A short presentation in English and Italian on life and work in Victorian times, inspired by reading Hard Times by Dickens. The students who worked on it are in their second year of high school (2L1 - ISIS Carcano - Como)
George Gordon Byron was an English poet born in 1788 in London to an English father and Scottish mother. He inherited his family's title and estate at a young age. Byron was educated at Trinity College in Cambridge. In 1809, he went on a two-year voyage through Europe which inspired his major work "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" published in 1812. Byron is known for works published during four periods of his life - the London period, Swiss period, Italian period, and Greek period. He died in 1824 while fighting for Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire.
Henrik Ibsen grew up in a small Norwegian town but his family fell into poverty when he was young. He worked as a pharmacist's apprentice before becoming interested in writing plays. He wrote his first play in 1849 and later accepted a job at the Norwegian Theatre that allowed him to travel abroad to further his craft. Ibsen lived in exile for many years in Italy and Germany where he wrote several of his most famous works like A Doll's House and Hedda Gabler. He returned to Norway in 1891 as a celebrated playwright. Ibsen's plays explored controversial social issues and the human condition through complex characters and thought-provoking dramas.
Queen Victoria's death in 1901 marked the end of the Victorian era. The British Empire reached its peak around 1900 and controlled large portions of Africa, Asia, and other parts of the world. World War 1 began in 1914 due to increasing international tensions and rivalries and ended in 1918 with an Allied victory. The war had devastating impacts on Britain with high casualties. In the inter-war period, Britain struggled with economic depression until rearmament prior to World War 2 helped boost the economy again.
Charles Dickens was a famous English novelist born in 1812. He had an unhappy childhood that inspired many of his novels depicting the lives of the poor and disadvantaged in Victorian London. Some of his most famous works include Oliver Twist, which attacked the poor house system, and David Copperfield, his most autobiographical novel. Dickens used his writing to campaign for social reforms and highlight injustices and controversies of his time. He created memorable characters and stories through his rich descriptive style.
This document provides an overview of George Bernard Shaw's play Candida. It discusses the plot, characters, production history, themes, and Shaw's background. The play, written in 1894, questions Victorian notions of marriage and love. It was controversial but became very popular after its New York production in 1903 launched a phenomenon called "Candidamania". The document summarizes Shaw's socialist political views that influenced the play and the themes it explores regarding women's roles and Christian Socialism.
The document provides an overview of British literature during the Victorian Age from 1832-1900. Some key details include:
- The Victorian Age saw enormous political, social, and technological changes in Britain and worldwide due to industrialization and colonial expansion.
- Queen Victoria had the longest reign in British history from 1837-1901 and oversaw the growth of the British Empire to its largest extent.
- Popular literary genres of the time included realism, naturalism, novels, and poetry. Novels by the Brontë sisters and Charles Dickens were very popular, as were poems by Tennyson and the Brownings.
Francisco de Goya nació en 1746 en España y murió en 1828 en Francia. Se formó como pintor en el estilo rococó pero desarrollo un estilo personal. Creó famosos cartones para tapices y retratos reales, y durante la guerra contra Napoleón pintó escenas del sufrimiento del pueblo español. En sus últimos años, creó las tétricas Pinturas Negras antes de exiliarse a Francia, donde continuó trabajando hasta su muerte.
George Gordon Byron was an English poet born in 1788 in London to an English father and Scottish mother. He inherited his family's title and estate at a young age. Byron was educated at Trinity College in Cambridge. In 1809, he went on a two-year voyage through Europe which inspired his major work "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" published in 1812. Byron is known for works published during four periods of his life - the London period, Swiss period, Italian period, and Greek period. He died in 1824 while fighting for Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire.
Henrik Ibsen grew up in a small Norwegian town but his family fell into poverty when he was young. He worked as a pharmacist's apprentice before becoming interested in writing plays. He wrote his first play in 1849 and later accepted a job at the Norwegian Theatre that allowed him to travel abroad to further his craft. Ibsen lived in exile for many years in Italy and Germany where he wrote several of his most famous works like A Doll's House and Hedda Gabler. He returned to Norway in 1891 as a celebrated playwright. Ibsen's plays explored controversial social issues and the human condition through complex characters and thought-provoking dramas.
Queen Victoria's death in 1901 marked the end of the Victorian era. The British Empire reached its peak around 1900 and controlled large portions of Africa, Asia, and other parts of the world. World War 1 began in 1914 due to increasing international tensions and rivalries and ended in 1918 with an Allied victory. The war had devastating impacts on Britain with high casualties. In the inter-war period, Britain struggled with economic depression until rearmament prior to World War 2 helped boost the economy again.
Charles Dickens was a famous English novelist born in 1812. He had an unhappy childhood that inspired many of his novels depicting the lives of the poor and disadvantaged in Victorian London. Some of his most famous works include Oliver Twist, which attacked the poor house system, and David Copperfield, his most autobiographical novel. Dickens used his writing to campaign for social reforms and highlight injustices and controversies of his time. He created memorable characters and stories through his rich descriptive style.
This document provides an overview of George Bernard Shaw's play Candida. It discusses the plot, characters, production history, themes, and Shaw's background. The play, written in 1894, questions Victorian notions of marriage and love. It was controversial but became very popular after its New York production in 1903 launched a phenomenon called "Candidamania". The document summarizes Shaw's socialist political views that influenced the play and the themes it explores regarding women's roles and Christian Socialism.
The document provides an overview of British literature during the Victorian Age from 1832-1900. Some key details include:
- The Victorian Age saw enormous political, social, and technological changes in Britain and worldwide due to industrialization and colonial expansion.
- Queen Victoria had the longest reign in British history from 1837-1901 and oversaw the growth of the British Empire to its largest extent.
- Popular literary genres of the time included realism, naturalism, novels, and poetry. Novels by the Brontë sisters and Charles Dickens were very popular, as were poems by Tennyson and the Brownings.
Francisco de Goya nació en 1746 en España y murió en 1828 en Francia. Se formó como pintor en el estilo rococó pero desarrollo un estilo personal. Creó famosos cartones para tapices y retratos reales, y durante la guerra contra Napoleón pintó escenas del sufrimiento del pueblo español. En sus últimos años, creó las tétricas Pinturas Negras antes de exiliarse a Francia, donde continuó trabajando hasta su muerte.
Marc Chagall was a Russian-French painter and artist who lived from 1887-1985. He was born in Russia but found fame as part of the avant-garde art scene in Paris in the early 20th century. Chagall's art was highly influenced by his Jewish upbringing and childhood memories of rural Russia. Throughout his long life, he continued to create paintings, stained glass works, and sculptures inspired by biblical themes and his recollections of village life.
Francisco de Goya (1746-1828) fue un pintor español que pasó la mayor parte de su carrera en la corte real española. Recibió una formación clásica en la Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando en Madrid. Más tarde viajó a Italia para estudiar el arte renacentista. A su regreso a España, Goya alcanzó fama por sus pinturas y frescos religiosos. En 1789 fue nombrado pintor de cámara por el rey Carlos IV. En la década de 1790, comenzó a producir grab
Raquel Forner nació en Buenos Aires en 1902 y desarrolló su vocación artística desde joven, estudiando en la Academia Nacional de Bellas Artes de Buenos Aires y posteriormente en París con el pintor Othon Friesz. A lo largo de su carrera expuso sus obras en importantes galerías y museos de varios países y recibió numerosos premios. Fue influenciada por la Guerra Civil española, de la que surgieron algunas de sus obras más conocidas que se acercaban al surrealismo.
Walter Scott was a famous Scottish historical novelist born in 1771. He was interested in old Scottish ballads from a young age. His early works focused on collecting these ballads. His first major success was The Lay of the Last Minstrel in 1805. He then published other long narrative poems including Marmion and The Lady of the Lake. In 1814, he published Waverley, considered the first historical novel, which was published anonymously. His most famous work, Ivanhoe, was published in 1819. It depicted rivalry between King Richard and his brother John during medieval times. Scott wrote many other historical novels set in Scotland and medieval Europe that were very popular, helping establish the genre of the historical novel.
Shakespeare's company planned for years to operate their own indoor theater for year-round performances. In 1609, they took over the Blackfriars Theater in London, allowing them to perform plays indoors out of the weather. During holidays like Christmas and Shrovetide, Shakespeare's company and others also performed at royal palaces, seen as a high honor and source of good payment. The Globe Theatre was an open-air playhouse built in 1599 by Shakespeare's playing company. It had a circular structure around 100 feet in diameter made of timber, plaster, and stone. It was destroyed by fire in 1613 but later rebuilt.
Charles II returned to power in England in 1660 after years of exile, restoring the monarchy but having to share authority with Parliament. He brought sophistication from the French court but also had to manage disasters like the Great Plague and Great Fire of London. This period saw the growth of the middle class and more opportunities for education and leisure for ordinary men and women. Coffeehouses and salons emerged as places for socializing and intellectual discussion.
The Golden Age of Spanish Theatre spanned from 1590 to 1681. During this time, several important developments in Spanish theatre emerged, including the establishment of the corrales, or public theatres, the rise of influential playwrights like Lope de Vega, Miguel de Cervantes, and Pedro Calderon de la Barca, and the development of new theatrical genres such as the auto sacramental and zarzuela.
“Goya was an innovative painter and etcher and one of the great masters of Spanish painting. Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes was born near Saragossa in Aragon on 30 March 1746. His father was a painter. Goya's formal artistic education began at the age of 14 when he was apprenticed to a local painter. In 1763 Goya went to Madrid and worked under another artist from Aragon, Francisco Bayeu, whose sister he married.
In 1771, Goya visited Italy. By 1775, he had settled in Madrid and was designing for the Royal Tapestry Factory. In 1786, he was appointed court painter to Charles IV.
In the winter of 1792, Goya became seriously ill and was left totally deaf. This was a turning point in his career. His paintings were transformed from his previous Rococo style to a more expressionistic vision and he chose increasingly dark subject matters.
During the brutal Napoleonic occupation of Spain, Goya saw at first hand the horrors of warfare. These inspired a series of etchings 'The Disasters of War' and two paintings '2 May 1808' and '3 May 1808'.
In around 1820, Goya began a series of frescoes on the walls of his country house near Madrid, which became known as the 'Black Paintings'.
In 1824, political upheavals in Spain forced Goya to go into exile in France. He returned to Madrid for a brief visit in 1826, but died in Bordeaux on 16 April 1828.” BBC History
The document provides historical context on the Romantic Age in Britain. It describes how the Industrial Revolution led to the rapid growth of dirty, overcrowded industrial towns with poor living conditions for workers. British society was divided into landowners/aristocracy, businessmen/industrialists, and the working masses. Several political reforms in the early 1800s aimed to improve conditions for workers and the masses. The document also gives an overview of English Romanticism in literature and some of the major Romantic poets of the period.
Felix Mendelssohn was a renowned German composer, pianist, and conductor born in 1809. He was a child prodigy who began composing at a young age and made his public debut at age 9. He studied music extensively and joined the Singakademie music academy in 1819. There he became a conductor and continued composing prolifically. In 1843 he founded the Leipzig Conservatory of Music and served as its director until his death in 1847 at the age of 38.
Francisco de Goya was a Spanish painter born in 1746 who worked as a court painter in Madrid. His early style was classical but colorful, but after losing his hearing in 1792 his work became darker and more critical, depicting themes of war, violence, and human folly. In old age he produced a series of nightmarish paintings on the walls of his home reflecting his fears and the turbulent political times in Spain. Goya was a precursor to modern artistic styles like romanticism, realism, expressionism and surrealism in his bold departure from classicism towards a more subjective and critical perspective.
James Joyce was an Irish novelist and poet considered one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. He was known for employing innovative literary techniques like stream of consciousness and interior monologue. Two of his most famous works were Dubliners, a collection of short stories depicting life in Dublin, and Ulysses, a novel that follows characters in Dublin for a single day and references Homer's Odyssey. Both works examined themes of paralysis, escape, and epiphany through realistic yet symbolic narratives and drew from Joyce's international cultural influences and love of experimenting with language.
Francisco de Goya was a Spanish painter born in 1746 in Fuendetodos, Spain. He began his career studying art and painting at a young age. Goya lived in Italy for two years to improve his skills before returning to Spain. His career flourished as he received many commissions from the Spanish royal family and aristocracy. In his later years, Goya suffered from deafness and was deeply affected by the war against Napoleon. He created his haunting "Black Paintings" during this period before exiling to France, where he spent his final years.
This document provides biographical information about the English poet Lord Byron. It notes that he was born in 1788 in London, was a leading figure of the Romantic movement, and was known for his dark, rebellious heroes in major works like Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Don Juan. Byron had many romantic affairs throughout his life and died in 1824 while fighting in the Greek War of Independence at age 36.
Benito Pérez Galdós fue un escritor español del siglo XIX conocido por sus novelas realistas. Nació en 1843 en Las Palmas de Gran Canaria y estudió en instituciones locales antes de mudarse a Madrid. Escribió numerosas novelas que exploraban los problemas sociales y políticos de España durante su época, incluyendo los Episodios Nacionales y obras como Fortunata y Jacinta y Doña Perfecta. Galdós falleció en 1920 como uno de los autores más prolíficos de su generación.
James Joyce was an Irish novelist born in 1882 who is considered one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. Some of his most famous works include Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, and Ulysses. Ulysses, published in 1922, depicts the wanderings of Leopold Bloom through Dublin in a single day and is influenced structurally by Homer's Odyssey. Joyce is noted for using experimental literary techniques like stream-of-consciousness and interior monologue to provide subjective perspectives on ordinary life and events in Dublin. He lived in exile for much of his life due to criticism of his works' depiction of sexuality and the Catholic Church.
The document discusses Victorian literature during the reign of Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1901. It provides context on the growth of the British Empire, the Industrial Revolution, and changing social conditions including urbanization and the role of women. Major literary genres of this period are described, including the rise of the novel, poetry, and drama. Key authors like Charles Dickens, the Brontë sisters, Alfred Lord Tennyson, and Oscar Wilde are mentioned in relation to their contributions to Victorian literature.
During the 18th century, the population of Europe grew significantly due to advances in nutrition, hygiene, and reductions in epidemics. Society was very young, with half the workforce under 20, and nuclear families became more common. Enlightenment ideas spread new notions of rationalism and tolerance, strengthening early feminism and arguments for women's equality. However, most thinkers still believed in traditional gender roles and women's subordinate status to men. Salons run by women provided an acceptable social and intellectual space for women's education and participation in philosophical debates.
Marc Chagall was a Russian-French painter and artist who lived from 1887-1985. He was born in Russia but found fame as part of the avant-garde art scene in Paris in the early 20th century. Chagall's art was highly influenced by his Jewish upbringing and childhood memories of rural Russia. Throughout his long life, he continued to create paintings, stained glass works, and sculptures inspired by biblical themes and his recollections of village life.
Francisco de Goya (1746-1828) fue un pintor español que pasó la mayor parte de su carrera en la corte real española. Recibió una formación clásica en la Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando en Madrid. Más tarde viajó a Italia para estudiar el arte renacentista. A su regreso a España, Goya alcanzó fama por sus pinturas y frescos religiosos. En 1789 fue nombrado pintor de cámara por el rey Carlos IV. En la década de 1790, comenzó a producir grab
Raquel Forner nació en Buenos Aires en 1902 y desarrolló su vocación artística desde joven, estudiando en la Academia Nacional de Bellas Artes de Buenos Aires y posteriormente en París con el pintor Othon Friesz. A lo largo de su carrera expuso sus obras en importantes galerías y museos de varios países y recibió numerosos premios. Fue influenciada por la Guerra Civil española, de la que surgieron algunas de sus obras más conocidas que se acercaban al surrealismo.
Walter Scott was a famous Scottish historical novelist born in 1771. He was interested in old Scottish ballads from a young age. His early works focused on collecting these ballads. His first major success was The Lay of the Last Minstrel in 1805. He then published other long narrative poems including Marmion and The Lady of the Lake. In 1814, he published Waverley, considered the first historical novel, which was published anonymously. His most famous work, Ivanhoe, was published in 1819. It depicted rivalry between King Richard and his brother John during medieval times. Scott wrote many other historical novels set in Scotland and medieval Europe that were very popular, helping establish the genre of the historical novel.
Shakespeare's company planned for years to operate their own indoor theater for year-round performances. In 1609, they took over the Blackfriars Theater in London, allowing them to perform plays indoors out of the weather. During holidays like Christmas and Shrovetide, Shakespeare's company and others also performed at royal palaces, seen as a high honor and source of good payment. The Globe Theatre was an open-air playhouse built in 1599 by Shakespeare's playing company. It had a circular structure around 100 feet in diameter made of timber, plaster, and stone. It was destroyed by fire in 1613 but later rebuilt.
Charles II returned to power in England in 1660 after years of exile, restoring the monarchy but having to share authority with Parliament. He brought sophistication from the French court but also had to manage disasters like the Great Plague and Great Fire of London. This period saw the growth of the middle class and more opportunities for education and leisure for ordinary men and women. Coffeehouses and salons emerged as places for socializing and intellectual discussion.
The Golden Age of Spanish Theatre spanned from 1590 to 1681. During this time, several important developments in Spanish theatre emerged, including the establishment of the corrales, or public theatres, the rise of influential playwrights like Lope de Vega, Miguel de Cervantes, and Pedro Calderon de la Barca, and the development of new theatrical genres such as the auto sacramental and zarzuela.
“Goya was an innovative painter and etcher and one of the great masters of Spanish painting. Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes was born near Saragossa in Aragon on 30 March 1746. His father was a painter. Goya's formal artistic education began at the age of 14 when he was apprenticed to a local painter. In 1763 Goya went to Madrid and worked under another artist from Aragon, Francisco Bayeu, whose sister he married.
In 1771, Goya visited Italy. By 1775, he had settled in Madrid and was designing for the Royal Tapestry Factory. In 1786, he was appointed court painter to Charles IV.
In the winter of 1792, Goya became seriously ill and was left totally deaf. This was a turning point in his career. His paintings were transformed from his previous Rococo style to a more expressionistic vision and he chose increasingly dark subject matters.
During the brutal Napoleonic occupation of Spain, Goya saw at first hand the horrors of warfare. These inspired a series of etchings 'The Disasters of War' and two paintings '2 May 1808' and '3 May 1808'.
In around 1820, Goya began a series of frescoes on the walls of his country house near Madrid, which became known as the 'Black Paintings'.
In 1824, political upheavals in Spain forced Goya to go into exile in France. He returned to Madrid for a brief visit in 1826, but died in Bordeaux on 16 April 1828.” BBC History
The document provides historical context on the Romantic Age in Britain. It describes how the Industrial Revolution led to the rapid growth of dirty, overcrowded industrial towns with poor living conditions for workers. British society was divided into landowners/aristocracy, businessmen/industrialists, and the working masses. Several political reforms in the early 1800s aimed to improve conditions for workers and the masses. The document also gives an overview of English Romanticism in literature and some of the major Romantic poets of the period.
Felix Mendelssohn was a renowned German composer, pianist, and conductor born in 1809. He was a child prodigy who began composing at a young age and made his public debut at age 9. He studied music extensively and joined the Singakademie music academy in 1819. There he became a conductor and continued composing prolifically. In 1843 he founded the Leipzig Conservatory of Music and served as its director until his death in 1847 at the age of 38.
Francisco de Goya was a Spanish painter born in 1746 who worked as a court painter in Madrid. His early style was classical but colorful, but after losing his hearing in 1792 his work became darker and more critical, depicting themes of war, violence, and human folly. In old age he produced a series of nightmarish paintings on the walls of his home reflecting his fears and the turbulent political times in Spain. Goya was a precursor to modern artistic styles like romanticism, realism, expressionism and surrealism in his bold departure from classicism towards a more subjective and critical perspective.
James Joyce was an Irish novelist and poet considered one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. He was known for employing innovative literary techniques like stream of consciousness and interior monologue. Two of his most famous works were Dubliners, a collection of short stories depicting life in Dublin, and Ulysses, a novel that follows characters in Dublin for a single day and references Homer's Odyssey. Both works examined themes of paralysis, escape, and epiphany through realistic yet symbolic narratives and drew from Joyce's international cultural influences and love of experimenting with language.
Francisco de Goya was a Spanish painter born in 1746 in Fuendetodos, Spain. He began his career studying art and painting at a young age. Goya lived in Italy for two years to improve his skills before returning to Spain. His career flourished as he received many commissions from the Spanish royal family and aristocracy. In his later years, Goya suffered from deafness and was deeply affected by the war against Napoleon. He created his haunting "Black Paintings" during this period before exiling to France, where he spent his final years.
This document provides biographical information about the English poet Lord Byron. It notes that he was born in 1788 in London, was a leading figure of the Romantic movement, and was known for his dark, rebellious heroes in major works like Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Don Juan. Byron had many romantic affairs throughout his life and died in 1824 while fighting in the Greek War of Independence at age 36.
Benito Pérez Galdós fue un escritor español del siglo XIX conocido por sus novelas realistas. Nació en 1843 en Las Palmas de Gran Canaria y estudió en instituciones locales antes de mudarse a Madrid. Escribió numerosas novelas que exploraban los problemas sociales y políticos de España durante su época, incluyendo los Episodios Nacionales y obras como Fortunata y Jacinta y Doña Perfecta. Galdós falleció en 1920 como uno de los autores más prolíficos de su generación.
James Joyce was an Irish novelist born in 1882 who is considered one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. Some of his most famous works include Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, and Ulysses. Ulysses, published in 1922, depicts the wanderings of Leopold Bloom through Dublin in a single day and is influenced structurally by Homer's Odyssey. Joyce is noted for using experimental literary techniques like stream-of-consciousness and interior monologue to provide subjective perspectives on ordinary life and events in Dublin. He lived in exile for much of his life due to criticism of his works' depiction of sexuality and the Catholic Church.
The document discusses Victorian literature during the reign of Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1901. It provides context on the growth of the British Empire, the Industrial Revolution, and changing social conditions including urbanization and the role of women. Major literary genres of this period are described, including the rise of the novel, poetry, and drama. Key authors like Charles Dickens, the Brontë sisters, Alfred Lord Tennyson, and Oscar Wilde are mentioned in relation to their contributions to Victorian literature.
During the 18th century, the population of Europe grew significantly due to advances in nutrition, hygiene, and reductions in epidemics. Society was very young, with half the workforce under 20, and nuclear families became more common. Enlightenment ideas spread new notions of rationalism and tolerance, strengthening early feminism and arguments for women's equality. However, most thinkers still believed in traditional gender roles and women's subordinate status to men. Salons run by women provided an acceptable social and intellectual space for women's education and participation in philosophical debates.
Prima ancora della nascita di vere e proprie città industriali, nel secolo XIX si diffusero dapprima nel nord Europa e in seguito in Italia numerosi villaggi operai (che nei paesi anglosassoni vennero chiamati Garden Cities e in Germania Siedlungen), realizzati direttamente da aziende economicamente solide che nelle zone periferiche e di campagna cercavano manodopera stabile specializzata e possibilmente estranea al clima sindacalizzato e politicizzato delle città.
In Italia uno degli esempi più interessanti è rappresentato dal villaggio di Crespi d’Adda, che oltre ad essere uno dei primi insediamenti conosciuti, presenta la particolarità di aver preservato pressoché immutato il suo aspetto originale sino ai nostri giorni, giovandosi sia della collocazione geografica alquanto decentrata che ha permesso uno sviluppo protetto da influenze esterne, sia dall’essere sempre rimasta un’industria tessile, nonostante diversi cambi di proprietà.
This document discusses different ways to talk about the future in English. It outlines uses for will, be going to, present continuous, and may. Will is used to talk about objective truths or inevitable outcomes. Be going to is used to talk about planned actions or predictions based on evidence. Present continuous describes planned activities that have already been arranged. May expresses possibility or is used to give or ask permission.
A presentation on the use of the present perfect simple and continuous in English, autonomosly produced by a small group of 16-year-old Italian students.
A short presentation in English and Italian cities in Victorian times, including two model ones (one in Britain and one in Italy), inspired by reading Hard Times by Dickens. The students who worked on it are in their second year of high school (2L1 - ISIS Carcano - Como)
A short presentation in English and Italian on the plot of Dickens's Hard Times, inspired by reading the novel. The students who worked on it are in their second year of high school (2L1 - ISIS Carcano - Como)
A short presentation in English and Italian on Charles Dickens's life and main works, inspired by reading his novel, Hard Times. The students who worked on it are in their second year of high school (2L1 - ISIS Carcano - Como)
A short presentation in English and Italian on how Dickens invented suggestive names for his characters and places in Hard Times, inspired by reading the novel. The students who worked on it are in their second year of high school (2L1 - ISIS Carcano - Como)
1. Britain was the first country in the world to begin the
industrial revolution. It was powered by the increase of
population due to the agricultural revolution, and started in
the mid 18th century with the advent of the refined steam
engine, and factories.
La Gran Bretagna fu il primo paese nel mondo a iniziare
la rivoluzione industriale. Questa fu incrementata dalla crescita
della popolazione dovuta alla rivoluzione agricola, e iniziò
nella metà del 18°secolo con l’avvento della macchina a
Vapore e delle fabbriche.
2. Other industries like textile industry were further boosted by
the second industrial revolution; also the metal industry and
mining industry boomed.
Altri settori come l’industria tessile furono ulteriormente
Incrementati dalla seconda rivoluzione industriale; anche
l’industria metallurgica e l’industria mineraria si svilupparono.
3. There were two main demographic changes during the 18th
and the 19th century; one is the expansion of population, and
the other is the movement of rural population to urban areas.
Both changes ultimately resulted in the 19th century cities
that were overcrowded with industrial workers. The
population of England increased because of increased
agricultural production and improvements in medical
technology and sanitations.
The population of London increased from 900,000
in 1800 to 2,363,000 in 1850
Demography/Demografia
Ci furono due principali cambiamenti demografici durante
il 18° e il 19° secolo; uno fu l’espansione della popolazione, e
l’altro lo spostamento di coloro che abitavano le campagne
verso le aree urbane. Entrambi i cambiamenti ebbero come
conseguenza città sovrappopolate da operai. La popolazione
dell’Inghilterra aumentò a causa
di un aumento della produzione agricola e del miglioramento
di medicina e fognature.
La popolazione di Londra crebbe da 900,000 nel
1800 a 2,363,000 nel 1850.
4. These unemployed farm workers had no other choice but to
move into the cities as landless laborers to work in factories.
Changes in the farming pattern with the use of mechanized
tools such as the threshing machine led to the reduced
number of farm workers employed by landowners.
Cambiamenti nel modello agricolo con l’uso di strumenti
meccanizzati come la trebbiatrice portarono alla diminuzione
del numero di braccianti assunti dai proprietari terrieri.
Questi braccianti disoccupati e senza proprietà terriere non
avevano altra scelta che spostarsi in città per lavorare nelle
fabbriche.
5. Housing problem / Il problema dell’alloggio
Cities were not prepared to accommodate such large
populations. Housing and sanitary conditions were
terrible with families living in filthy, crowded rooms with
no air circulation. The labour environment was just about
as horrible; cities were soon overcrowded with people,
most of who were competing for living space and for jobs
in factories. Cities lacked both an adequate number of
houses and the necessary facilities.
Le città non erano pronte ad accogliere cosi grandi popolazioni
L’alloggio e le condizioni igieniche erano terribili con famiglie
che vivevano in stanze sporche, affollate senza circolazione
d’aria. L’ambiente di lavoro era quasi altrettanto orribile; le
città furono presto sovrappopolate, con persone che per la
maggior parte erano in competizione per uno spazio in cui
vivere o per trovare lavoro nelle fabbriche. Le città mancavano
sia di un adeguato numero di abitazioni che delle strutture
necessarie.
6. Existing buildings were modified to provide as many
living quarters as possible. Large houses were turned
into flats. Nobody was concerned with the upkeep or
the condition of such dwellings. These quarters were
not only small and expensive, but also lacking in
windows, lightings, and heating.
An alternative was the practice of 'rookeries' in which people
lived in large rooms together without separate living
accommodation for each family.
In some extreme cases, underground storerooms were turned
into living spaces.
Edifici preesistenti furono modificati per fornire il maggior numero
di alloggi possibili. Grandi case vennero trasformate in appartamenti.
Nessuno si interessava alla manutenzione o allo stato di tali abitazioni.
Questi alloggi non erano solo piccoli e costosi, ma anche privi di
finestre, illuminazione e riscaldamento.
Un’alternativa era la pratica delle «colonie» in cui le persone vivevano
in ampie camere insieme senza un posto separato per ogni famiglia.
In alcuni casi estremi, magazzini sotterranei furono trasformati in spazi
abitativi
7. Sanitation was also a large problem because neither the
industrial workers nor the builders and owners of houses
had a strong concept of hygiene
Because cities did not have an established drainage system,
people emptied their drainage and sewage on the streets.
Many essential facilities like toilets had to be shared
Anche gli impianti igienici furono un grande problema poiché ne gli
operai ne i costruttori e i proprietari delle case avevano un forte
concetto di igiene.
Diseases like Cholera were rampant in these filthy homes
because their water supplies were often polluted. Many people
living in the poorer conditions lost their lives from diseases.
Dato che le città non avevano un sistema di drenaggio consolidato,
la gente svuotava la loro acqua di scolo sulle strade. Molte strutture
essenziali come i gabinetti dovevano essere condivisi.
Malattie come il colera erano diffuse in queste case sporche perché le loro riserve d’acqua erano spesso inquinate. Molte persone
che vivevano nelle condizioni peggiori perdevano la loro vita a causa di malattie.
8. Industrial workers' conditions in factories were just
about as bad as their living conditions. Most had to
work long hours in dangerous and unsanitary
conditions under strict supervision of the factory
superintendents. Many workers were day-to-day
workers and many people were laid off during seasons
when less work was needed. Holidays did not exist, and
there was nothing even close to job security or
insurance.
There was an inconsistency of work. A large percentage of the
factory laborers worked day to day; sometimes they found their
place taken away by another person and had to look for
somewhere else to work.
Le condizioni degli operai nelle fabbriche erano altrettanto
pessime di quelle di vita. La maggior parte doveva lavorare per
molte ore in situazioni pericolose e malsane sotto la stretta
supervisione dei sovrintendenti della fabbrica. Molti lavoratori
erano alla giornata e tanti venivano licenziati durante i periodi
in cui serviva meno lavoro. Le vacanze non esistevano e non c’era
niente di simile ad un’assicurazione.
C’era un’irregolarità del lavoro. Una grande percentuale
degli operai lavorava giorno per giorno; qualche volta
trovavano il loro posto di lavoro preso da qualcun altro e
dovevano cercare un impiego altrove.
9. Because the machines in the factories were extremely
efficient, employers wanted to keep them running as long
as possible; 16 hours of labour per day was common.
Workers had to begin and finish their work exactly on the
assigned time with no breaks and repeat the same work
everyday without exceptions with strict supervision.
Poiché i macchinari nelle fabbriche erano estremamente
efficienti, i datori di lavoro volevano tenerli in attività il più
a lungo possibile; erano normali 16 ore di lavoro al giorno.
Gli operai dovevano iniziare e finire il loro lavoro
esattamente nel
tempo assegnato senza pause e ripetendo la stessa
operazione ogni giorno senza eccezioni e sotto un rigido
controllo.
10. Wages for the industrial workers were extremely low. Most
workers families were unable to make sufficient income to
provide themselves with the necessary goods to sustain
their lives. Some parents were simply unable to make
money to buy food for their children; consequently, many
children were pushed out to the streets or sent to factories
to work and make money.
Gli stipendi per gli operai erano estremamente bassi.
La maggior parte delle famiglie non riusciva a
guadagnare a sufficienza per i bisogni basilari.
Alcuni genitori erano semplicemente impossibilitati a
guadagnare soldi per comprare il cibo per i loro figli;
di conseguenza, molti bambini erano mandati per le
strade oppure nelle fabbriche a lavorare per guadagnare
qualcosa.
11. Children were favored over adult laborers because employers
could pay a child much less. Children also had advantages
because they were small in size; this made them adept at
certain sometimes dangerous tasks. In Britain, during the early
1830s, youths less than 21 years of age made up almost 1/3 of
the workforce. Child labor was practiced throughout the 19th
century.
I bambini erano preferiti agli adulti poiché i datori
di lavoro li potevano pagare molto meno.
I bambini avevano anche il vantaggio di essere di
taglia piccola; ciò permetteva a loro di svolgere determinati
Compiti, a volte pericolosi . In Inghilterra durante i primi
anni del 1830, i giovani di meno di 21 anni formavano
quasi 1/3 della forza lavoro. Il lavoro minorile fu praticato in
tutto l’800.