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  RESILIENCE and URBAN PLANNING
  a Rough Guide
  September 2007




   William Veerbeek
   DINarch Rotterdam
   Dura Vermeer Business Development

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  RISK: risk concept is currupted through uncertainty and knowledge gaps

          PROBABILITY: Increasing uncertainty eliminates a probability dis-
          tribution
          IMPACT: We only know to a limited extend what impact means, yet
          we use it all too often in our assessments (risk-maps)




       Ri, j = pij                                     i ! I, j ! J
                                              ,where
                i

          RESILIENCE*: Concept to help us cope with uncertainties...

          *Buzzword alarm



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  RESILIENCE: concept found throughout in Nature

          RESILIENT PROPERTIES: adaptation, redundancy, robustness, self-
          organization, complexity, robustness, emergent behavior, ‘gracefull
          degredation’, etc.
          RESILIENT PROPERTIES ARE OFTEN FOUND IN DECENTRALIZED
          SYSTEMS
          RESILIENCE ENGINEERING: DESIGNING RESILIENT SYSTEMS!




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  RESILIENCE: 2 important concepts:

           ROBUSTNESS: ability to withstand impact
           ADAPTIVE CAPACITY: ability to adjust to new conditions

  MODERN CITY INHERITS MANY CONCEPTS BELONGING TO RESILIENCE:
  CITY = COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEM WITH VARIOUS DEGREES OF:
  -high degree of redundancy > robustness
  -self-organizing behavior (social, economic, technical) > adaptation
  -various degrees of bottom-up behavior
  -complex system
  -city’s sustainability a function of emergent behavior


  WE CAN VIEW THE CITY AS A ‘SOCIAL NETWORK’ CONSISTING OF NUMEROUS
  INTERACTING PARTS




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  RESILIENCE: Redundancy vs optimization

           GRACEFULL DEGREDATION: ability loose performance gradually
           Think how this is possible? ANSWER: decentralization

  POLDERS AND DYKE-SYSTEMS ARE DESIGNED FROM OPTIMIZATION STRATEGY:
  FAILURE> IMMEDIATE AND COMPLETE DISASTER




  DISASTER FOR AN INHABITANT, A CITY, A COUNTRY?:
  RESILIENCE IS OFTEN A MATTER OF PERSPECTIVE!
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  RESILIENCE ENGINEERING: A Design Choice

           DESIGN STRATEGY OFTEN A RESULT OF EXISTING ‘CULTURE’
           STRONG BELIEF IN TECHONOLOGY + RECOURSES > High degree of
           optimization, low degree of resilience
           WEAK BELIEF IN TECHONOLOGY AND/OR NO RECOURSES> Low de-
           gree of optimization, high degree of risilience

  HOUSING IN BANGLADESH:
  low life-cycle time, high resource availability (wood, reed, etc.)




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  INCREASING UNCERTAINTY > DIFFERENT PLANNING APPROACH

           EVOLUTION OF TOP-DOWN LINEAR > KNOWLEDGE INTENSIVE FEEDBACK
           i) Traditional ‘Waterfall’ model
                            �������������                                          LINEAR PLANNING
                   �������������                                                   -Stable condtions
                                                                     ����������    -Requirements well understood
          �����������
                                                                                   -Experts add requirements
                                                                                   -Low amount of stakeholders

           ii) Layer approach (current practise) �����������������




          �����������                                                              LAYER APPROACH
          �������������                                                            -Coherent relations between layers
                                                                     ����������
          �������������                                                            -Requirements well understood
                                                                                   -Envelopes provide flexibility
                                                                                   -Higher degree of stakeholder involvement

           iii) Rapid prototyping (future practise?)
             ��������� �����������������
                                                                                   ITERATIVE APPROACH
                                                                                   -Changing conditions
                                                                     �����������   -Integration of many factors
                                                                                   -High degree of complexity
                                                                                   -Needs stakeholder involvement




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  TOP-DOWN PLANNING > SPATIAL COHERENCE?

           SPATIAL COHERENCE DOESN’T NECESSARILY IMPLY RESILIENCE
           Concentration often leads to increase vulnerability




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  INCREASING URBAN RESILIENCE IS URGENT!

           RAPIDLY CHANGING CONDITIONS:
           1800: 3% world population lived in cities
           2000: 47% world population lived in cities




                                 Halle (Ger): shrinking 25% after fall Berlin Wall
                                                                     Las Vegas (US): 83.3% growth in 1990-2000

           TRADITIONAL APPROACH IS INFLEXIBLE (NO ‘UNDO’ IN URBAN FABRIC)
           -RESILIENCE needs to be ‘built-in’ into a system                                                                        ����


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  RESILIENCE EXTENDS TO MANY DISCIPLINES (E.G. REGIONAL ECONOMY)

           CONNECTIVITY OF CITIES WILL DETERMINE ECONOMIC RESILIENCE
           Map network > identify dependencies between economic agents
           Measure economic flow between companies
                                                                                                                                 A: total connections
                                                                                                                                 B: basic material connections
                                                                                                                                 C: manufacturing connections
                                                                                                                                 D: trade connections
                                                                                                                                 E: producer-services connections


                                                                                                                                 Dataset: 9243 connections
                                                                                                                                 2/3 of global GDP




                                                                                                                                                                         flow model for economic agents providing
                                                                                                                                                                          quantitative anlysis of network topology
                                                                                                                                                                                 and interactions between agents

                      Wall, R., and v.d. Knaap, B.,(2007), Archinomics, Towards a Sustainable World-City System, Holcim Conference, Tongji University, Shanghai, China


           INDICATORS: Diversification, Multipliers, Location Quotients, etc.
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  RESILIENCE: still badly understood:

           LITTLE KNOW ABOUT QUANTITATIVE WAYS TO MEASURE RESILIENCE
           > DIFFICULT TO ENGINEER RESILIENCE (COST-BENEFIT)

  RESILIENT TO WHAT? What is the threat?
  RESILIENT IN WHICH DOMAIN? Economic resilience, Ecologic resilience, etc.
  RESILIENT TO WHAT EXTEND? Recovery period, effects of changes
  RESILIENT TO WHAT SCALE-LEVEL? Individual vs System

  NEED FOR RESILIENCE INDICATORS > IMPACT MODEL
  Impact model = Primary Economic Damage model!




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  FLOOD RESILIENCE AND SPATIAL PLANNING: A COMPLEX RELATION

           RESILIENCE DEFINED BY SPILL-OVER EFFECTS BETWEEN SCALES
           especially important when reacting to residual hazard (extreme events)


                                        System Scales
                       drivers
                                                                                                      responses:
                                                    catchment
               (affected by climate
                                                                                               (robustness, adaptation)
                     change)


                                                               residual effect
                                          residual hazard


                                                                                                           responses:
                                                            urban
                                                                                                    (robustness, adaptation)


                                                                    residual effect
                                             residual hazard


                                                                                                                responses:
                                                               building
                                                                                                         (robustness, adaptation)




                                                  Zevenbergen, C., Gersonius, B., Veerbeek, W..,(2007), Urban Flood Management: A system’s approach, forthcoming



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  FLOOD RESILIENCE: RESIDUAL EFFECTS BETWEEN SCALES

           VERY LITTLE KNOWLEDGE ON INTERACTION BETWEEN MEASURES


                                                                                                                                                                  Housing-level
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                       Hamburg, Germany Dura Vermeer, (2004), Gouden Kust, Maasbommel, Netherlands. DuraVermeer, (2005), Drijvende Kas, Naaldwijk, Netherlands
                                                                                                                                                                        spill-over effects




                                                                                                                                                                  Urban-level
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                                                                                                  Dura Vermeer, (2004), Impression Flood Resilient Neighborhood

                                                                                                                                                                        spill-over effects




                                                                                                                                                                  Catchment-level
                                                                                                                                                                                              ����


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                                                                                                                          Bypassproject, Zudphen, Netherlands                        ��������������
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  FLOOD RESILIENCE: INTERPLAY BETWEEN DOMAINS

           NUMEROUS SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS DETERMINE FLOOD RESILIENCE
           Vulnerability: Extensive analysis of urban fabric
                                                                                                                                                     A: materials
                                                                                                                                                     B: functions
                                                                                                                                                     C: ground space indices
                                                                                                                                                     D: life-cycle
                                                                                                                                                     E: sector distribution
                                                                                                                                                     F: Value
                                    MODEL INTEGRATION                                                                                                G: Electric stations
                                                                                                                                                     H: Typologies
                                                                                                                                                     I: Primary Damage
                                                                                                                                                     etc.


                                                                            Veerbeek, W., et al., (2007), Analysis of the river area for Dordrecht

           Drivers: Flood scenario’s including extreme events




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                                  Veerbeek, W. et al., (2007), Analysis of the river area for Dordrecht                                                               Page 14
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  FLOOD RESILIENCE: COMBINING ECONOMIC MODELS WITH GIS

           INFRASTRUCTURE AND UTILITY LIFELINES
           Regional Input-Output models > GIS-based infra network




                                                                                                                            Nelen & Schuurmans, simulation of a breach in the Haarlemmermeerpolder




                                 Veerbeek, W., (2006), Economic Flow: a topological approach for the Haarlemmermeerpolder




                    SECONDARAY DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
                    Regional impact sectorial economic impact caused by flow interruption
                    Dependancy analysis economic relation affected region > adjacent regions
                    Substitution behavior post-disaster economic reconfiguration (= adaptation)
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  FLOOD RESILIENCE: INTEGRATING GROWTH SCENARIOS

           URBAN GROWTH PREDICTIONS ARE INCREASING IN PRECISION
           Statistical growth models > GIS-based land-use models
                                                                                                                                                                                ECONOMY > SPATIAL CLAIMS
                                                                                                                                                                              Footprint investigation per sector
                                                                                                                                                            1000




                                                                                                                                              �����������
                                                                                                                                                            800

                                                                                                                                                                                                   1 1%                                       28 %           12%
                                                                                                                                                                                                                25 %            8%
                                                                                                                                                            600        2 0%          99 %

                                                                                                                                                                                                   4 5%         37 %           4 4%           36 %           4 2%
                                                                                                                                                            400        3 9%
                                                                                                                                                                                      0%
                                                                                                                                                                                                                               1 2%
                                                                                                                                                                                                                9%                                           1 2%
                                                                                                                                                                        9%                         1 0%                                       8%
                                                                                                                                                                                      0%
                                                                                                                                                            200
                                                                                                                                                                       3 1%           0%           3 4%         29 %           3 6%           28 %           3 4%
                                                                                                                                                              0




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                                   Simulated growth Pattern fo Washington DC (2000), generated by SLEUTH-model   V.d. Vegt, C, Korteweg, J. A., Lieshout, R., (2006), Amsterdamse Economische Verkenningen


                    INTEGRATING SCENARIOS                                                                                                                  DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES
                    Sprawl large ecological footprints, recourse intensive (infrastructure)                                                  Aging population > Different requirements

                    Spatial claims transformation production > services
                    Policies outcomes of different policies can be studied
                    Macro and Micro behavior/goals behavior based models
                    Climate Scenarios factor analysis: factor contribution > resilience

                                                                                                                                                                       Eurostat, (2006), age distribution in 2001 and 2025



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  FLOOD RESILIENCE: OVERLAPPING POLICIES AND JURISDICTIONS

           DEVELOPMENT CAN BE A STRUGLE!
           Identification of 47 overlapping plans Arnhem Region (NL)




                                                                                                                                                        Potential Development Speed (combined factors)




                                 Casabella, N., Franzen, A., Pieterse, S.F., Veerbeek, W., 2001, H2EURO: Analysis of existing Plans Rhine-Ruhr region




                                             City of Berkely, E-911 Dispatch and R-911 Notification Challenge Scenario: incident-jurisdiction map
                                                                                                                                                                                                ����


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  FLOOD RESILIENCE: FROM STATIC PLANS TO TOOLS

           STATIC DEVELOPMENT HARDLY FEASIBLE
           Changing conditions > flexible plans
           Gridlock because of complexity/stakeholder involvement
           Problem: creating a consistent spatial policy




                                                                                                                                        Impression Patchwork area




                                                                                                                                                Toolset typologies




                                    BVR, KAAP3, DINarch, Robbert de Koning, (2003) Ontwikkelingsplanologie: de praktijk in beeld



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  FLOOD RESILIENCE: AGENDA

           i) IMPLEMENTING GROWTH / SHRINKAGE STRATEGIES
           -Increasing vulnerability of people/economic backbone
           -Ensuring variety, integration of scales, sustainable backbones

           ii) REDEVELOPMENT ISSUES
           -Brownfield redevelopment
           -Post-war urban area’s
           -Minimize effects of bottlenecks > river floods, lodging (flash floods)

           iii) DEVELOPMENT OF TOOLS
           -Connecting (regional) economic models with flood models
           -Behavioral (multi-agent) models
           -Combining economic scenario’s with climate scenario’s

           iv) SUSTAINABILITY
           -Requirements urban resilience not necesserily create sustainability
           -Integration of resilient strategies with sustainability

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  FLOOD RESILIENCE AND SPATIAL PLANNING: A NETWORK APPROACH

           TAKE HOME MESSAGE:

           >DECENTRALIZE YOUR RECOURSES
           >DESIGN YOUR RECOURSES TO BE ADAPTABLE
           >ORGANIZE BOTTOM-UP
           >THINK LONG TERM
           >INVEST IN SCENARIO-RESEARCH


           MANY OF THE CONCEPTS DO NOT ONLY PROTECT YOUR CITY AGAINST
           FLOODS > THEY ENHANCE THE OVERALL RESILIENCE TOWARDS ANY
           CHANGES!
           -Yet, resilience engineering is still in its infancy




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  PRACTICAL APPLICATION: UFM-DORDRECHT

           GOAL: INFLUENCE DAMAGE CURVE
           First: generate the damage curve. No available model >Develop model
          1. 1:4000 flood: Damage Distribution




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  PRACTICAL APPLICATION: UFM-DORDRECHT

           GOAL: INFLUENCE DAMAGE CURVE
           First: generate the damage curve. No available model >Develop model
          ‘Extreme event’: Damage Distribution




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  PRACTICAL APPLICATION: UFM-DORDRECHT

           GOAL: INFLUENCE DAMAGE CURVE
           First: generate the damage curve. No available model >Develop model
           Then: replace individual damage curves>Implement dry/wet-proofing schemes




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