The document provides background information on Libya, including:
1) Libya has a population of 6.6 million people with a median age of 24.5 years. Islam is the dominant religion. Oil makes up 95% of exports and 25% of GDP.
2) Libya has a long history dating back thousands of years, and was successively ruled by Berbers, Phoenicians, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Ottomans, and Italians before gaining independence in 1951.
3) Muammar Gaddafi seized power in a 1969 coup and established an authoritarian regime, nationalizing the economy and engaging in state terrorism before facing protests in 2011 that led to his overthrow.
The Transitional Government system of LibyaCharlie
I talk about Libya's current transitional system of recognised government, including executive and legislative, and the major issues the country is yet to face on the way to a stable system of Government.
1CHAPTER 4 SOUTH AFRICA South AfricaConcepts to Know·EttaBenton28
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CHAPTER 4: SOUTH AFRICA
South Africa
Concepts to Know
· Afrikaner
· Apartheid
· Natives Land Act (1913)
· African National Congress
· National Party
· Group Areas Act (1950)
· Nelson Mandela
· Freedom Charter (1955)
· Truth and Reconciliation Commission
· Ubuntu
· National Assembly
· Public Protector
· Independent Police Investigative Directorate
· S v. Makwanyana (1995)
· Judicial Service Commission
· Law Reform Commission
· Constitutional Court
· Advocates
· Assessors
· Inspecting Judge
· NICRO
· Child Justice Act (2008)
Introduction
SOUTH AFRICA encompasses the southern tip of the African continent. It is the ninth largest country on the continent and the thirty-third largest in the world. Its northern border is shared with Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Swaziland. Its coastline borders the Indian Ocean on the east and south and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. In addition, South Africa surrounds the small country of Lesotho, which is approximately the size of the state of Maryland. Lesotho is a constitutional monarchy that gained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1966 (see Figure 4.1).
The population of South Africa is almost 53 million and consists of 79.5 percent black, 9 percent white, 9 percent “colored,” and 2.5 percent Asian or Indian residents. The use of the word “colored” in the South African context refers to people of mixed race and often is associated with people of African and Dutch ancestry. The principal industries of the country are minerals, mining, motor vehicles, and machinery. South Africa is a significant producer of platinum, manganese, gold, and chrome. Its major trading markets include China, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
South Africa has 11 official languages: Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu, Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, and Xitsonga. With the exception of Afrikaans and English, the other languages are all Bantu languages. Bantu languages are spoken by more than 100 million Africans in east, central, and southern Africa. Afrikaans is a seventeenth-century variation of Dutch that has been considered a distinct language since the nineteenth century. Approximately 7 percent of the South African population are Afrikaners, that is, people who trace their roots to the early Dutch, French, and German settlers. Most of the English spoken is by nonwhites, along with approximately 2 million English-speaking whites who trace their ancestors to British immigrants and to the 1 million people of Asian/Indian origins.
Throughout the second half of the twentieth century South Africa was associated most with its policy of apartheid, a white supremacist ideology that emphasized white domination and racial discrimination. More will be said about apartheid shortly. First, an outline is offered of the arrival of white Europeans to this part of Africa and the pre-apartheid policies of racial segregation that had been introduced and in practice for a num ...
CHAPTER 5
The Dutch Ousted from the Mainland: Slavery and the Slave
Trade Expand
The taking of Jamaica was transformative for the fortunes of settler colonialism and
disastrous for Africans and indigenes alike. It took place as the sugar boom was launched,
enriching colonizers as it doomed Africans to deadly toil. It provided a model for mainlanders,
which they pursued vigorously well into the nineteenth century, ousting indigenes from the land
while stocking it with enslaved Africans in order to generate immense wealth. This nasty
enrichment contributed to a hastening of formation of racial lines of demarcation encapsulated
in the militarized identity politics that was “whiteness.” It provided a foundation for the takeoff
of capitalism. And it motivated London to deliver a knockout blow to the Dutch, driving them
from Manhattan in 1664, and eventually from the lucrative trade in enslaved Africans, which
provided a model for their brethren in 1776 when Britain was knocked out by rebels, and then
limped toward abolitionism. Just as the English fattened the Dutch for slaughter—in the guise
of aiding their battle against Madrid—London in retrospect seized land from North American
indigenes that was then used to bolster revolting republicans in 1776, who then began to
surpass the British Empire in succeeding decades.
After decades of savage struggle among colonizers, London was emerging triumphant.
London was more flexible than Madrid in accepting a Jewish community and more accepting
than Paris in embracing fleeing Huguenots. But more than that, by being ferocious in enslaving
Africans and seizing the land of the indigenous of North America, it accumulated capital that
guaranteed its rise to unparalleled heights in science, which was parlayed into further
attainments. Jamaica was essential to this bloody scramble.1
For our purposes, consider that the enslaved population of Barbados rose from an
estimated 12,800 to 50,000 between 1661 and 1700, while Jamaica’s rose from an estimated
500 to 42,000 during this same period.2 Barbadians had for decades been a prime customer of
Dutch slave traders: from 1638 to about 1665, most of the Africans shipped to what was
rapidly becoming London’s richest colony were borne on Dutch ships. Yet now, with the
opportunity opened for enslavement by Manhattan and Jamaica, most of the Africans to be
delivered there and Barbados and the Leeward Islands were coming on English ships at the
rate of thousands per year. Gobbling a rising share in the remunerative market in slaves
allowed London to leapfrog and secure a foothold in the slave trade to French settlements in
Martinique and Guadeloupe, meaning more taxes accrued, more buttressing of the Royal Navy
—and even more Africans dragged from the continent. Then, with disturbances increasing
along Africa’s coastlines due to the transition .
AP WORLD HISTORY - Chapter 18 colonial encounters in asia and africa 1750 1950S Sandoval
AP WORLD HISTORY: Book: Ways of the World by R. Strayer.
Summary of Chapter 18: Colonial Encounters in Asia and Africa 1750-1950. The European moment in world history 1750-1914.
1. LIBYA Yes! This green side is the national flag. Not the best place for flag designers.
2. Key Statistics Population: 6.6 Million Median Age: 24.5 Years Religion: 97% Sunni GDP: $89.03 Billion ($13,800 per capita) Leader: <-- this guy! Mohammar Quadaffi Years in Power: 42 years Time Left in Power: 42 minutes?
3. Modern Economy OIL! (95% of export earnings, 25% of GDP, 80% of government earnings) 98th in world for Soverign debt Qadaffi is worth close to $70 billion all stolen from the country Small amounts of agriculture Refines own oil Exports petrochemicals
4. History (prehistoric) 1000’s of years ago Sahara used to be lush green land Land settled by Berbers after the nomadic tribes settled Domesticated cattle Cultivated crops Society dates backs 12,000 years No written language therefore little is known about them Phoenician’s established trading relations with the Berber tribes by the 5th century BCE The Phoenician state of Carthage occupied part of current day Libya
5. Roman Libya 74 BC - 642 AD Tripolitania becomes a state after the fall of Carthage and asks for protection from the Romans Annexed in 74 BC and added to province of Crete Economically successful in its golden age in 2nd century AD Full of merchants and artisans and exported olive oil and cereals Coastal regions became incredibly Romanized
7. Rome’s Split During the split Libya goes to Byzantine empire. High taxes imposed to pay for wars Minimized legitimacy of the empire in Libya In 642 AD the armies of Islam capture the province with 40,000 soliders Tribal resistance surfaces but is put down in next 20 years
8. Arab Islamic Rule 642-1551 Exports salt, wool, and leather Normans of Italy invade setting off a long war Turks and Bedouins reclaim Libya in 1174 Libya becomes a center of art, architecture, and literature
9. Ottoman Rule 1551-1911 Invaded and conquered by the Ottomans Run by janissaries 18th century - lapsed into military anarchy due to lack of central government Coup takes power from Ottoman’s but deal is quickly reached to nominally rejoin with Ahmed as new governor Ahmed improves economy by employing pirates on central shipping lanes Fights the Barbary Wars with the US in 19th century
10. Italian Colonialism 1911 - 1951 Known as Italian North Africa 150,000 Italians settled in the county 1934 Libya becomes official name Uprising arises between two world wars Under fascism Italy takes a hard line against rebels After WWII the Brits and French control Libya
11. Independent State The UN General Assembly sets up a constitutional monarchy in 1952 Islam declared religion of state Constitution protects individual rights and public obligations Discovery of oil in 1959 helps Libya no longer be one of the world’s poorest states
12. Qaddafi Coup in 1969 by 27 year old Qaddafi (took 2 hours) Suspended constitution and implemented Sharia Purged country of “politically sick” Created people’s militia to protect revolution Extensive intelligence network - 10 - 20% of Libyans in its employ Executed dissidents Assassinated international refugees
13. Qaddafi Attacks Egypt because of Sadat’s peace with Israel Egypt destroys all Libyan armor leaving 400 dead Once more becomes impoverished from Qaddafi’s economic policy Long history of state sponsored terrorism