Libya, a country with a population of 6.5 million and significant oil reserves, has a tumultuous history marked by various foreign rulers and dictatorial governance, culminating in Gaddafi's rule from 1969 to 2011 and the subsequent civil conflict. Since Gaddafi's fall, Libya has struggled with political instability, leading to ongoing clashes between rival factions and failed attempts to establish a unifying government. The current landscape features two rival parliaments, with significant challenges relating to security, governance, and the economy.

1. Libya: Security Crisis
Mohamed Hmouma

2. Location of Libya

3. General Background
- Capital – Tripoli
- Population 6.5 million
- Libya is about the size of Alaska
- 97 percent is Muslim
- Oil discovered in 1950
- Ranked 17 in the world for oil production
- Contains 9th largest oil reserves in the world
- Classified as upper-middle income by WB

4. History of Libya
- Ruled by Romans .... - 1551
- Ottomans 1551 – 1911
- Italians 1911 – 1947 (Italian Libya)
- France and Britain 1943 – 1951
- Independence 1951
- Kingdom 1951 – 1969
- Gaddafi’s rule 1969 – 2011 (Arab Spring)
- Transitional Governments 2011 - ongoing

5. Gaddafi’s Libya
- Dictatorship
- Censorship, absence of political parties
- No constitution
- Poor human rights record
- State sponsored terrorism and separatist
movements around the world.
- Attempts to develop WMD
- 2003 abandon WMD – sanctions removed

6. Gaddafi’s Libya and the
International Community
- Gaddafi was anti-Western, broke off relations
with Britain and the U.S.
- Libya-Chad war 1978-1987
- By the 1980s, the U.S. was accusing Libya of
officially supporting terrorism.
- Bombing of Discotheque in Berlin in 1986
- In response, the U.S. bombed Libya in 1986.

7. Gaddafi’s Libya and the
International Community
- Bombing of Pan Am flight 103 over Lockerbie
in 1988
- Bombing of UTA Flight 772 over Niger in
1989
- UN placed sanctions and a trade embargo
on Libya.
- In 1999 Gaddafi handed over the 2 suspects
and in 2002 agreed to pay money to
Lockerbie victims.

8. Libyan Revolution 2011

9. Libyan Revolution 2011

10. Libya after Gaddafi - NTC
- NTC declared liberation in October 2011.
- Restored basic services – electricity, gas,
diesel, water, internet and telephones.
- Spread of weapons.
- Few clashes still occur between pro- and
anti-Gaddafi militias
- Handed over power to GNC through
elections in July 2012.

11. Libya after Gaddafi
Spread of Weapons

12. Libya after Gaddafi - GNC
- Assassinations in Benghazi and Derna
- Shelling U.S. Consulate in Benghazi
- Separation movements in Eastern part
- Oil blockade in the East
- Elections for Writing Constitution Committee
- Dispute over power – Islamists camp vs.
secular camp
- Regional intervention

13. Two Governments
Parliament held in Tobruk backed by:

14. Two Governments
Former Parliament, GNC, in Tripoli backed by:

15. Recent Developments

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