of Rotterdam area


URBAN CLIMATE ADAPTATION: BUILDING RESILIENCY
Making our urban areas less vulnerable to natural hazards

INVEST IN ROBUSTNESS AND ADAPTATION:
• Use the 4 capacities: threshold, coping, recovery, adaptive
• Distribute your risk
• Always solve multiple problems in a design
• Design in space and time
• Seek synergies
• Design in an integrative manner: including public space
• Solve problems locally


HOTSPOT ROTTERDAM
• Using Climate Change as an opportunity to drive new urban development
• Research - Policy - Design - Investment


ROTTERDAM GREEN ROOF INITIATIVE
Increasing the drainage capacity of buildings

• Transform leftover spaces (roofs) into climate proof functional spaces
• Subsidise green roof initiatives (tax cuts)
• Frontrunner: develop green roofs on public buildings


ROOF PARK
Rotterdam, Netherlands, 2006-2012. Dura Vermeer, Rotterdam, Netherlands

• Biggest multi-functional levee in Europe
• Combining a levee, park, retail, logistics
• Connect currently seperated neighborhoods
• Currently under construction


ROOF PARK

• Stack different functions on top of each other
• Wrap the park around
building programme

location

ﬂood defense

park

combined functions


ROOF PARK
reference: Bercy, France

• Biggest multi-functional levee in Europe
• Combining a levee, park, retail, logistics
• Connect currently seperated neighborhoods
• Currently under construction
park area

mediteranian garden/glass house


FLOATING EXPOCENTRE ROTTERDAM

APPLYING THE STATE-OF-THE-ART CLIMATE TECHNOLOGY
• Vistor centre marketing Rotterdam’s climate proofing ambitions
• Cooling/Heating with solar power, water
• Storing of energy by using phase-change materials


AMPHIBIC COMMUNITY
46 Housing Units, Maasbommel, Netherlands, 2002-2003. Dura Vermeer, Hoofddorp, Netherlands

• Housing area located on the Meuse river bed
• During high waters the houses float
• Hollow concrete base for buoyancy
• International attention (e.g. Discovery Channel)


FLOATING GREEN HOUSE NAALDWIJK

USING THE DUTCH WATER SYSTEM AS A CROP FIELD
• Cooling/Heating using water
• Moving an industry sector away from the city


URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT DORDRECHT
Integrating flood risk in brownfield development

INTEGRATION OF FLOOD RISK IN BROWNFIELD DEVELOPMENT:
• Problem are became a ‘safe haven’
• Knowledge driven

new residential area

Low-level city
flood prone area

1:4000 year levee



HOUSING TYPOLOGIES FOLLOW FLOOD RISK:
• Living with water instead of fighting water


DOCKSTAGE: FLOATING THEATRE FOR THE DRECHTSTEDEN
Serving 3 cities with a multi-functional theatre/concert hall

NOT ENOUGH ‘CRITICAL MASS’ FOR A SINGLE CITY
• Ship the theatre from city to city
• On-shore facilities are limited to parking and logistics


CONCLUSIONS
Development of the Russian provincial city

ADOPT A ‘NO-REGRET’ STRATEGY:
• Current interventions should not lead up to mistakes in the future
• Rigourously analyse the current city in space and time
• Develop a strong public space policy; public space is functional!
• Adopt a system’s perspective; the city is not just a colleiton of objects

DIVERSIFY AND LIMIT:
• Diversify your assets; distribute your risk
• Create synergy instead of singular objects; combine functions
• Smart growth; do not endlessly expand your cities

INCLUDE ADAPTATION:
• Flexibility is a must; think in time
• Develop flexible development plans using scenarios
• Abandon rigid zoning plans


CONCLUSIONS
Development of the Russian provincial city

LEARN FROM WHAT IS THERE!
• The origins of the Russian cities are almost forgotton
• Yet, there are many places with potential qualities
• Adopt a local strategy, building on what is there instead of wiping things away


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