The document discusses new implications for command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR) from technological changes. It notes the rapid growth in computing power, sensors like satellites, drones and internet-connected devices, and data volumes. This explosion of data from many sources challenges traditional decision-making cycles and requires new approaches to information sharing, cybersecurity, and adapting organizations and training to make effective decisions from vast amounts of information.

1. C2
and
Comms—New
C4ISR
and
Opera5onal
Implica5ons
Linton
Wells
II,
GMU
C4I
&
Cyber
Center
18
May
2016
©
Linton
Wells
II,
2016,
all
rights
reserved

2. C4ISR
Convergence
• Velocity
of
Tech
Change
• Cyber
and
EW
• Explosion
of
Sensors
– Open
Source
ISR—GIS,
UASs,
24x7
News
Cycle,
Social
Media
– IoT
Sensors
as
ISR
contributors
• OODA
Loop
&
Decision
Cycles
• People
and
OrganizaTonal
Changes
• Processes
and
Technology
Changes
• Emerging
Research
Areas
5/18/2016
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2

3. Velocity
of
Tech
Change
Ø If
a
factor,
e.g.
compu5ng
power/unit
cost,
doubles
every
18
mo,
5
yr
increase
is
900%,
10
yr
10,000%
Ø Biotech
even
faster,
roboTcs
ubiquitous,
nano
poised
for
breakout,
energy
impacts
global
Ø InteracTons
complicate
things
Ø Linear
projecTons
CAN’T
work
5/18/2016
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Growth in Computing Power per Unit Cost
Capability doubles every 18 months Capability doubles every 24 months

4. Cyber
and
EW
• Maneuver
in
ElectromagneTc
Spectrum
(EMS)
Space
– Navy
ElectromagneTc
Maneuver
Warfare
(EMW)
– Army
Cyber
ElectromagneTc
AcTviTes
(CEMA)
• EW
Planning
&
Management
Tool
(EWPMT)
– Marine
Corps
Cyber
EW
CoordinaTon
Cell
(CEWCC)
– USAF
• C4ISR
ImplicaTons
5/18/2016
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5. linwells@gmail.com,
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Image
courtesy
Dr.
Walter
Dorn
Explosion
of
Sensors
(1)
Open
Source
ISR-­‐GIS
Near-­‐Real-­‐Time
Coverage:
• Terra
Bella
(formerly
SkyBox),
• Planet
Labs
data
HiRes:
• GeoEye
(.41m
pan,
1.65m
mulT-­‐
spectral);
• DigitalGlobe
(.
31m
pan
on
Worldview
3)
• Licensing
issues
5/18/2016

6. Explosion
of
Sensors
(2)
UASs
Israeli
Australian
Canadian
American
Japanese
Hand launched
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Slide
Courtesy
Dr.
Walter
Dorn
5/18/2016

7. Explosion
of
Sensors
(3)
IV4
(Info
Volume,
Velocity,
Veracity,
Value)
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24x7
News
Cycle
Ushahidi
From
Patrick
Meier
iRevoluTon
Public-­‐Private,
Whole-­‐of-­‐Govt,
TransnaTonal

8. Explosion
of
Sensors
(4)
Mobile,
Wearable
• Mobile,
Wearable
– Cameras,
radios,
GPS
receivers,
accelerometers
– Health
monitors
– Personal
Geiger
counters
in
Japan
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Image
from
www.dreamsTme.com

9. Explosion
of
Sensors
(5)
Internet
of
Things
(IoT)
• IoT
(Cloud
of
Everything
is
beher
name)
– Gartner
est.
21
billion
connected
devices
by
2020
– Cheap
chips
and
sensors
(insecure
and
networked)
– Soiware-­‐defined
everything
(SDR,
SDN)
etc.)
– People
at
the
center
– Huge
ahack
surface
– Biggest
market
of
all
5/18/2016
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Image
from
www.dreamsTme.com

10. Data
Visualiza5on/Virtual
Reality
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Graphics
by
SynglyphX
5/18/2016

11. Info
Sharing
and
Security
• Info
Sharing
Rules
– Create
immediate
value
– Give
back
beher
– Share
derivaTve
works
• AlternaTve
approaches
to
cybersecurity
– Big
data
– NRT
anomaly
detecTon
– Supply
chain
• Major
policy,
legal,
moral,
ethical
issues
• Privacy
5/18/2016
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12. 5/18/2016
12
Command
and
Control/Sensemaking/
Decision
Support
How
to
achieve
“Unity
of
AcTon”
when
there’s
no
“Unity
of
Control?”
Linton
Wells
II,
202.436.6354,
linwells@gmail.com
12
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13. OODA
Loop
&
Decision
Cycles
• “Observe”
and
“Orient”
phases
increasingly
electromagneTc
• “Decide”
and
“Act”
supported
by
informaTon
processing
• Cyber
can
dominate
OODA
loop
in
any
domain
• Tech
changes
– Processing
power
– Machine
learning
– Sensor
proliferaTon
– Army
2050
bahlefield—can
you
move?
• Speed
of
decisions
– “Man-­‐on-­‐the-­‐loop,”
vice
“Man-­‐in-­‐the-­‐loop”
5/18/2016
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Image
courtesy
successing.com

14. People
and
Organiza5onal
Changes
(1)
• Need
insTtuTons
to
act
quickly
enough
– And
people
to
run
them
– Life-­‐long
learning
supported
by
point
of
need
content
delivery
• Leverage
explosion
of
innovaTon
in
private
sector
adult
educaTon
• No
lesson
is
learned
un5l
behavior
changes
• RealisTc
ranges,
M&S,
wargames
– Cross-­‐cupng
– Cyber
and
EMW
• Feedback
loops
5/18/2016
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15. People
and
Organiza5onal
Changes
(2)
• Address
massive,
conTnuous
data
feeds
• Reach
beyond
the
.mil
domain
– Engage
with
non-­‐tradiTonal
mission
partners
– Support
to
PKO/HADR
– Humanitarian
cyber
– Build
for
resilience
• Info
sharing
rules
criTcal
– Give
info
back
beher
5/18/2016
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16. Process
&
Technology
Changes
(1)
• Much
info
will
be
outside
of/faster
than
TPED
• Open
architectures
• Civ-­‐Mil,
public-­‐private,
trans-­‐naTonal
convergence
– Changing
condiTons
for
RMA
• Economist
arTcle
on
future
of
compuTng
• BRINE
(bio-­‐robo-­‐info-­‐
nano-­‐energy)
5/18/2016
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16

17. Process
&
Technology
Changes
(2)
• Frequency-­‐agile
equipment
– Navy
will
buy
EMW
systems
– IT
&
OT
– Digital-­‐analog
issues
– Army
cogniTve
radios
and
IEW&S
• 3rd
Offset
Strategy
– Deep
Learning
Systems
– Human-­‐Machine
CollaboraTon
– Human-­‐Machine
Combat
Teaming
– Assisted
Human
OperaTons
– Network-­‐Enabled,
Cyber-­‐Hardened
Weapons
5/18/2016
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18. Emerging
Research
Areas
• C4I
&
Cyber
implicaTons
of
ubiquitous
sensor
world
• C2
of
large-­‐scale
swarms,
MUM-­‐T
• Trusted
internet
and
resilient/reliable
network
ops
• Networked
(technological
&
sociological)
approaches
to
civil-­‐
military
operaTons
• Expanded
inter-­‐organizaTonal/internaTonal
collaboraTon
– InformaTon
sharing
and
analysis
in
a
less
trusTng
environment
– Beher
public-­‐private
partnerships
• Training
for
staff
development
• ExperimentaTon
&
prototyping
• Add
cyber
into
C2
simulaTons
5/18/2016
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18

19. QuesTons?