The document analyzes refugee migration between Libya and Italy by examining their histories, cultures, and recent events. It discusses how Italy invaded and occupied Libya in the 1900s, leading to ongoing tensions. The cultures differ in areas like power distance and pragmatism. A recent event is described where a ship carrying 600 refugees from Libya sank near Tripoli, and surrounding countries like Italy and France denied seeing or assisting the distressed vessel. The document aims to understand this complex issue through various cultural lenses.
Aref Nayed Featured in UN Publication After the Spring: Prospects for the Ara...movelibyaforward
Aimed at scholars, practitioners and interested observers, the publication explores the effects and implications of the political uprisings that have swept the Middle East and North Africa since late 2010. It features contributions by over 50 experts from within and outside the region.
The document discusses how post-racialism has become the dominant way that racism is expressed discursively today. The debate around multiculturalism is framed within this post-racial logic. Politics have become "culturalized" by finding cultural solutions to socioeconomic and political problems, reflecting a 19th century notion that "race is all". This culturalization of politics represents a continuation of understanding conflict in biological and racial terms rather than political terms.
This is an unofficial translation of an article by Carmen Molina Tamacas that ran in El Diario-La Prensa back in October 2012. The article is about the Latinx communities, their history, and their civic and political involvement in Long Island. The original article is available at: https://eldiariony.com/2012/10/11/el-rostro-latino-de-long-island/
All errors are my own.
1. The document lists 17 human rights that include the right to life, liberty, freedom of expression and religion, equality before the law, adequate standard of living, and participation in government and culture.
2. Since 1812, the people of Spain enjoyed freedoms of speech, press, and association. However, during the 19th century the Filipinos were denied these same rights by the Spanish.
3. A Spanish economist named Sinibaldo questioned why the Spanish fought for liberty in Spain but denied it to Filipinos under their control. Rizal also advocated for recognizing human rights to promote harmony among people.
Intercollegiale opvang na ingrijpende gebeurtenissen - APOG 2016Claire Stramrood
Overzicht van de resultaten van het onderzoek onder gynaecologen en AIOS naar het meemaken van ingrijpende gebeurtenissen op de werkvloer, en toelichting over de nieuwe NVOG commissie Collegiale Ondersteuning
Voordracht cursus Academie voor Psychosomatiek in de Obstetrie en Gynaecologie, maart 2016
Info: www.capture-group.nl
Global issues like environmental and social problems are making it difficult for corporations to operate globally. The Sustainable Stock Exchanges initiative (SSE) works to address these challenges by encouraging stock exchanges and their listed companies to improve sustainability performance and transparency. The SSE facilitates collaboration and knowledge sharing between exchanges and other stakeholders. It also conducts research on sustainability practices at exchanges around the world. Becoming involved in the SSE allows financial institutions to demonstrate their commitment to sustainability and anticipate regulatory and market changes related to environmental, social, and governance issues.
Aref Nayed Featured in UN Publication After the Spring: Prospects for the Ara...movelibyaforward
Aimed at scholars, practitioners and interested observers, the publication explores the effects and implications of the political uprisings that have swept the Middle East and North Africa since late 2010. It features contributions by over 50 experts from within and outside the region.
The document discusses how post-racialism has become the dominant way that racism is expressed discursively today. The debate around multiculturalism is framed within this post-racial logic. Politics have become "culturalized" by finding cultural solutions to socioeconomic and political problems, reflecting a 19th century notion that "race is all". This culturalization of politics represents a continuation of understanding conflict in biological and racial terms rather than political terms.
This is an unofficial translation of an article by Carmen Molina Tamacas that ran in El Diario-La Prensa back in October 2012. The article is about the Latinx communities, their history, and their civic and political involvement in Long Island. The original article is available at: https://eldiariony.com/2012/10/11/el-rostro-latino-de-long-island/
All errors are my own.
1. The document lists 17 human rights that include the right to life, liberty, freedom of expression and religion, equality before the law, adequate standard of living, and participation in government and culture.
2. Since 1812, the people of Spain enjoyed freedoms of speech, press, and association. However, during the 19th century the Filipinos were denied these same rights by the Spanish.
3. A Spanish economist named Sinibaldo questioned why the Spanish fought for liberty in Spain but denied it to Filipinos under their control. Rizal also advocated for recognizing human rights to promote harmony among people.
Intercollegiale opvang na ingrijpende gebeurtenissen - APOG 2016Claire Stramrood
Overzicht van de resultaten van het onderzoek onder gynaecologen en AIOS naar het meemaken van ingrijpende gebeurtenissen op de werkvloer, en toelichting over de nieuwe NVOG commissie Collegiale Ondersteuning
Voordracht cursus Academie voor Psychosomatiek in de Obstetrie en Gynaecologie, maart 2016
Info: www.capture-group.nl
Global issues like environmental and social problems are making it difficult for corporations to operate globally. The Sustainable Stock Exchanges initiative (SSE) works to address these challenges by encouraging stock exchanges and their listed companies to improve sustainability performance and transparency. The SSE facilitates collaboration and knowledge sharing between exchanges and other stakeholders. It also conducts research on sustainability practices at exchanges around the world. Becoming involved in the SSE allows financial institutions to demonstrate their commitment to sustainability and anticipate regulatory and market changes related to environmental, social, and governance issues.
Tijdschrift voor Verloskundigen - Ingrijpende gebeurtenissen op de werkvloer ...Claire Stramrood
Artikel in Tijdschrift voor Verloskundigen over ngrijpende gebeurtenissen op de werkvloer - augustus 2015 - Evers Zomer Baas Stramrood van Pampus Dijksman
RPP ini membahas pembelajaran tentang ayat-ayat Al-Qur'an yang mengajarkan kompetisi dalam kebaikan, khususnya QS Al Baqarah: 148 dan QS Fatir: 32. Guru akan mengajari siswa membaca, mengartikan, dan mempraktikkan sikap berkompetisi dalam kebaikan sesuai ajaran kedua ayat tersebut melalui metode ceramah, tanya jawab, dan praktek.
This document provides an overview of a Foundations of Psychology course taught at Johns Hopkins University's Center for Talented Youth in 2015. The 3-week course introduces students to major domains of psychology through lectures, discussions, activities and experiments. It is taught by Dr. Claire Stramrood and teaching assistant Richard Guo. The course goals are to introduce key psychological concepts and research methods. Students will study topics like sensation and perception, learning, memory, social psychology and abnormal psychology. Assessment includes journaling, group projects, and pre-and post-tests. The schedule outlines the daily plan, including readings, activities and topics to be covered each day.
This document outlines the development of a mobile handout management system for a school. It discusses problems with traditional paper handouts such as financial burden on students and time consumption. The project aims to lessen work for students and faculty by providing electronic handouts through a secure online system. The system will allow faculty to upload handouts and students to access them using their username and ID number. It will help make handouts more accessible and ongoing handouts available. However, the system will initially only be available for students at the school.
La diabetes es una enfermedad crónica causada por la falta de producción de insulina o resistencia a la insulina, lo que resulta en niveles altos de azúcar en la sangre. Existen tres tipos principales de diabetes y sus síntomas incluyen sed excesiva, visión borrosa y hambre frecuente. El tratamiento se centra en controlar los niveles de azúcar a través de la dieta, ejercicio y en algunos casos insulina. Las complicaciones graves incluyen daño renal, amputaciones y ceguera si no se
Elon Musk, Disruptive Innovator and Industry Pioneer Research ReportCurtis Forte
The document provides an overview of Elon Musk and his innovative businesses including SpaceX, Tesla Motors, and SolarCity. It discusses how Musk is a disruptive innovator through his persistence in pursuing future-oriented technologies like electric vehicles, solar energy, and space exploration despite initial failures. Musk's innovations have revolutionized existing industries and his sustainability-focused companies and philanthropy aim to have a long-term positive impact on global technology and environment.
The document provides a resume for James Preston Oren Shipley. It includes his contact information, education history with a Master's degree from William Woods University and Bachelor's from Central Missouri State University. It details his teaching experience in the Archie and Crest Ridge school districts and lists his coaching experience. It also includes career accomplishments, professional involvement, and references.
The document discusses incorporating a sales operations probability matrix into Salesforce that determines the probability of a sale based on a customer's funding status and competitive situation. It provides an example matrix where the probability of a sale is 75% given that the customer prefers the company and has money based on the criteria in the matrix. The matrix would then be designed and deployed in Salesforce to guide the sales process.
Environmental Relationships between Japan, the United States, and GermanyCurtis Forte
This document discusses and compares the environmental relationships and policies of Japan, Germany, and the United States. It notes that while all cultures have a relationship with the environment, these relationships differ based on historical and cultural factors. Each country has government agencies that regulate environmental activities: the EPA in the US, the Ministry of Environment in Japan, and the Federal Ministry for the Environment in Germany. The document analyzes differences in these countries' approaches to issues like renewable energy and climate change based on dimensions like uncertainty avoidance.
Italy began occupying Libya in 1911 after other European powers occupied nearby lands. They launched expeditions under the guise of exploring but were actually surveying the territory in preparation for invasion. Despite Libyan resistance, Italy managed to quickly occupy Tripoli, Benghazi, and other cities by October 1911 through military force and deception. However, the Libyan people united under Omar Al-Mukhtar to wage an enduring resistance against the brutal Italian occupation for decades, inflicting heavy losses. Al-Mukhtar was eventually captured and executed in 1931, but the struggle continued until Italy was defeated in World War II in 1943. Libyan resistance inspired Arab solidarity in opposition to colonialism.
Globalization against illegal immigrationElena Divizia
Italy needs cooperation from other European Union countries to effectively address its illegal immigration problem. As a Mediterranean country, Italy receives large flows of immigrants from North Africa but has difficulty controlling its borders alone. The EU recognizes this challenge and is working to develop a common immigration policy based on principles like solidarity, integration, and transparency. This includes controlling external borders through agencies like Frontex and negotiating agreements with origin countries. Italy is also forming new partnerships with Mediterranean states like Libya, Turkey, and Malta to manage immigration across the region in a comprehensive manner.
Tijdschrift voor Verloskundigen - Ingrijpende gebeurtenissen op de werkvloer ...Claire Stramrood
Artikel in Tijdschrift voor Verloskundigen over ngrijpende gebeurtenissen op de werkvloer - augustus 2015 - Evers Zomer Baas Stramrood van Pampus Dijksman
RPP ini membahas pembelajaran tentang ayat-ayat Al-Qur'an yang mengajarkan kompetisi dalam kebaikan, khususnya QS Al Baqarah: 148 dan QS Fatir: 32. Guru akan mengajari siswa membaca, mengartikan, dan mempraktikkan sikap berkompetisi dalam kebaikan sesuai ajaran kedua ayat tersebut melalui metode ceramah, tanya jawab, dan praktek.
This document provides an overview of a Foundations of Psychology course taught at Johns Hopkins University's Center for Talented Youth in 2015. The 3-week course introduces students to major domains of psychology through lectures, discussions, activities and experiments. It is taught by Dr. Claire Stramrood and teaching assistant Richard Guo. The course goals are to introduce key psychological concepts and research methods. Students will study topics like sensation and perception, learning, memory, social psychology and abnormal psychology. Assessment includes journaling, group projects, and pre-and post-tests. The schedule outlines the daily plan, including readings, activities and topics to be covered each day.
This document outlines the development of a mobile handout management system for a school. It discusses problems with traditional paper handouts such as financial burden on students and time consumption. The project aims to lessen work for students and faculty by providing electronic handouts through a secure online system. The system will allow faculty to upload handouts and students to access them using their username and ID number. It will help make handouts more accessible and ongoing handouts available. However, the system will initially only be available for students at the school.
La diabetes es una enfermedad crónica causada por la falta de producción de insulina o resistencia a la insulina, lo que resulta en niveles altos de azúcar en la sangre. Existen tres tipos principales de diabetes y sus síntomas incluyen sed excesiva, visión borrosa y hambre frecuente. El tratamiento se centra en controlar los niveles de azúcar a través de la dieta, ejercicio y en algunos casos insulina. Las complicaciones graves incluyen daño renal, amputaciones y ceguera si no se
Elon Musk, Disruptive Innovator and Industry Pioneer Research ReportCurtis Forte
The document provides an overview of Elon Musk and his innovative businesses including SpaceX, Tesla Motors, and SolarCity. It discusses how Musk is a disruptive innovator through his persistence in pursuing future-oriented technologies like electric vehicles, solar energy, and space exploration despite initial failures. Musk's innovations have revolutionized existing industries and his sustainability-focused companies and philanthropy aim to have a long-term positive impact on global technology and environment.
The document provides a resume for James Preston Oren Shipley. It includes his contact information, education history with a Master's degree from William Woods University and Bachelor's from Central Missouri State University. It details his teaching experience in the Archie and Crest Ridge school districts and lists his coaching experience. It also includes career accomplishments, professional involvement, and references.
The document discusses incorporating a sales operations probability matrix into Salesforce that determines the probability of a sale based on a customer's funding status and competitive situation. It provides an example matrix where the probability of a sale is 75% given that the customer prefers the company and has money based on the criteria in the matrix. The matrix would then be designed and deployed in Salesforce to guide the sales process.
Environmental Relationships between Japan, the United States, and GermanyCurtis Forte
This document discusses and compares the environmental relationships and policies of Japan, Germany, and the United States. It notes that while all cultures have a relationship with the environment, these relationships differ based on historical and cultural factors. Each country has government agencies that regulate environmental activities: the EPA in the US, the Ministry of Environment in Japan, and the Federal Ministry for the Environment in Germany. The document analyzes differences in these countries' approaches to issues like renewable energy and climate change based on dimensions like uncertainty avoidance.
Italy began occupying Libya in 1911 after other European powers occupied nearby lands. They launched expeditions under the guise of exploring but were actually surveying the territory in preparation for invasion. Despite Libyan resistance, Italy managed to quickly occupy Tripoli, Benghazi, and other cities by October 1911 through military force and deception. However, the Libyan people united under Omar Al-Mukhtar to wage an enduring resistance against the brutal Italian occupation for decades, inflicting heavy losses. Al-Mukhtar was eventually captured and executed in 1931, but the struggle continued until Italy was defeated in World War II in 1943. Libyan resistance inspired Arab solidarity in opposition to colonialism.
Globalization against illegal immigrationElena Divizia
Italy needs cooperation from other European Union countries to effectively address its illegal immigration problem. As a Mediterranean country, Italy receives large flows of immigrants from North Africa but has difficulty controlling its borders alone. The EU recognizes this challenge and is working to develop a common immigration policy based on principles like solidarity, integration, and transparency. This includes controlling external borders through agencies like Frontex and negotiating agreements with origin countries. Italy is also forming new partnerships with Mediterranean states like Libya, Turkey, and Malta to manage immigration across the region in a comprehensive manner.
The document discusses the unification of Italy in the 19th century. It explores the roles of key figures like Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi in driving the unification movement against obstacles like regional differences and the influence of foreign powers over Italian states. The process involved cooperation with France and overcoming Austrian domination to eventually unify the Italian peninsula into a single nation-state.
The document provides background information on Italy, including its history, population, and culture. It notes that Italy has a long history and was first settled by various non-Italian groups, including Greeks in Southern Italy. Over time, the Greek cities came under Roman control. The culture of Italy has been heavily influenced by Greece, seen in aspects like religion, art, and architecture. Italy remains an important tourist destination known for its food, architecture, and cultural heritage that was influenced by ancient Greek and Roman civilizations.
This document summarizes the significant social, economic, and fiscal impacts that Lebanon has faced due to hosting over 1 million Syrian refugees since the beginning of the Syrian conflict in 2011. It notes that Lebanon's debt has risen to 138% of GDP, unemployment has doubled to over 20%, and 190,000 additional Lebanese have been pushed into poverty. The cumulative economic losses from 2011-2015 amount to over $15 billion, equivalent to 11.3% of GDP. Key infrastructure like electricity, schools, and hospitals have been severely strained. While Lebanon has provided schooling and services to refugees, over 220,000 Syrian children remain unschooled. International support has fallen far short of what is needed to address the massive costs incurred by
Italian Wealth And The Renaissance (Draft)Sarah Gordon
Italian Wealth And The Renaissance (Draft)
The Renaissance originated in Italy in the 14th-17th centuries, centered around humanism and individualism. Italy's extensive trade, market economy, and elite-ruled political structure accumulated much wealth, serving as the foundation for the Renaissance. Italian city-states grew very rich through trade, which was aided by Italy's advantageous location. Italy also had a sophisticated market economy based on supply and demand, allowing it to maintain wealth during the Middle Ages unlike other parts of Europe. Banking institutions and wealthy rulers then channeled money into funding the arts and intellectualism of the Renaissance.
Italy has a long history of higher education dating back to the Middle Ages when the first universities, or "universitates studiorum", were founded in major cities like Bologna and Paris. The University of Bologna, founded in the 11th century, is considered the oldest continuously operating university. A series of reforms in the late 20th century granted Italian universities more autonomy over management, finances, and curriculum to bring the higher education system in line with other European Union countries.
- Lampedusa, an Italian island south of Sicily, has become a magnet for African migrants attempting the dangerous sea crossing to Europe in overcrowded boats.
- The number of migrant arrivals to Lampedusa has increased 50% this year compared to last. Over 1,000 have died attempting the crossing since 2000.
- A journalist infiltrated Lampedusa's detention center for migrants and documented abuse by police including beatings, whippings, and forcing a Muslim boy to watch pornography. The conditions in the center were substandard and inhumane.
The document discusses common factors that led to the establishment of totalitarian regimes in Italy and Germany in the inter-war period. Some key similarities included dissatisfaction with weak governments after World War 1, a desire for national restoration, and severe economic hardship from war debts and hyperinflation. Resentment over harsh peace treaties also fueled nationalist sentiments and opened the door for strongmen like Hitler and Mussolini to rise to power by promising national renewal.
Military/Activities Checklist - 17.SU.HIS.2215.pdf
201774 Activities Checklist 17.SU.HIS.2215.500 SURVEY OF AFRICAN HISTORY
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To meet the learning objectives for this topic, you will complete these activities. Print this page and use
it as a checklist.
Review the Introduction and Objectives page.
Read pages 360404 in your textbook.
Read the lesson, The War to End All Wars.
Read the lesson, Ethiopia and World War II.
Read the lesson, Civil Wars.
Complete all activities on the Learning Activities page.
Read the Spotlight: Libya page.
Participate in Discussion: Military.
Post any questions about the course or assignments in the Help! Discussion.
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Military/Civil War - 17.SU.HIS.2215.pdf
201774 Civil War 17.SU.HIS.2215.500 SURVEY OF AFRICAN HISTORY
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With the exception of Syria, African
countries currently get the worst rep
when it comes to violence and conflict.
Virtually every story coming out of the
continent of Africa seems to showcase
one atrocity or another. This narrative
is both true and false. In 2014, Africa
experienced more than half of
worldwide conflict incidents, despite
having only about 16 percent of the
world population. This is a slightly
larger share of the world’s conflicts
than even during the chaotic years of
the postCold War 1990s.
But there are two important caveats.
One, the absolute number of conflicts
worldwide has greatly decreased over
the last two decades. So despite
shouldering a larger share of the
conflict burden, in absolute terms,
Africa has become more peaceful as
well. And secondly, the remaining
conflicts seem to cluster in specific
regions and involve only a few of
Africa’s 54 nationstates. According to the Uppsala Conflict Data Program, 12 African countries
experienced armed conflict in 2014. Three additional countries — Burundi, Niger and Chad — will likely be
added to the list for the 2015 data.
Geographically Africa’s conflicts are tightly clustered along an arc stretching from northern Mali through
southern Algeria and Libya into Egypt, extending into the Sinai Peninsula. The Boko Haram conflict in
northeastern Nigeria is another epicenter and situated in relative proximity to an area of conflict hot
spots in the Central African Republic, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, South Sudan
and Darfur. On Africa’s eastern coast, the Somali civil war is still going strong in its third decade.
Modern conflicts in Africa are thus highly localized, and they defy simplistic explanations based on
stereotypes. That being said, these are our predictions for Africa’s conflicts in 2016.
Boko Haram
Frequent conflict between Boko Haram and the Nigerian government throughout 2015 has been
reported. The insurgency is the deadliest conflict that Africa is ...
The document discusses the impacts of Italian colonization in Libya between 1911-1934. It had both positive and negative impacts. Positively, it led to the development of new industries and infrastructure. However, the early Italian governor Graziani carried out ruthless policies against the Libyan people. The Italians confiscated land and imposed military rule, killing 50% of the population. Culturally, the Italians tried to erase Libyan identity and culture. Education mainly benefited Italian settlers, not Libyans. Overall, while some economic benefits occurred, the human and cultural costs of Italian colonization were severe.
The document discusses how the Italian occupation of Ethiopia from 1936 to 1941 helped form Ethiopia's modern national identity and state. It examines Ethiopia's political situation prior to the invasion, which included a feudal system with semi-autonomous nobles and a growing intelligentsia class. The occupation united previously disparate groups, including the nobility, intelligentsia, and Ethiopian Orthodox Church, in resisting the Italian occupation. It also lacked outside support, fostering independence. The occupation helped establish centralized authority and infrastructure needed for a modern state.
The document discusses multiculturalism and pluralism in Italy based on its constitution. It provides an overview of key articles that promote non-discrimination (Article 3), protect linguistic minorities (Article 6), recognize the independence of the Catholic Church and state (Article 7), and guarantee religious freedom (Article 8). It also discusses Italy's history of being a country of both emigration and recent immigration. Statistics are provided showing increases in the foreign national population in Italy from 2003 to 2011, with over 4.5 million foreign nationals residing there in 2011, comprising 7.5% of the total population.
Similar to Libyan and Italian Refugee Analysis (14)
1. CurtisForte
11/22/14
Adams
Libyan and Italian Refugee Analysis
“An overcrowded ship carrying up to 600 people trying to flee Libya sank just outside the
port of Tripoli.”1 The U.N. Refugee organization has reported similar stories of this nature
recently due to the large amount of refugees migrating to Italy via human traffickers. Some
migrants are able to start a new life in Italy, but a majority is sent back to Libya. There are
multiple underlying cultural issues that create problems for both countries. A complex history
and differing cultures add to the complexity of this intercultural event. By analyzing each
culture, I believe we will able to get a sense of why each culture views the other from their
perspectives. This intercultural event presents an ethical dilemma in which its participants should
communicate by understanding the outcomes of previous intercultural encounters; history is an
important tool for analyzing this event because it sheds light on the differing Hofstede
dimensions, the views on refugee immigration, and the social episodes that construct D.I.E.
situations. The outcomes of intercultural encounters have played a pivotal role in the relations
between these countries and as a result many conflicts have not been forgotten.
The countries of Italy and Libya have a history of conflict and were created in a similar
manner, as certain city states and tribal cities grew. “Much of Libya was organized into
agricultural centers surrounded by tribally-organized Bedouin nomads.”2 As these agricultural
centers flourished, populations grew in coastal cities such as Tripoli. As the Italian city state’s
economies grew, there were conflicting systems of governance among each. The city states were
unified to bring stability and greater economic growth among all. Italy sought to expand its
territorial dominance by invading Libya in 1911.
2. CurtisForte
11/22/14
Adams
The first Italian invasion of Libya focused on the fertile coastal plain of Tripolitania and
the city of Tripoli where political chaos gave the Italians an easy victory.2 “Once in Sebha,
Libyan tribes rallied and cut off the garrison of Italians as they tried to fight their way back to the
coast. A decisive battle was fought in Sirte where the tribes under the Ulad Sleman defeated the
Italians who then withdrew from the countryside.”2 “In 1934, a brutal and bloody ten-year
guerilla war pitted the modern military might of the Italians against a largely subsistence-based
nomadic society. Nearly 50 percent of the population of Cyrenaica perished during the struggle.
The guerilla war represents a historic struggle in the minds of the Libyan people and its leader
Umar al Mukhtar became Libya's first national hero.”2 The future king of Libya, Idris, remained
in exile during the colonial period. This can be considered a symbol of regional if not national
opposition to the Italians.
However instead of being a strict isolationist, he lent the support of his forces to the allied
war effort in World War II, in exchange for a promise of national independence. “The United
Nations awarded Libya independence in 1951 and economic stability was assured by grants and
aid from the United States and several European countries.”2 The invasion of Libya by Italy has
not been forgiven or forgotten by the people of Libya and given these series of events, a lot of
tension still exists between Italy and Libya and this effects the intercultural encounters they
engage in. By comparing and contrasting these country’s Hofstede dimensions, I believe we will
gain more perspective into their cultural encounters.
By examining the power distance of these countries we will get a sense of how the less
powerful people of these countries accept that power is distributed unequally. Libya has a very
high power distance and as a result is clearly a hierarchical society.9 People in Libya accept that
everyone has their own place and that it does not need to be justified. Hierarchy reflects inherent
3. CurtisForte
11/22/14
Adams
inequalities; this makes sense given Libya’s historical political tyrants. However not all citizens
are subordinate, we saw this in 2011 with the assassination of Muammar Gadaffi by Libyan
rebels.
With a medium score, Northern Italy tends to prefer equality and a decentralization of
power and decision-making.10 Control and formal supervision are generally disliked among the
younger generation, who demonstrate a preference for teamwork and an open management style.
In Southern Italy all the consequences of power distance are often high, quite the opposite of
Northern Italy.3 This is due to a series of policies that resulted in the complication of the Italian
South’s economy, thus changing many cultural dynamics. In addition to the power distance I
believe that by examining Italy’s and Libya’s Pragmatism dimension, we will be able to get a
sense of how their societies maintain links with their own past while dealing with the challenges
of the present and future.
“Italy's high score of 61 on this dimension shows that Italian culture is pragmatic. Italians
believe that truth depends very much on the situation, context and time.”10 They show an ability
to adapt traditions easily to changed conditions, a strong propensity to save and perseverance in
achieving results. This makes sense given their current adjustments to foreign policy and
immigration. “With a low score of 23, Libya has a normative culture. People in such societies
have a strong concern with establishing the absolute Truth; they are normative in their thinking.
They exhibit great respect for traditions, a relatively small propensity to save for the future, and a
focus on achieving quick results.”9 This makes sense given that Libya is historically a tribal
nation that depended upon traditions to adapt to the climate and other forces.
4. CurtisForte
11/22/14
Adams
Differences exist between Libya and Italy with regards to their pragmatism and I believe
that these differences make it difficult for Italy to adapt to the ever increasing refugee migration
from Libya, because traditionally Libyans have migrated to Italy in times of conflict and
hardship with the help of human traffickers. “With the overthrow and execution of Libyan leader
Muammar Qaddafi and the deal struck with him and the Italian Prime Minister, Silvio Berlusconi
that stated that Italy would, among other things, pay Libya five billion dollars as compensation
for damages inflicted during the colonial period, in return for Libya's prevention of migrants
from leaving its coasts and preferential export rights to Libya’s oil industry.”11
Italy suspended this agreement early in 2011, but cooperation between the two countries
continues. “Even if the current Italian government is keen to co-operate with Libya in efforts to
prevent illegal immigrants, the Italian Transport Minister Alessandro Bianchi said the
government will not barter with Libya on the immigration issue. “Libya’s requests? There’s
absolutely no way we’ll negotiate over desperate people forced to cross the sea on rickety
vessels”, he said. ‘We’ll try to convince Libya that dramatic issues like these cannot be at the
center of give-and-take negotiations.”7 In this day and age countries are presented with the
ethical dilemma of whether to accept war refugees or deport them back to their home countries.
“Following the 2013 Lampedusa migrant shipwreck, the Italian government, decided to
strengthen their national system for the patrolling of the Mediterranean Sea by authorizing "Mare
Nostrum", a military and humanitarian operation that helps to rescue the migrants and arrest the
traffickers of immigrants.”12 However due to the recent surge in migrants from Libya, Italy’s
Mare Nostrum operation is being pushed to its limits. This has demographic, cultural as well as
humanitarian implications that Italy must reconcile. In addition to Italy’s Mare Nostrum policy,
the International Organization for Migration works to help ensure the legal, orderly, and humane
5. CurtisForte
11/22/14
Adams
management of migration, to promote international cooperation on migration issues, to assist in
the search for practical solutions to migration problems and to provide humanitarian assistance to
migrants in need, including refugees and internally displaced people.5 This organization plays a
key role in helping refugees from Libya assimilate into Italy, or relocate to better areas of their
home country. As a result of Migration policy and organizational support I believe that the
Libyan refugees have a better chance of successfully escaping and adapting to the conditions that
they have fled. By examining a social episode and constructing a D.I.E. analysis I believe we
will be able to further our understanding of Italian-Libyan culture.
“The geographic position of Italy gives it the uneasy responsibility of sending back
illegal migrants; this is what happens every day, when overloaded boats – often managed by
criminal organizations – arrive on the Italian coasts or islands.”4 The social episode entailed here
demonstrates that intercultural issues are complex and difficult to adjust to. Let us examine this
event further by constructing a D.I.E. analysis of an event that has occurred recently. “An
overcrowded ship carrying up to 600 people trying to flee Libya sank just outside the port of
Tripoli. Passengers made contact by satellite telephone with an Italian priest, and asked for help.
A military helicopter with "Army" written on it later arrived and dropped water and biscuits,
signaling to the vessel to stay put, before presumably heading off to fetch help, Help failed to
arrive, and none of the Nato allies has admitted sending the helicopter. At one point, the boat,
which had run out of fuel, drifted close to an aircraft carrier, according to survivor accounts, and
two jets flew low overhead while passengers stood on deck and raised two babies aloft. The
newspaper suggested that the carrier may have been the ship Charles de Gaulle, which it said
was in the vicinity on the date in question. The French have denied the claim. The boat, which
was unable to get any closer to the carrier, drifted for 16 days and only 10 of its passengers
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survived. International maritime law requires that anyone, including the military, that spots a
vessel in distress must go to its aid where possible. Nato said that the only carrier in the area at
the time was the Italian ship Garibaldi, and that it was 100 nautical miles out to sea. "Therefore
any claims that a Nato aircraft carrier spotted then ignored the vessel in distress are wrong," said
Carmen Romero, a spokeswoman for the alliance.”6
A possible interpretation is that the survivor’s accounts are true and that all countries in
question avoided rescue efforts due to negative stereotypes of African refugees. These
stereotypes depict African refugees as disease ridden and resource taxing individuals who require
a lot of assistance, not to mention that in international waters they are considered outsiders to the
country they are trying to enter. It is this ethnocentric belief in one’s country that can lead to
selfishness and avoidance of situational events like this. I do not agree with the interpretation that
is depicted in the news report because I don’t believe war refugees would lie about seeing ships
or planes when they are facing a crisis. My evaluation of this event is that due to differing
cultural encounters between Libya and other countries that the aiding countries in question
purposely avoided saving these refugees because they saw no gain in it. This may be a radical
evaluation in the sense that it is very unethical, but I stand by it given my examination of Italian
and Libyan culture.
We have attempted to understand the many complexities underlying Refugee migration
between Libya and Italy and as a result, we have examined them through many lenses. By
looking at each country’s past history and examining the effects and implications that have
resulted, I believe it is easier to see why Intercultural conflict exists between these countries with
regards to this event. We employed the use of 2 Hofstede dimensions, in order to get a better
sense of the cultures involved and we constructed a mini D.I.E. analysis of a social episode that
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recurs daily in the Mediterranean Sea. As an intercultural student I can only hope that Libyan
and Italian relations will improve. There is hope among members of the U.N. and NATO to rev
up efforts in the form of International Refugee assistance plans, but I fear that ethnocentrism will
be the death of such plans.
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Works Cited
Event:
11.)(n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2014, from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/special-
features/2014/10/141031-italy-immigration-crisis-human-trafficking/
6.)(n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2014, from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/ship-with-
600-people-aboard-sinks-as-refugees-flee-from-libya-2281595.html
1.)Hanrahan,M. (2011, May 9). Libyan Migrants' Boat Sinks: Witnesses Say Ship With 600 Aboard Sunk
Near Tripoli. Retrieved November 22, 2014, from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/09/libya-boat-
sinks-migrants_n_859440.html
Culture (Non-Scholarly):
2.)Countries and Their Cultures. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2014, from
http://www.everyculture.com/Ja-Ma/Libya.html
8.)Countries and Their Cultures. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2014, from
http://www.everyculture.com/Ge-It/Italy.html
Culture (Scholarly):
4.)Lorenzo Del Castillo (2011) Italian–Libyan relations, Criminal Justice Matters,85:1, 4-5, DOI:
10.1080/09627251.2011.599615
7.)Mezran, K., & Maio, P. (n.d.). Between the Past and the Future: Has a Shift in Italian–Libyan Relations
Occurred? The Journal of North African Studies, 439-451.
Additional Sources:
12.)Mare Nostrum. (2014, November 17). Retrieved November 22, 2014, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Nostrum
9.)THE HOFSTEDE CENTRE. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2014, from http://geert-
hofstede.com/libya.html
10.)THE HOFSTEDE CENTRE. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2014, from http://geert-
hofstede.com/italy.html
3.)Southern Italy. (2014, November 21). Retrieved November 22, 2014, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Italy
5.)International Organization for Migration. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2014, from
https://www.iom.int/cms/libya