line follower robot
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This document summarizes a line follower robot project created by engineering students. It includes a circuit diagram of the robot which uses resistors, transistors, and LEDs. The working involves a resistive touch sensor that detects finger contact on electrodes to complete a circuit and switch on a transistor. When both electrodes are touched, current flows through the finger to switch on the load. The robot has applications in touch-operated devices like doorbells and toys. It offers advantages of switching AC/DC, quicker response, and low cost but has a disadvantage of potential damage over 15V input voltage.
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Electromagnetic relays were once widely used in automation but have been replaced by programmable logic controllers in most applications. Relays are still used in small applications where a PLC would be overkill. Relays use an electromagnet to attract an armature that is mechanically linked to a moving contact, allowing it to make or break an electrical connection. They provide electrical isolation and allow low-voltage control of high-voltage circuits. Common relay applications include controlling high-voltage or high-current loads, isolating circuits at different voltages, and performing logic functions.
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The document discusses relays and protection in power systems. It provides an introduction to distance protection relays, explaining that they monitor voltage and current to trip circuit breakers during faults. The document then covers the principles, working, construction, types, advantages, disadvantages and applications of relays. It also discusses distance relay theory, the purpose of relays in distance protection, and different types of protection used in power systems.
34866616-Relay.ppt
Electromechanical and solid state relays are used in industrial and commercial applications. Electromechanical relays consist of an electromagnet, armature, spring, and set of contacts. They operate by using a small electrical signal to energize an electromagnet, which pulls the armature and closes the contacts to allow current from another circuit to flow. Relays allow isolation between control and load circuits. They are useful for switching higher power loads than transistors and can switch both AC and DC. However, relays are larger than transistors and cannot switch as rapidly. Relay specifications include coil voltage and current and contact ratings. Relays are commonly used in machine control applications.
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Optocoupler & Relay Modules | Relay Connection | WAGO India
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Protection against over voltage under voltage using oamp
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line follower robot
- 1. GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGE LINE FOLLOWER ROBOT Guide: Submitted BY: Mr.M.H.SUNDEEP SINGH P.SHARUKH KHAN (14481A04F9)
- 2. Abstract • A resistance switch needs two electrodes to be physically in contact with something electrically conductive (for example a finger) to operate. They work by lowering the resistance between two pieces of metal. It is thus much simpler in construction compared to the capacitance switch. Placing one or two fingers across the plates achieves a turn on or closed state. Removing the finger(s) from the metal pieces turns the device off. • One implementation of a resistance touch switch would be two Darlington-paired transistors where the base of the first transistor is connected to one of the electrodes. • Also, an N-Channel, enhancement-mode, metal oxide field effect transistor can be used. Its gate can be connected to one of the electrodes and the other electrode through a resistance to a positive voltage.
- 3. Contents • Introduction • Circuit diagram • Block diagram • Components • Working • Applications • Advantages • Limitations • References
- 5. components • RESISTORS (270 ohm and 100k ohm) • TRANSISTORS (bc547 -2) • LED(1) • CONNECTING WIRES(2)
- 6. Working • The resistance of the object touching the electrodes will come into the picture in the working of resistive touch sensors. For example, when finger touches the surface, the small resistance of the finger allows some current to flow through it, completing a circuit. The transistor acts as a switch. The resistor Rp is used to protect the transistor from any possible short circuit of the electrodes. The resistor Rb is used to keep the base at the ground when the circuit is open, i.e. there is no finger. When both the electrodes are touched, small current flows through the finger and the transistor switches ON, as a result the load becomes active
- 7. Applications • This is ideally useful for making touch operated doorbells , buzzer , toys etc . • It also used in door knobs & in relays . • Use this project to make remote operated switch , light operated switch & clap switch .
- 8. Advantages • The switch can be used for switching AC as well as DC. • It is best to use a 9V-12V DC regulated or unregulated power supply. It is used in various applications due to its quicker response . • Low cost
- 9. Disadvantages • It will be damage if the input DC voltage go over 15V .