The document describes the SLEUTH urban growth model, which uses a cellular automata approach. Some key points:
1. SLEUTH integrates geographic data layers as the operating environment for a cellular automata model of urban growth.
2. It has complex transition rules that are influenced by coefficients calibrated to match historical urban growth patterns.
3. The paper describes the brute force calibration method used to optimize coefficient values by generating simulations and comparing to real data using fitness criteria.
Ван Хуэй "Как выгодно использовать модель централизованного планирования элек...mosurban
HUI WANG "HOW TO MAKE URBAN CLUSTERS. BENEFIT FROM THE CENTRALIZED-POWER PLANNING MODEL"
Ван Хуэй "Как выгодно использовать модель централизованного планирования электроснабжения для городских кластеров"
The Flourishing Cities FrameworkSystemic Civil Planning for an Urban Busin...Peter Jones
Workshop at Urban Ecologies 2015. Today’s participatory design workshop is to learn and employ the Flourishing Cities canvas as a system map for designing civil governance processes. The Flourishing Cities framework adapts a design tool for constructing strongly sustainable business models as a visual organizer for engaging stakeholders in co-creating values-centred operational guidance for urban planners and local governments.
This is based on research work developed from OCADU sLab Strongly Sustainable Business Model group as applied to the flourishing of cities and settlements.
This presentation is a compilation of selected topics on the history of urbanization, urban and regional planning theories, urban thinkers and their contributes, concepts, bases of land use, applicability to the Philippine setting, and a briefer of urban design elements.
Ван Хуэй "Как выгодно использовать модель централизованного планирования элек...mosurban
HUI WANG "HOW TO MAKE URBAN CLUSTERS. BENEFIT FROM THE CENTRALIZED-POWER PLANNING MODEL"
Ван Хуэй "Как выгодно использовать модель централизованного планирования электроснабжения для городских кластеров"
The Flourishing Cities FrameworkSystemic Civil Planning for an Urban Busin...Peter Jones
Workshop at Urban Ecologies 2015. Today’s participatory design workshop is to learn and employ the Flourishing Cities canvas as a system map for designing civil governance processes. The Flourishing Cities framework adapts a design tool for constructing strongly sustainable business models as a visual organizer for engaging stakeholders in co-creating values-centred operational guidance for urban planners and local governments.
This is based on research work developed from OCADU sLab Strongly Sustainable Business Model group as applied to the flourishing of cities and settlements.
This presentation is a compilation of selected topics on the history of urbanization, urban and regional planning theories, urban thinkers and their contributes, concepts, bases of land use, applicability to the Philippine setting, and a briefer of urban design elements.
Groundwater models are simplified representation of large and real hydrogeologic systems like river basins or watersheds. GWM is attempted to analyse the mechanisms which control the occurrence and movement of groundwater and to evaluate the policies, actions and designs which may affect the systems. These models are less complex prototypes of complex hydrogeologic systems developed using spatially varying aquifer parameters, hydrologic properties, geologic boundary conditions and positions of withdrawal wells or recharging structures. These are designed to compute how pumping or recharge might affect the local or regional groundwater levels.
Prof Ni-Bin Chang talked about the urban growth model to be adopted in the "Flood impact assessment in mega cities under urban sprawl and climate change" project.
Identifying and Visualizing Spatiotemporal Clusters on Map Tilesmloecher
Scoring unusual events in space and time has been an active and important field of research for decades: How do we (i) distinguish normal fluctuations in a stochastic count process from real additive events, (ii) identify spatiotemporal clusters where the event is most strongly pronounced ? and (iii) how do we efficiently graph these clusters in a map overlay ?
Supervised learning algorithms are proposed as an alternative to the computationally expensive scan statistic. The task can be reduced to detecting over-densities in space relative to a background density. We frame the relative density estimation as a binary classification problem.
In the light of recent advances of embedding map tiles in statistical software via the library RgoogleMaps we have developed an integrated hotspot visualizer. We can now efficiently identify and visualize spatiotemporal clusters in one environment.
The SLEUTH Urban CA-Based Model: an evaluation - ThéoQuant2007Matteo Caglioni
SLEUTH model has been developed by its author, Keith Clarke, as general model, suitable for all kinds of urban growth, in order to define a sort of DNA of urban systems (constituted by particular sets of model parameters). To be really general, we think that this model has to fit two general aspects: the urban sprawl and the rank-size rule.
We present an evaluation of Sleuth model through European case studies, showing the calibrated set of parameters which fit each city we have analysed, and showing how this model can predict urban growth and in particular the dynamic process of the sprawl, through the output maps of the Sleuth software. Moreover it’s possible to apply this model not only at single cities, but also to a wide territory (due to scale invariance), in order to predict the evolution of a system of cities; to do this we considered an ideal territory, built by ourselves, respecting the rank-size rule, evaluating the ability of the model to fit this aspect. We will present also the sensitivity analysis conducted on the 5 parameters of the model (see below), in order to establish how these parameters influence the growth of urbanized areas. The goal is a contribution for the ambitious Project Gigalopolis, investigating the meaning of the parameters of the model, and the common aspects among different type of urbanized areas, in order to build a “DNA of city” through the analysis of the outgoings produced by Sleuth.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
Our Vision
We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
Our Services
At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
Static QR Codes: Create free static QR codes. These QR codes are able to store significant information such as URLs, vCards, plain text, emails and SMS, Wi-Fi credentials, and Bitcoin addresses.
Dynamic QR codes: These also have all the advanced features but are subscription-based. They can directly link to PDF files, images, micro-landing pages, social accounts, review forms, business pages, and applications. In addition, they can be branded with CTAs, frames, patterns, colors, and logos to enhance your branding.
Pricing and Packages
Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
Why choose us?
ViralQR will provide services for marketing, advertising, catering, retail, and the like. The QR codes can be posted on fliers, packaging, merchandise, and banners, as well as to substitute for cash and cards in a restaurant or coffee shop. With QR codes integrated into your business, improve customer engagement and streamline operations.
Comprehensive Analytics
Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
So, thank you for choosing ViralQR; we have an offer of nothing but the best in terms of QR code services to meet business diversity!
Groundwater models are simplified representation of large and real hydrogeologic systems like river basins or watersheds. GWM is attempted to analyse the mechanisms which control the occurrence and movement of groundwater and to evaluate the policies, actions and designs which may affect the systems. These models are less complex prototypes of complex hydrogeologic systems developed using spatially varying aquifer parameters, hydrologic properties, geologic boundary conditions and positions of withdrawal wells or recharging structures. These are designed to compute how pumping or recharge might affect the local or regional groundwater levels.
Prof Ni-Bin Chang talked about the urban growth model to be adopted in the "Flood impact assessment in mega cities under urban sprawl and climate change" project.
Identifying and Visualizing Spatiotemporal Clusters on Map Tilesmloecher
Scoring unusual events in space and time has been an active and important field of research for decades: How do we (i) distinguish normal fluctuations in a stochastic count process from real additive events, (ii) identify spatiotemporal clusters where the event is most strongly pronounced ? and (iii) how do we efficiently graph these clusters in a map overlay ?
Supervised learning algorithms are proposed as an alternative to the computationally expensive scan statistic. The task can be reduced to detecting over-densities in space relative to a background density. We frame the relative density estimation as a binary classification problem.
In the light of recent advances of embedding map tiles in statistical software via the library RgoogleMaps we have developed an integrated hotspot visualizer. We can now efficiently identify and visualize spatiotemporal clusters in one environment.
The SLEUTH Urban CA-Based Model: an evaluation - ThéoQuant2007Matteo Caglioni
SLEUTH model has been developed by its author, Keith Clarke, as general model, suitable for all kinds of urban growth, in order to define a sort of DNA of urban systems (constituted by particular sets of model parameters). To be really general, we think that this model has to fit two general aspects: the urban sprawl and the rank-size rule.
We present an evaluation of Sleuth model through European case studies, showing the calibrated set of parameters which fit each city we have analysed, and showing how this model can predict urban growth and in particular the dynamic process of the sprawl, through the output maps of the Sleuth software. Moreover it’s possible to apply this model not only at single cities, but also to a wide territory (due to scale invariance), in order to predict the evolution of a system of cities; to do this we considered an ideal territory, built by ourselves, respecting the rank-size rule, evaluating the ability of the model to fit this aspect. We will present also the sensitivity analysis conducted on the 5 parameters of the model (see below), in order to establish how these parameters influence the growth of urbanized areas. The goal is a contribution for the ambitious Project Gigalopolis, investigating the meaning of the parameters of the model, and the common aspects among different type of urbanized areas, in order to build a “DNA of city” through the analysis of the outgoings produced by Sleuth.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
Our Vision
We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
Our Services
At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
Static QR Codes: Create free static QR codes. These QR codes are able to store significant information such as URLs, vCards, plain text, emails and SMS, Wi-Fi credentials, and Bitcoin addresses.
Dynamic QR codes: These also have all the advanced features but are subscription-based. They can directly link to PDF files, images, micro-landing pages, social accounts, review forms, business pages, and applications. In addition, they can be branded with CTAs, frames, patterns, colors, and logos to enhance your branding.
Pricing and Packages
Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
Why choose us?
ViralQR will provide services for marketing, advertising, catering, retail, and the like. The QR codes can be posted on fliers, packaging, merchandise, and banners, as well as to substitute for cash and cards in a restaurant or coffee shop. With QR codes integrated into your business, improve customer engagement and streamline operations.
Comprehensive Analytics
Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
So, thank you for choosing ViralQR; we have an offer of nothing but the best in terms of QR code services to meet business diversity!
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
GenAISummit 2024 May 28 Sri Ambati Keynote: AGI Belongs to The Community in O...
calibrating sleuth
1. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
CALIBRATING THE SLEUTH
URBAN GROWTH MODEL
IN A MULTI-MODAL FITNESS
LANDSCAPE
William Veerbeek
Artificial Intelligence Section, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
2. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
EXPLODING URBAN GROWTH
-1800: 3% of world population lived in cities
-2000: 47% of world population lived in cities
urbanization has a large impact on earth’s resources,
yet no general theory or model exists!
3. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
GAS: Geographic Automata Systems
1992: Urban growth models using Cellular Automata
Cellular Automata:
A CA is an array of identically programmed automata, or cells, which in-
teract with one another in a neighborhood and have a definate state
array cell interact neighborhood state starting
condition
4. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
early urban growth models using CA:
-attention to transition rules
-use spatially isotropic lattices
D.P. Ward et. al, ‘An Optimized Cellular Automata Approach for Sustainable urban Development in Rapidly
Urbanizing Regions (1999)
5. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
CA: SPATIALLY ISOTRIPIC ENVIRONMENT
spatial conditions of cities are almost never isotropic
mountains
river
sea
array cell interact neighborhood state starting
condition
6. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
1994: Human Induced Land Transformation (HILT) model
-first GAS to use geographic information as the envrionment
for the CA
Kirtland et. al, ‘An Analysis of Human Induced Land Transformations in the San Fransisco Bay/Sacramento
area (1994)
7. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
1997: Slope, Land-use, Exclusion, Urban Extent, Transpor-
tation and Hillshade model (SLEUTH)
Two Papers:
1. K.C. Clarke and S. Hoppen (1997), ‘A self-modyfying cellular automaton model of the histori-
ca urbanization in the San Fransisco Bay area’ ,planning and Design 24, 247-261
2. E. A. Silva and K. C. Clarke (2004), ‘Calibration of the SLEUTH urban growth model for Lisbon
and Porto’ , Computers, Environment and Urban systems 26 , 525-552
8. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
1. K.C. Clarke and S. Hoppen (1997), ‘A self-modyfying cellular automaton model of the his-
torica urbanization in the San Fransisco Bay area’ ,planning and Design 24, 247-261
The paper presents the SLEUTH-model. Features include:
-integration of GIS-layers as the operating environment
-different cell states (not binary as in game of life)
-complex set of transition rules
-set of coefficients that dictate outcome transition rules
-self-modifying rules
-calibration method
9. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
1. K.C. Clarke and S. Hoppen (1997), ‘A self-modyfying cellular automaton model of the his-
torica urbanization in the San Fransisco Bay area’ ,planning and Design 24, 247-261
1. Integration of GIS-layers
2. Roads 3. Seeds
1. Slope 4. Excluded Areas
-all layers except (roads layer) are cell-based (pixels)
10. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
1. K.C. Clarke and S. Hoppen (1997), ‘A self-modyfying cellular automaton model of the his-
torica urbanization in the San Fransisco Bay area’ ,planning and Design 24, 247-261
2. Different Cell-states
1. empty
2. seed cell
3. urbanized in current iteration
4. urbanized in previous iteration (any)
11. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
over decentralisatie, kritische grenzen en ai
1. K.C. Clarke and S. Hoppen (1997), ‘A self-modyfying cellular automaton model of the his-
torica urbanization in the San Fransisco Bay area’ ,planning and Design 24, 247-261
3. Complex set of transition rules
Composite rules composed of:
-rules on interaction with GIS-layers
-rules on cell-states of neighboring cells
For every cell {
count the #neighbors in the neighborhood
for every cell {
calculate individual_urbanization_probabilites of parameters
}
probability_of_urbanization = sum(normalized_parameter_values)/5 //(5 parameters)
if probability_of_urbanization>0.5 { //probability > 50%
cell becomes urbanized
}
}
neighborhood used is classic MOORE (8 neighbors)
12. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
1. K.C. Clarke and S. Hoppen (1997), ‘A self-modyfying cellular automaton model of the his-
torica urbanization in the San Fransisco Bay area’ ,planning and Design 24, 247-261
4. Set of Parameters
-diffussion (overall dispersiveness)
-breed (control of new development)
-spread (growth of urbanized areas)
-slope resistance (probability of urbanization depending on
slope values)
-road gravity (controls urban development alongside roads)
example spread:
if (#neighbors>2 || random_number<spread_coefficient) {
urbanize this cell
}
13. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
1. K.C. Clarke and S. Hoppen (1997), ‘A self-modyfying cellular automaton model of the his-
torica urbanization in the San Fransisco Bay area’ ,planning and Design 24, 247-261
5. Self modifying rules
Control of growth rate by positive feedback loops:
-boost rapid urban growth (resulting in dispersed growth)
-dampen slow urban growth (resulting in concentrated growth)
Calculate growth_rate for a time cycle
// Rapid growth: boost coefficients by 10%
If growth_rate>high_growth_treshold{
DIFFUSION +* 1.1
SPREAD +* 1.1
BREED by +* 1.1
}
-self modifying rules influnece effects of coefficients
-influence of positive feedback rules is moderated over time
14. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
1. K.C. Clarke and S. Hoppen (1997), ‘A self-modyfying cellular automaton model of the his-
torica urbanization in the San Fransisco Bay area’ ,planning and Design 24, 247-261
Examples
Remember this!
Simulated growth pattern of Washington DC (2000) generated by SLEUTH-model
15. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
1. K.C. Clarke and S. Hoppen (1997), ‘A self-modyfying cellular automaton model of the his-
torica urbanization in the San Fransisco Bay area’ ,planning and Design 24, 247-261
6. Calibration method
Adapt the model to specific local conditions!
2. E. A. Silva and K. C. Clarke (2004), ‘Calibration of the SLEUTH urban growth model for Lis-
bon and Porto’ , Computers, Environment and Urban systems 26 , 525-552
(description of the calibration process)
Calibration: Optimization of coefficient values
(diffusion, breed, spread, slope resistance, road gravity and self-modification)
16. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
2. E. A. Silva and K. C. Clarke (2004), ‘Calibration of the SLEUTH urban growth model for Lis-
bon and Porto’ , Computers, Environment and Urban systems 26 , 525-552
Brute force calibration (BFC):
3 steps: coarse, fine, final
1. generate permutation of coefficients
2. calculate simulations from seed-year
3. check if outcome is consistent with real data by using a set of 6 fitness
criteria
4. coefficients of model with best fit is used in new phase (smaller incre-
ments in permutations)
differences in coarse, fine, final are:
-amount of permutations used
-resolution of the input layers (GIS)
17. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
2. E. A. Silva and K. C. Clarke (2004), ‘Calibration of the SLEUTH urban growth model for Lis-
bon and Porto’ , Computers, Environment and Urban systems 26 , 525-552
BFC is adaptive refinement
1
�������������
0 .8
-take interval with best fitness value
0 .6
-use smaller increments within this
0 .4
interval for a new fitness calculation 0 .2
0
0 ���
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Assumptions:
����
-FITNESS FUNCTION IS MONOTONOUS!
����
-FITNESS IS UNI-MODAL!
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adaptive refinement of a monotonous uni-modal fitness function
18. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
2. E. A. Silva and K. C. Clarke (2004), ‘Calibration of the SLEUTH urban growth model for Lis-
bon and Porto’ , Computers, Environment and Urban systems 26 , 525-552
Fitness criteria:
1. composite score (all scores together)
2. compare (ratio comparison urban areas)
3. r2 population (amount of urbanized cells)
4. edges r2 (total numer of edges)
5. cluster r2 (total numer of urban clusters)
6. LeeSalee (shape comparison)
Remember that the scores are a result of the coefficient values that influ-
ence the impact of the individual transistion rules !
(diffusion, breed, spread, slope resistance and road gravity)
Assumption: NO INTERACTION EFFECTS!
19. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
2. E. A. Silva and K. C. Clarke (2004), ‘Calibration of the SLEUTH urban growth model for Lis-
bon and Porto’ , Computers, Environment and Urban systems 26 , 525-552
For both Lisbon and Porto fitness values don’t gradu-
ally increase
AML AMP
Calibration phase final fine coarse final fine coarse
Score/resolution 784x836 392x418 196x209 347x563 173x281 86x140
Composite score 0.15 0.19 0.23 0.48 0.47 0.41
0.90 0.88 0.97 0.97 0.99 0.94
Compare
0.91 0.91 0.92 0.99 0.99 0.99
Population
0.78 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.99 0.98
Edges
0.85 0.85 0.93 0.99 0.95 0.97
Cluster
LeeSallee 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.58 0.57 0.53
Diffusion 16 20 1 20 40 1
Breed 57 51 100 20 1 100
Spread 50 50 50 40 35 50
Slope 25 25 25 45 40 50
Roads 30 30 20 20 25 75
wrong assumptions? BFC is not an appropriate calibration method?
20. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
2. E. A. Silva and K. C. Clarke (2004), ‘Calibration of the SLEUTH urban growth model for Lis-
bon and Porto’ , Computers, Environment and Urban systems 26 , 525-552
Conclusions (Silva and Clarke):
1. model performance improved with increase spatial and parameter resolution
2. biggest gains in fitness were made during coarse calibration phase
3. non-linear behavior of fitness-values is result of different spatial resolution
Critique:
Increasing spatial resolution should lower scores since:
-probability of false prediction increases (faulty urbanized cells)
-differentiation of information of input layers becomes larger
YET: SOME SCORES INCREASE, SOME SCORES DECREASE, SOME STAY FIXED
AND SOME BEHAVE NON-LINEARLY
21. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
2. E. A. Silva and K. C. Clarke (2004), ‘Calibration of the SLEUTH urban growth model for Lis-
bon and Porto’ , Computers, Environment and Urban systems 26 , 525-552
Check the results again:
AML AMP
Calibration phase final fine coarse final fine coarse
Score/resolution 784x836 392x418 196x209 347x563 173x281 86x140
Composite score 0.15 0.19 0.23 0.48 0.47 0.41
0.90 0.88 0.97 0.97 0.99 0.94
Compare
0.91 0.91 0.92 0.99 0.99 0.99
Population
0.78 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.99 0.98
Edges
0.85 0.85 0.93 0.99 0.95 0.97
Cluster
LeeSallee 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.58 0.57 0.53
Diffusion 16 20 1 20 40 1
Breed 57 51 100 20 1 100
Spread 50 50 50 40 35 50
Slope 25 25 25 45 40 50
Roads 30 30 20 20 25 75
22. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
2. E. A. Silva and K. C. Clarke (2004), ‘Calibration of the SLEUTH urban growth model for Lis-
bon and Porto’ , Computers, Environment and Urban systems 26 , 525-552
Possibility: non-monotonous multi-modal fitness curve
optimal value would not be found by using adaptive refinement!
could be caused by interaction effects between parameters
23. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
2. E. A. Silva and K. C. Clarke (2004), ‘Calibration of the SLEUTH urban growth model for Lis-
bon and Porto’ , Computers, Environment and Urban systems 26 , 525-552
Alternative regression methods to optimize coefficient
values:
STOCHASTIC METHODS:
-neural networks
-evolutionary algorithms (advantage: distribution)
24. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
2. E. A. Silva and K. C. Clarke (2004), ‘Calibration of the SLEUTH urban growth model for Lis-
bon and Porto’ , Computers, Environment and Urban systems 26 , 525-552
evolutionary algorithms (EA):
-population of candidate solutions moving through search space
(inspired by principle of ‘survival of the fittest as found in nature’
1 2 3
25. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
2. E. A. Silva and K. C. Clarke (2004), ‘Calibration of the SLEUTH urban growth model for Lis-
bon and Porto’ , Computers, Environment and Urban systems 26 , 525-552
evolutionary algorithms (general scheme):
BEGIN
INITIALIZE population iwth random candidate solutions
EVALUATE each candidate
REPEAT UNTIL (TERMINATION CONDITION is satisfied)
1 SELECT parents
2 RECOMBINE pairs of parents
3 MUTATE the resulting offspring
4 EVALUATE new candidate solutions
5 SELECT individuals for next generation;
0D
END
26. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
2. E. A. Silva and K. C. Clarke (2004), ‘Calibration of the SLEUTH urban growth model for Lis-
bon and Porto’ , Computers, Environment and Urban systems 26 , 525-552
evolutionary algorithms:
-information is stored in genes (different types of encoding)
-problem of representation: genotype to phenotype (mapping)
child1
parent1
child2
parent2
gray-coded bitstring sequence (7 bits = 128), 2-point recombination
IN SLEUTH, COEFFICIENTS COULD BE STORED AS 7 BIT LONG BITSTRINGS (genotypes)
27. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
2. E. A. Silva and K. C. Clarke (2004), ‘Calibration of the SLEUTH urban growth model for Lis-
bon and Porto’ , Computers, Environment and Urban systems 26 , 525-552
WHAT ARE EA’S GOOD AT?
-searching an non-monotonous multi-modal search space
-providing a sub-optimal sollution at anytime
-providing a sub-optimal sollution quickly
anytyme behavior of an EA
28. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
2. E. A. Silva and K. C. Clarke (2004), ‘Calibration of the SLEUTH urban growth model for Lis-
bon and Porto’ , Computers, Environment and Urban systems 26 , 525-552
EA for the SLEUTH-model:
Fitness criteria:
child1
child1
1. composite score
child1
child2
2. compare
child1
child2
child1
3. r2 population
child1
child2
child1
4. edges r2
child2
child1
child2
5. cluster r2
child2
child1
child2
child1
6. LeeSalee
child1
child2
child1
child2
child1
child2
child2
child1
child2
child1
child2
child2
child2
genotypes: coefficients phenotypes: models
29. SOUP: Self in regional planning Planning
Oranizing Urban
new directions
2. E. A. Silva and K. C. Clarke (2004), ‘Calibration of the SLEUTH urban growth model for Lis-
bon and Porto’ , Computers, Environment and Urban systems 26 , 525-552
POSSIBLE ADVANTAGES:
-quicker calibration (anytime behavior)
-better sollutions than through linear refinement
MODELS BECOMING MORE CONSISTENT WITH DATA
FURTHER RESEARCH:
-is search-space indeed non-monoutonous, multi-modal? (brute force)
-are there indeed interaction-effects?
-are fitness-functions bounded by different classes of cities?