This document provides an overview of linked data and semantic applications for libraries. It discusses the key concepts of linked data including URIs, RDF, ontologies and the semantic web. It then outlines some of the core technologies that enable linked data such as XML, RDF, RDF Schema and OWL. The document also reviews current trends and implementations of linked data including projects from DBPedia, BBC, Google and OCLC. Finally, it discusses why linked data is important for libraries by allowing library resources to be more discoverable on the web and enabling new applications using library metadata.

1. Linked Data and Semantic Applications for Libraries

2. SECTIONS SPEAKERS
Introduction and Overview Vikas Bhushan
Base Technologies Sayon Roy
Linked Data Principles Debashis Naskar
Currents Trends and Implementations Sumanta Bag
Conclusion Kaustav Saha
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3. “As long as you are Green, you are Growing, As soon as you Ripe,
you start to Rot”.
-Ray Kroc
McDonald's Corporation founder
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Image Source : http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd.html

4. 14-Aug-13 4
Present Scenario raises 3 key questions :
•How efficiently provide access to data
to enhance usability?
•How to improve visibility of data?
•How to enhance application’s findability
of data from invisible web?
The 3 key Q’s

5. How we search for information
... about this person?
... about these monuments?
... about these concepts?
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Source: http://estranhomundodaloh.blogspot.in/2012/03/o-ritmo-ranganathan.html
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampi
Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Smiley.svg
Source: http://nordicflower.com/product/after-the-sorrow/

6. The Transition
Formerly
Now
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7. The Web into Walled Gardens
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Source: The Emerging Web of Linked Data, Chris Bizer, Freie Universität Berlin, SRI International, Artificial Intelligence Center Menlo Park, USA, 24 July 2009

8. Web of Documents( Hypertextual Web)
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9. From a Web of Documents to a Web of Data
DATABASE
Documents
DATA
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10. Web of Data( Semantic Web)
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11. Vision is becoming Truth
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12. Linking Open Data Cloud Diagram
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Source : http://lod-cloud.net/versions/2011-09-19/lod-cloud_colored.html
Source: http://readwrite.com/2011/01/18/the-concept-of-linked-data

13. Base Technologies for Linked Data
- Sayon Roy
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Linked Data: An Aid to Semantic Information
The Visual and Syntactic Web
Semantic Web
The Semantic Network
Levels of Semantics
The Semantic Web Layer Cake

14. Linked Data: An Aid to Semantic Information
Processing
• Information processing on semantic web is largely dependent on
processing structured data in the form of triples and graphs,
which is Linked Data.
• Linked Data sources use the Resource Discovery Format for
encoding structured data and simplify the linking of units of
information by using URI’s for identification and reference.
14-Aug-13 14Source: https://si0.twimg.com/profile_images/1873437810/image.jpg

15. The Visual and Syntactic Web
• In the visual Web, machines cannot understand the meaning of
information present in HTML pages, since they are mainly made up
of ASCII codes and images.
• The visual Web prevents computers from automating information
processing, integration and interoperability.
• The Syntactic Web is the collection of documents in the World
Wide Web that contain data not just meant to be rendered by Web
Browsers, but also to be used for data integration and
interoperability purposes.
• To “understand” data, a computer needs metadata which is
provided by some kind of markup language.
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16. Semantic Web
• The Semantic Web is not a separate web but an extension of
the current one, in which information is given well-defined
meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in
cooperation. (Berners-Lee, Hendler, et al.)
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Source: http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/research/multinet/infeb_en.png

17. The Semantic Network
14-Aug-13 17Source: http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/research/multinet/infeb_en.png

18. Levels of Semantics
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Source: http://www.w3.org/2001/09/06-ecdl/slide17-0.html

19. The Semantic Web Layer Cake
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Source: http://www.w3.org/2001/09/06-ecdl/slide17-0.html

20. Universal Resource
Identifier(URI)
• A URI is a string or sequence of characters which is used to
represent and provide identification to a web resource.
• Such unique identification ensures access and interaction with
representations of a web resource over a network, typically the
World Wide Web.
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21. • The URL
https://www.facebook.com/natgeo
identifies the location from where a Web
page can be retrieved.
• The URN urn:isbn:3-549-35469-6 identifies
a book using its ISBN
• The ISBN system for uniquely identifying
books provides a typical example of the use
of URNs.
• URNs and URLs have complementary
purposes.
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21
Source: http://pi7.fernuni-hagen.de/research/multinet/infeb_en.png

22. Unicode
Unicode provides a unique number for every character,
no matter what the platform,
no matter what the program,
no matter what the language.
14-Aug-13 22Source:http://www.unicode.org/standard/WhatIsUnicode.html
Source:http://www.aspsms.com/img/unicode-bengali.gif

23. XML
• A globally accepted standard for data interchange on Web.
• Does not communicate the meaning of the data, but is highly
helpful for syntactic interoperability and integration.
• Through XML the semantics of a particular domain cannot be
recognized as XML primarily aims at structured and syntactic
representation of data.
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24. 14-Aug-13 24
Source:http://www.kirupa.com/net/images/xml_doc2.gif

25. • RDF is a metadata representation language that allows resources to
be described through relationships to other resources and literals.
• RDF uses XML and is at the base of the semantic web.
• The main modelling block in RDF is the statement – a triple
<Subject, Predicate, Object>, where:
Subject is the resource, which is being described.
Predicate is a resource, which determines the type of the
relationship.
Object is a resource or a literal, which represents the value of the
attribute.
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26. Graphical Representation of a RDF statement
(subject, predicate, object)
Creator
Resource Property Type Property Value
Resource
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https://www.facebook.com/Sudh
irShivaramPhotography
Sudhir Shivaram

27. RDF Schema
• RDF schema provides a way of building
a object model from which the actual
data is referenced and which tells us
what things really mean.
• RDFS allows users to define resources
with classes, properties and values.
• This allows resources to be defined as
instances of classes, and subclasses of
classes.
14-Aug-13 27Source:http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/RDFCore/Schema/20010618/rdfsimg2.jpg

28. ‘A formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization’
must be machine
understandable
types of concepts and
constraints must be clearly
defined
not private to some individual,
but accepted by a group
an abstract model of some phenomenon in the world
formed by identifying the relevant concepts of that
phenomenon
-----By Thomas Robert (Tom) Gruber (1994)

29. The three major uses of Ontologies are:
• To assist in communication between humans and computer.
• To achieve interoperability and communication among
software systems.
• To improve the design and quality design and the quality of
software system.

30. Logic, Proof, and Trust
• The purpose of these layers is to state any logical principle and
allow the computer to reason by inference using these principles.
• Inference engines, also called reasoners, are software applications
that derive new facts or associations from existing information.
• Proof traces or explains the steps involved in logical reasoning
• Trust is the top layer of the semantic web architecture which
provides authentication of identity and evidence of trustworthiness
of data and services.
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31. Linked Data Working Principles
- Debashis Naskar
3114-Aug-13
The 4 Principles
How Linked Data Works?
BBC Nature Site
Linked Data Working – Pictorial Representation

32. The 4 Principles
• Any conceptual thing can now have a name (URI) on the web.
• Those URIs return important information back in a standard
format.
• This information includes explicit relationships to other things
with URIs.
• Use HTTP URIs, so that people can look up those names.
3214-Aug-13

33. URI
http://www.isibang.ac.in/ http://www.isibang.ac.in/~krish/
33
URL URN
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34. How Linked Data Works ?
34
Piranha Pygocentrus
Omnivorous
relationship
is in the genus
Eating
behavior
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35. BBC Nature Site
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Continue...

36. 14-Aug-13 36
Continue...

37. 14-Aug-13 37
Continue...

38. Linked Data Working – Pictorial Representation
38
Piranha
Pygocentrus
(fishes)
Else where
on
BBC
is in the genus
arefeaturedin
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39. Currents Trends & Implementations
- Sumanta Bag
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Some Implementations
Implementation in OCLC WorldCat
Google Knowledge Graph

40. Some Implementations
• DBpedia.org
• DBtune
• Geonames Ontology
• Project Gutenberg
• Library Linked Data Project
• RDF Book Mashup
• BBC News, Nature
• OCLC WorldCat
• Google Search Engine and many more…
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Source: http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/lld/XGR-lld-20111025/
Source: http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Main_Page
Source: http://dbtune.org/
Source: http://www.geonames.org/
Source: http://dbpedia.org/About /

41. Implementation in OCLC WorldCat
Source: http://schema.org/Movie14-Aug-13 41

42. OCLC WorldCat
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43. Linked Data Representation
Feature Films
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44. Google Knowledge Graph
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45. Conclusion
- Kaustav Saha
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Why it is needed?
Why is linked data important for libraries?
Conclusion

46. Why it is needed?
• It can assemble information from many authority resources at
one place.
• A world with connections between concepts not just with
hyperlinks but by descriptive explicit data relationships.

47. Why is linked data important for libraries?
• People can more easily find library resources on the web.
• More creative applications based on library metadata.
• Opportunities for cataloging efficiency and innovation.

48. Conclusion
• The library catalogues led to better document discovery, it acts as a link between
the user that can be called as a subject and the book as an object in the linked
data perspective.
• Coding metadata on web can be called as RDF.
• In library we describe a product by its metadata likewise in web we do it by URI.
• Our catalogues increases the findability, visibility of a document in a library.
• Metadata of our library catalogues help in collocation. Linked data has the similar
role in semantic web environment by using URIs.
• Our LIS has relationships like BT/NT, Genus/Species, class/inclusion. But, in linked
data there have been codified explicitly and provided with URIs.
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49. Reference
• Surjith, Krishnamurthy et al ."Publishing Legacy Data as Linked Data: A State of the Art Survey" Library High- Tech ,2013
• C. Bizer, T. Heath, and T. Berners-Lee, “Linked Data—The Story So Far, ”Int’l. J. Semantic Web & Information Systems, to appear, 2009.
• Heath, T and Bizer, C(2011). Linked Data: Evolving the web into a Global Data Space. Morgan & Claypool.
• Guerrini. M, Possemato. T(2013).Linked data: a new alphabet for the semantic web. Italian Journal of Library and Information Science, 4(1).
• Cardoso, J. (ED.). (2007). Semantic Web Services: Theory, Tools, and Applications. New York :Information Science Reference.
• Vaidya, P. Harinarayana, N. S. (2013) . Linked Data as an Element to support Resource Discovery : Need for Harmonization of Metadata Standards. 9th
International Caliber.
• Howarth, Lynne . c. (2012). FRBR and Linked Data : Connecting FRBR and Linked Data. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, 50 : 763-776.
• Tim Berners-Lee, Linked Data- Design Issues. 2006; last changed 2009. http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html (retrieved March 01,2013) . .
• Piranha. Retrieved June 10,2013 from http://www.worldcat.org/title/piranha/oclc/668455291&referer=brief_results.
• Linked Data for Libraries . Retrieved June 7,2013 from http://www.oclc.org/data.en.html .
• Piranha. Retrieved June 10,2013 from http://dbpedia.org/page/Piranha55291&referer=brief_results
• Red-bellied Piranha. Retrieved June 10,2013 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Red-bellied_piranha
• Knowledge Graph Retrieved June 11,2013 from http://www.google.co.in/insidesearch/features/search/knowledge.html
• Gutenberg Retrieved June 16,2013 from http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Main_Page
• Dbpedia Retrieved June 20,2013 from http://dbpedia.org/About
• DBtune Retrieved June 20,2013 from : http://dbtune.org
• Geonames Ontology Retrieved June 20,2013 from http://www.geonames.org
• Project Gutenberg .Retrieved June 20,2013 from http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Main_Page
• Library Linked Data Project. Retrieved June 20,2013 from http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/lld/XGR-lld-20111025
• RDF Book Mashup. Retrieved June 21,2013 from http://wifo5-03.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/bizer/bookmashup/
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50. Any Question?
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