Buddhism spread during the life of Lord Buddha through his teachings to common people and rulers. After his death, it continued spreading through royal patronage, traders, scholars and councils. Buddhist art, architecture and inscriptions from the Mauryan, Shunga, Kushana, Pala, Vardhan, Gupta, Vakataka and Rashtrakuta dynasties evidence its growth in India and abroad, such as China.
This document discusses the Vedic period and evidence related to the Aryan debate. It provides an overview of Vedic literature and classification. Key Vedic gods like Agni, Soma, Indra, Rudra, and Maruta are described. The Rakhihari genetic study from 2019 is summarized, which found that the ancient Harappan genome lacked ancestry from pastoralists or Iranian farmers, providing evidence against the Aryan invasion/migration theory. Archaeological evidence is examined in relation to dating the Vedic and Indus Valley periods.
The Ganpatya cult originated as a sect that worshipped Ganapati as the supreme being. Over time, Ganapati transitioned from a malevolent deity to a benevolent one as his cult grew in popularity in South India. The cult reached its peak in the 10th century CE. Key beliefs included extolling Ganapati as the creator, sustainer, and destroyer and as a patron of wisdom. Sacred texts like the Ganesh Purana outlined rituals like offering sweets. Ganapati's concept evolved from being associated with Rudra to being seen as the remover of obstacles. His worship spread historically and various sub-sects arose with differences in worship styles and the forms of Ganapati
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Buddhism spread during the life of Lord Buddha through his teachings to common people and rulers. After his death, it continued spreading through royal patronage, traders, scholars and councils. Buddhist art, architecture and inscriptions from the Mauryan, Shunga, Kushana, Pala, Vardhan, Gupta, Vakataka and Rashtrakuta dynasties evidence its growth in India and abroad, such as China.
This document discusses the Vedic period and evidence related to the Aryan debate. It provides an overview of Vedic literature and classification. Key Vedic gods like Agni, Soma, Indra, Rudra, and Maruta are described. The Rakhihari genetic study from 2019 is summarized, which found that the ancient Harappan genome lacked ancestry from pastoralists or Iranian farmers, providing evidence against the Aryan invasion/migration theory. Archaeological evidence is examined in relation to dating the Vedic and Indus Valley periods.
The Ganpatya cult originated as a sect that worshipped Ganapati as the supreme being. Over time, Ganapati transitioned from a malevolent deity to a benevolent one as his cult grew in popularity in South India. The cult reached its peak in the 10th century CE. Key beliefs included extolling Ganapati as the creator, sustainer, and destroyer and as a patron of wisdom. Sacred texts like the Ganesh Purana outlined rituals like offering sweets. Ganapati's concept evolved from being associated with Rudra to being seen as the remover of obstacles. His worship spread historically and various sub-sects arose with differences in worship styles and the forms of Ganapati
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Tirthas or pilgrimage sites have great religious significance in Hinduism according to scriptures like the Puranas. Visiting tirthas generates spiritual merit and has benefits like purification from sins. Some key points about tirthas include:
1) Important tirthas mentioned are the Char Dham, 12 Jyotirlingas, Sapta Puris and rivers like Ganga.
2) Tirthyatras help one attain spiritual goals like purification, penance for sins, and fulfillment of religious duties.
3) Major tirthas like Kashi, Prayag, and Gaya hold special significance. Specific rituals like dying in Kashi or performing tarpan in
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
During the 6th century BCE in India, there were significant religious developments and changes. Major religions like Buddhism and Jainism emerged, founded by Gautama Buddha and Mahavira Jina respectively. Various social, economic, and political factors contributed to conflicts of thought and the emergence of new ideas. Contemporary scholars and thinkers proposed different schools of thought like Samkhya, Charvak, and Ajivika to address the religious conditions of the time. Their attempts led to the establishment of many new religious sects and improvements to existing beliefs. This resulted in technological, artistic, architectural, and cultural advances, as well as political and economic changes across India.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This presentation is prepared for the BA students to get basic information on Shaiv Cult. This presentation is incomplete and students advised to get the further and proper information from subjective books and recommended research article.
The document discusses the tradition of Panchdevopasana, which is the combined worship of five deities - Shiva, Vishnu, Shakti, Surya, and Ganesh. It originated as an effort to unite different traditions in Hinduism. Evidence of Panchdevopasana can be found as early as the Gupta period, with examples of Panchayatana temples from the early medieval period in Khajuraho, Bhubaneswar, and Rajasthan. The worship of the five deities represents the five elements through different associations.
Vrat refers to religious vows or observances in Hinduism involving restrictions on food and behavior. Vrats can be undertaken for religious purposes, to celebrate cultural traditions, or to seek divine help. They typically involve fasting, purity practices, and rituals focused on deities. Vrats can vary in duration from a day to a year and involve different levels of austerity. The goal is spiritual discipline and purification of mind and body to gain worldly and otherworldly benefits as well as express religious devotion.
Spread of Jaininsm, Why, Result of Spread, Why less Spread, why not out of In...Banaras Hindu University
Jainism gradually spread from its place of origin in India to other parts of the country. A lack of strong royal patronage like Buddhism received from emperors such as Ashoka hindered its expansion. Additionally, Jainism's philosophy of non-violence and its strict code of conduct regarding food, clothing, and ascetic practices made it difficult to spread more widely. However, it gained followers among traders and merchants in India and influenced art, architecture, language and literature as well as the growth of charitable works in many regions over many centuries.
The document discusses religion in the Indus Valley Civilization based on archaeological remains. It summarizes that the civilization likely worshipped a mother goddess and male deity based on figurines and seals. Ritual aspects included worship of trees, animals, fire, and water. Burial practices involved both full and partial burials outside cities. However, the philosophical aspects of religion cannot be fully understood without deciphering the script. Regional variations may have existed in the vast Indus Valley region.
The Ganpatya cult views Ganapati as the supreme being, worshipping him as the creator, sustainer, and destroyer. Originally a malevolent deity, he later became benevolent as his cult grew. The cult was most successful in South India. Over time, Ganapati transitioned from being seen as a troublemaker in early texts to being a remover of obstacles. His association with Shiva became more defined. The cult developed various sub-sects over ideological differences, and Ganapati was integrated into other traditions like Panchdevopasana. The cult associated Ganapati with Shakti and Tantra as well.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This presentation is prepared for the BA students to get basic and general information on the subject. This presentation is incomplete and students advised to get the further and proper information from subjective and recommended books and research articles.
This presentation is prepared for the BA students to get basic and general information on the subject. This presentation is incomplete and students advised to get the further and proper information from subjective and recommended books and research articles.
The document discusses the four Buddhist councils:
1) The first council was held in Rajgir under Mahakashyapa around 483 BCE to preserve the Buddha's teachings. The Suttas and Vinaya were recited.
2) The second council was held in Vaishali around 383 BCE under Sarvakami. It resulted in a split between the Theravada and Mahasanghika sects due to disagreements over 10 points.
3) The third council was held in Pataliputra around 251 BCE under Moggaliputta Tissa to reconcile 18 Buddhist schools. It standardized the Tripitaka in Pali and Ashoka sent missionaries to various
This document discusses the analysis of non-artifactual remains such as botanical and zoological remains in archaeological studies. It notes that such remains can provide insights into past agricultural practices, food sources, environmental conditions, and religious beliefs and rituals. The document outlines how archaeozoologists study animal remains to understand relationships between humans and animals, including diet, the environment, technology, and the role of animals in economic and social systems. It also discusses the multi-disciplinary nature of faunal studies and the variety of direct and indirect evidence used, such as bones, isotopes, genetics, and historical documents.
1. Sigillography is the study of seals, particularly those used for authentication. It involves analyzing seals' design, material, inscriptions, and historical context to understand their significance.
2. In ancient India, seals and sealings were used to secure documents, containers, and objects. They served various purposes including authentication of ownership and preventing tampering.
3. The study of seals provides insights into economic, social, political, administrative, and religious aspects of past societies. Seals reveal details about rulers, officials, guilds, educational institutions, and religious establishments.
Tirthas or pilgrimage sites have great religious significance in Hinduism according to scriptures like the Puranas. Visiting tirthas generates spiritual merit and has benefits like purification from sins. Some key points about tirthas include:
1) Important tirthas mentioned are the Char Dham, 12 Jyotirlingas, Sapta Puris and rivers like Ganga.
2) Tirthyatras help one attain spiritual goals like purification, penance for sins, and fulfillment of religious duties.
3) Major tirthas like Kashi, Prayag, and Gaya hold special significance. Specific rituals like dying in Kashi or performing tarpan in
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
During the 6th century BCE in India, there were significant religious developments and changes. Major religions like Buddhism and Jainism emerged, founded by Gautama Buddha and Mahavira Jina respectively. Various social, economic, and political factors contributed to conflicts of thought and the emergence of new ideas. Contemporary scholars and thinkers proposed different schools of thought like Samkhya, Charvak, and Ajivika to address the religious conditions of the time. Their attempts led to the establishment of many new religious sects and improvements to existing beliefs. This resulted in technological, artistic, architectural, and cultural advances, as well as political and economic changes across India.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This presentation is prepared for the BA students to get basic information on Shaiv Cult. This presentation is incomplete and students advised to get the further and proper information from subjective books and recommended research article.
The document discusses the tradition of Panchdevopasana, which is the combined worship of five deities - Shiva, Vishnu, Shakti, Surya, and Ganesh. It originated as an effort to unite different traditions in Hinduism. Evidence of Panchdevopasana can be found as early as the Gupta period, with examples of Panchayatana temples from the early medieval period in Khajuraho, Bhubaneswar, and Rajasthan. The worship of the five deities represents the five elements through different associations.
Vrat refers to religious vows or observances in Hinduism involving restrictions on food and behavior. Vrats can be undertaken for religious purposes, to celebrate cultural traditions, or to seek divine help. They typically involve fasting, purity practices, and rituals focused on deities. Vrats can vary in duration from a day to a year and involve different levels of austerity. The goal is spiritual discipline and purification of mind and body to gain worldly and otherworldly benefits as well as express religious devotion.
Spread of Jaininsm, Why, Result of Spread, Why less Spread, why not out of In...Banaras Hindu University
Jainism gradually spread from its place of origin in India to other parts of the country. A lack of strong royal patronage like Buddhism received from emperors such as Ashoka hindered its expansion. Additionally, Jainism's philosophy of non-violence and its strict code of conduct regarding food, clothing, and ascetic practices made it difficult to spread more widely. However, it gained followers among traders and merchants in India and influenced art, architecture, language and literature as well as the growth of charitable works in many regions over many centuries.
The document discusses religion in the Indus Valley Civilization based on archaeological remains. It summarizes that the civilization likely worshipped a mother goddess and male deity based on figurines and seals. Ritual aspects included worship of trees, animals, fire, and water. Burial practices involved both full and partial burials outside cities. However, the philosophical aspects of religion cannot be fully understood without deciphering the script. Regional variations may have existed in the vast Indus Valley region.
The Ganpatya cult views Ganapati as the supreme being, worshipping him as the creator, sustainer, and destroyer. Originally a malevolent deity, he later became benevolent as his cult grew. The cult was most successful in South India. Over time, Ganapati transitioned from being seen as a troublemaker in early texts to being a remover of obstacles. His association with Shiva became more defined. The cult developed various sub-sects over ideological differences, and Ganapati was integrated into other traditions like Panchdevopasana. The cult associated Ganapati with Shakti and Tantra as well.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This presentation is prepared for the BA students to get basic and general information on the subject. This presentation is incomplete and students advised to get the further and proper information from subjective and recommended books and research articles.
This presentation is prepared for the BA students to get basic and general information on the subject. This presentation is incomplete and students advised to get the further and proper information from subjective and recommended books and research articles.
The document discusses the four Buddhist councils:
1) The first council was held in Rajgir under Mahakashyapa around 483 BCE to preserve the Buddha's teachings. The Suttas and Vinaya were recited.
2) The second council was held in Vaishali around 383 BCE under Sarvakami. It resulted in a split between the Theravada and Mahasanghika sects due to disagreements over 10 points.
3) The third council was held in Pataliputra around 251 BCE under Moggaliputta Tissa to reconcile 18 Buddhist schools. It standardized the Tripitaka in Pali and Ashoka sent missionaries to various
This document discusses the analysis of non-artifactual remains such as botanical and zoological remains in archaeological studies. It notes that such remains can provide insights into past agricultural practices, food sources, environmental conditions, and religious beliefs and rituals. The document outlines how archaeozoologists study animal remains to understand relationships between humans and animals, including diet, the environment, technology, and the role of animals in economic and social systems. It also discusses the multi-disciplinary nature of faunal studies and the variety of direct and indirect evidence used, such as bones, isotopes, genetics, and historical documents.
1. Sigillography is the study of seals, particularly those used for authentication. It involves analyzing seals' design, material, inscriptions, and historical context to understand their significance.
2. In ancient India, seals and sealings were used to secure documents, containers, and objects. They served various purposes including authentication of ownership and preventing tampering.
3. The study of seals provides insights into economic, social, political, administrative, and religious aspects of past societies. Seals reveal details about rulers, officials, guilds, educational institutions, and religious establishments.
Coins_MA, Sem.II_Material Remains as Source of Ancient Indian History & Cultu...Banaras Hindu University
Punch-marked coins and Indo-Greek coins were important forms of currency in ancient India that provide historical and cultural insights. Punch-marked coins date from 600-200 BCE and feature irregular shapes with symbols punched into the metal. They were issued by merchant guilds and states and can explain contemporary flora, fauna, trade networks, and territorial control. Indo-Greek coins date from 200 BCE to 100 CE and were precisely die-struck in precious metals. They were produced by over 40 rulers across South Asia and Afghanistan and typically included the ruler's name and portrait with Greek or Indian religious imagery. Both coin types influenced later Indian dynasties and provide evidence of economic and cultural exchange.
This document discusses the analysis of non-artifactual remains like botanical and zoological evidence found in archaeological sites. It explains that the remains can provide insights into ancient agricultural practices, food sources, environmental conditions, animal husbandry, and religious rituals. The document also discusses the fields of archaeobotany and paleoethnobotany, noting that plant macroremains found charred can reveal information about preservation, sampling, species, and interpreting assemblages. Specific examples of wheat cultivation at Mehrgarh and water management systems from past civilizations are also mentioned.
Discovering the Ancient Canvas: Exploring the Scientific Documentation Proces...Banaras Hindu University
Documenting rock art sites is crucial for preserving and understanding humanity's ancient cultural heritage. The presentation delves into the scientific documentation process of rock art, exploring its significance, methods, and implications for future generations. The presentation begins by defining documentation and its importance in recording and preserving rock art sites for posterity. It highlights the necessity of documentation, emphasising its role in safeguarding cultural heritage and facilitating scholarly research. The immense value of documentation for future generations is underscored, emphasising its role in preserving invaluable evidence of our ancestors' artistic expressions and cultural practices. Various documentation methods are discussed, from traditional approaches to modern scientific techniques. The presentation reviews previous attempts at rock art documentation, identifying important works and methodologies employed by scholars in the field. It outlines a comprehensive documentation process, starting with planning and preparation and ending with on-site data collection, analysis and off-site table work and lab analysis.
Case studies are presented to illustrate the application of the documentation process, providing insights into the practical aspects of rock art research. The presentation also discusses ethical considerations and guiding principles for conducting insightful and culturally sensitive rock art research. The importance of assembling a multidisciplinary team is emphasised, highlighting the diverse expertise required for a holistic understanding of rock art sites. Detailed lists of general accessories and scientific equipment are provided for field and laboratory work. The presentation offers a final mantra for successful rock art research, emphasising patience, in-depth site understanding, multidisciplinary collaboration, and ethical engagement with local communities. By adhering to these principles, researchers can contribute to preserving and interpreting humanity's ancient cultural heritage for generations to come.
The document discusses material remains as sources of ancient Indian history and culture. It covers several topics:
1. It introduces the different types of material remains that can be studied, including objects, buildings, writings, pottery, tools, artwork, bones, and plant remains. Each type provides insights into how ancient people lived.
2. It describes how artifacts can be classified based on material, function, location found, and date, in order to better understand them.
3. Key aspects for analyzing artifacts are identified as archaeological context, cultural significance, historical context, technology, and socio-economic implications.
4. Several specific artifact types - tools, pottery, beads, seals, metal objects,
Syllabus_MA, Sem.II_Material Remains as Source of Ancient Indian History & Cu...Banaras Hindu University
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on using material remains as sources for understanding ancient Indian history and culture. The syllabus is divided into 5 units that will cover: 1) the introduction and classification of archaeological data from the prehistoric to early historic periods; 2) the analysis of coins, seals, and sealings from the historical period; 3) the nature and use of inscriptions for reconstructing political and cultural history; 4) using sculptures, paintings, rock art, and murals to understand history; and 5) analyzing the historical importance of religious and non-religious architectural structures and monuments.
The Pandya dynasty was an ancient Tamil dynasty that ruled parts of southern India between the 4th century BCE and 16th century CE from their capital at Madurai. Some key details:
- The dynasty originated in the ancient Tamil country of Pandi Nadu and was founded by Nedunjeliyan I, who ruled from the coastal town of Korkai.
- The Pandya kingdom encompassed most of modern-day Tamil Nadu and reached the peak of its power and territory under the imperial Pandyas in the 13th-14th centuries CE.
- The dynasty contributed significantly to the culture of southern India, patronizing Tamil literature and constructing temples. However, it faced invasions
1) Someshvara I (1042-1068 CE) was a powerful ruler of the Western Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani who shifted the capital from Manyakheta to Kalyani. He had successful military campaigns across India and defeated several neighboring dynasties, though he was unable to defeat the Cholas.
2) Vikramaditya VI (1076-1126 CE) was another powerful ruler who started the Chalukya Vikram era and was known for his patronage of art and literature. However, after his death the dynasty went into decline.
3) The Western Chalukya dynasty ruled from the 10th-12th century in the region of
The Rashtrakuta Period lasted from approximately 753-982 CE. The Rashtrakuta dynasty originated from the Elichpur branch of the dynasty, which was originally a feudatory of the Badami Chalukyas. During the rule of Dantidurga in the 8th century, the Elichpur clan overthrew the Chalukya king Kirtivarman II and established an empire with its base in the Gulbarga region of modern Karnataka. The Rashtrakuta empire extended from the Ganga-Yamuna doab in the north to Kanyakumari in the south during its peak. The early Rashtrakuta kings were influenced by Brahmanism, Buddhism
Vijayaditya III was a powerful king of the Eastern Chalukya dynasty of Vengi who reigned from 849-892 CE. He defeated several neighboring dynasties including the Rashtrakutas, Pallavas, Gangas, and Cholas, gaining control over a large portion of the Deccan. After the death of his Rashtrakuta ally Amoghavarsha I, Vijayaditya declared independence from the Rashtrakutas. His successors Bhima I and Vijayaditya IV continued expanding the kingdom, but it eventually declined with the rise of the Kakatiya dynasty.
The document provides details about town planning and architecture in the Indus-Saraswati River Valley civilization. The cities were well-planned with grid-based layouts consisting of rectangular blocks separated by streets intersecting at right angles. Drainage systems and burned bricks were used in construction. Notable structures included granaries, the Great Bath at Mohenjodaro, and multi-story buildings arranged around inner courtyards. Residents had access to wells and an effective sanitation system was in place, demonstrating sophisticated municipal management.
The document discusses the history and principles of town planning and architecture in ancient India. It describes how the early cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro were planned with separate areas for housing, markets, and industries. It also outlines Chanakya's teachings on ideal town layouts, which recommended circular or rectangular designs with defenses, amenities, and different zones for residents of varying castes. The goal of town planning is to guide physical development to meet social, cultural, economic needs and provide healthy living conditions for all residents through zoning, amenities, and orderly growth.
This PPT is for educational purpose not for commercial and not even for API purpose.
This is prepared for the students of art, architecture and archaeology.
The Gandhara janapada, located in modern-day northwest India and Pakistan, issued punch-marked coins with a distinctive "bent-bar wheel-marked" design. While some attribute these coins to the Achaemenid Persian Empire that ruled the area, their unique design suggests coinage originated earlier in Gandhara itself. Even though Gandhara was a Persian satrapy, its coins differed radically from standard Persian coinage, implying they had a long history of local use prior to Persian rule. The bent-bar wheel design provides evidence that coinage was developed independently in India, including the Gandhara region, before later Persian and Greek influence.
Skandagupta issued an inscription in 459-460 CE that was erected as a pillar at Kahom village in Deoria district, Uttar Pradesh. The pillar contained sculptures of Jain tirthankaras and an inscription describing the lineage of the individuals who commissioned the pillar's construction. It was erected by Madra, son of Rudrasoma, for the welfare of all beings and to honor the first Jain teachers. The inscription provides valuable information about the Gupta dynasty and Skandagupta's reign.
The document provides an overview of mural art traditions in India, beginning with early traditions at sites like Ajanta, Ellora, Bagh, and later traditions under dynasties like the Chola. It discusses the history, themes, techniques, and materials of important mural art centers in India. Key points include the use of natural pigments like ochres and lapis lazuli, application over plaster on cave walls or plain temple walls, and depictions of religious, political, and secular themes through narratives and figures. Mural traditions evolved over time, with regional styles developing under the Pallava and Chola that built upon earlier Gupta and Vakataka styles seen at Ajanta.
I. The murals of the Chola period were found in important temples built between the 10th-13th century CE, including the Brihadeeswara Temple in Thanjavur.
II. The murals discovered at Brihadeeswara Temple were painted between 1008-1012 CE and depict Hindu religious themes like Shiva as Nataraja and stories from mythology.
III. The natural pigments were applied using a fresco technique on lime plaster and include masterpieces like dancing celestial beings and Shiva in various forms. While covered for centuries, conservation efforts are helping to preserve these important examples of Chola art.
18. 04
Noble
Truths
dukkha
Dukkha
samudaya
Dukkha
nirodha
Marg
Cattāri ariyasaccāni
आर्यसत्र् चार हैं-
•(1) दुःख : संसार में दुःख है,
•(2) समदय : दुःख के कारण हैं,
•(3) निरोध : दुःख के निवारण हैं,
•(4) मार्ग : निवारण के लिर्े अष्ांगिक मािय हैं।
प्राणी जन्म भर ववलभन्ि द:खों की शंखिा में पडा रहता है,
र्ह द:ख आयगसत्य है। संसार के ववषर्ों के प्रनत जो तषणा
है वही समदय आयगसत्य है। जो प्राणी तषणा के साथ मरता
है, वह उसकी प्रेरणा से फिर भी जन्म ग्रहण करता है।
इसलिए तषणा की समदर् आर्यसत्र् कहते हैं। तषणा का
अशेष प्रहाण कर देिा निरोध आयगसत्य है। तषणा के ि रहिे
से ि तो संसार की वस्तओं के कारण कोई द:ख होता है
और ि मरणोंपरांत उसका पिजयन्म होता है। बझ िए प्रदीप
की तरह उसका निवायण हो जाता है।
और, इस निरोध की प्राप्तत का मार्ग आयगसत्य - आष्ांगिक
मािय है। इसके आठ अंि हैं- सम्र्क् दृप्ष्, सम्र्क् संकल्प,
सम्र्क् वचि, सम्र्क् कमय, सम्र्क् आजीववका, सम्र्क्
व्र्ार्ाम, सम्र्क् स्मनत और सम्र्क् समागध। इस आर्यमािय
को लसद्ध कर वह मक्त हो जाता है।