Lgppresentation
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This document discusses research on gender differences and similarities in communication styles. It references studies that found both differences (e.g. men using more "one-up" conversational styles while women use more supportive talk) and similarities (e.g. both genders appreciate conversational partners who use one-up styles). The document questions the "two cultures theory" that men and women have inherently different communication styles, noting the importance of acknowledging similarities between the sexes. It concludes that focusing only on differences could undermine the goal of gender equality, and that both differences and similarities in styles need to be considered.
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Communication and Stereotypical
Impressions
Patrick C. Hughes
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
John R. Baldwin
Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
This study examined the relationship s between specific communica-
tion behaviors and overall perceptions of Black and White commu-
nicators and sought to replicate the findings of Leonard and Locke.
Eighteen communication behaviors were identified in the literature
representin g ‘‘Black’’ and ‘‘White’’ communication. Black (N = 105)
and White (N = 159) respondents recalled a past interaction with a
racial ‘‘other’’ and completed a two-part questionnaire regarding
these behaviors and overall impressions of the other. Pearson
correlations were used to answer seven hypotheses regarding these
behaviors and impressions. Individual communication behaviors
were associated with several negativ e race-type impressions,
suggesting that macrolevel interpretation s between interracial speak-
ers may be problematic. Results also suggest that the exact order
of stereotypes=perceptions might change from place to place,
depending on how the instrument is used, and may be influenced
by interpersonal interaction.
KEYWORDS interracial communication, stereotypes , communica-
tion style
`̀I s interracial communication possible?’’ Leonard and Locke (1993) suggest commu-nication stereotypes are a key piece of the interracial relations puzzle. If this is thecase, the outlook for interracial communication in the twenty-first century is dis-
couraging. For example, a survey found that 76% of African Americans felt that Whites
are insensitive to people, 76% felt that Whites do not want to share with non-Whites, and
79% believed that Whites see themselves as superior and able to boss others around
(Minorities,1994). Many felt that `̀ Whites are insensitive to other people and have a long
history of bigotry and prejudice’’and that `̀ Whites control power and wealth in America’’
The authors are grateful to the editor and two anonymous reviewers for their
helpful comments.
Address correspondence to Patrick C. Hughes, Department of Communication
Studies, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
The HowardJournal of Communications, 13:1137128, 2002
Copyright # 2002 Taylor & Francis
1064-6175/02 $12.00 + .00
DOI: 10.1080=10646170290089 917 113
(Minorities, 1994, p. A14). While many may either confirm or challenge the existence of
such perceptions, we cannot deny that stereotypes among racial and ethnic groups con-
tinue to be prevalent in the United States.
Stereotyping is an impediment to effective interracial communication (Barna, 1994;
Boyd,1993; Waters, 1992) and yet seems to be a natural part of the communication process,
as categoriz ation is needed to make sense of our world (Stephan, 1985). The existence and
propagation of these stereotypes themselves are inherently communicative, as it is com-
munication that creates, perpetuates, or contests stereotypes. ...
Lost in Translation-Muted Group Theory
The document provides an overview of muted group theory, which proposes that dominant groups create language that mutes subordinate groups. It discusses applications of the theory to gender, including how men created language to better express themselves while limiting women. The document then proposes a new study to apply muted group theory to romantic relationships, hypothesizing it may reveal communication issues between partners from dominant and subordinate groups. Interviews and surveys of different relationship types would test if muted group impacts expression.
Gender Essays
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Constructions of Masulinity among Transgender Men
This paper discusses constructions of masculinity among transgender men and compares experiences of white and black transgender men. It summarizes several scholarly sources that examine how transgender men navigate masculinity in a patriarchal society and face pressure to conform to dominant masculine ideals. The paper notes that sources often focus on white transgender men and fail to adequately address how race impacts experiences. It argues that transgender men offer a unique perspective on gender norms but are frequently excluded from discussions. The paper maintains transgender communities must address racism and consider intersections of gender and race.
He said, she said part 2
1) The document discusses debates around gender differences in language use and dominance. It describes views that see men's language as assertive and dominant in public spheres while women's language is seen as passive and focused on private matters.
2) Alternative views see gender differences in language as socially constructed rather than innate. Differences may reflect how men and women are socialized rather than fixed biological traits.
3) More recent research calls for understanding gender as a dynamic social performance rather than a fixed category, and examining how language is used to both construct and deconstruct notions of masculinity and femininity in interaction.
Gender stereotyping reflects the perceived psychological traits .docx
Gender stereotyping reflects the perceived psychological traits and characteristics of males and females, and the related roles that are thought to be appropriate for each gender in family, work, school, and society as a whole. Gender stereotyping impacts individuals in terms of how they view themselves and their place in society, as well as how society views the respective gender and the appropriate behavior and roles for each. The implications can be far reaching.
It is evident by studying history that gender stereotypes have changed over time. One obvious example is in the history of women's suffrage. It was believed in the U.S. that women were not sufficiently mentally astute to vote on the important issues impacting society. The belief was that a woman's place was in the home raising children and taking care of the domestic needs of the family. With women's suffrage in the early 20th century and the century that has followed, this stereotype has been changed. Not only do women vote but they hold every office at all levels including heads of state and presidencies across the globe. The 2016 presidential election even featured the first female nominee from a major political party.
As a foundation for the study of gender, this Application Assignment asks you to explore gender stereotypes in some depth, including a consideration of the numerous stereotypes for both men and women; how stereotypes differ by culture; and how stereotypes impact individuals of that gender, the opposite gender, and society as a whole.
To prepare for this assignment:
Review Chapter 3 of the course text,
Gender: Psychological Perspectives
, focusing on the definition of gender stereotyping, the impact it may have on society and individuals, and cultural differences and similarities in gender stereotyping. Remember that culture includes age, religion, sexual orientation, etc., as well as race and ethnicity.
Review the article, "Stereotypes as Dynamic Constructs: Women and Men of the Past, Present, and Future."
Review the article, "Bimbos and Rambos: The Cognitive Basis of Gender Stereotypes." Focus specifically on how the media perpetuates gender stereotyping.
Review the article, “Young and Older Adults' Gender Stereotype in Multitasking.” Focus on how this recent research suggests gender stereotyping is alive and well today.
Think about the following questions:
What are common stereotypes for men?
What are common stereotypes for women?
How have these stereotypes changed over time? What stereotypes have not really changed? Be sure to take into consideration different types of media such as film, TV, and literature as you prepare for this assignment.
What impact do these stereotypes have on individuals of that gender, the opposite gender, and society as a whole? Think in terms of the life of the individuals; the families; school life and the educational journey; work life and career options; health and wellness issues; sexual attitudes and behavior.
Chapter 9 4th ed
This document discusses sex and gender. It defines sex as the biological and physical differences between males and females, such as genetic or reproductive characteristics. Gender is defined as the social and cultural roles, behaviors, and identities associated with being male or female in a society. The document notes that while sex is biologically determined, gender is socially constructed and can vary across cultures and over time. It explores various theories about gender roles and inequality between males and females in society.
COLLEGE PHYSICSChapter # Chapter TitlePowerPoint Image
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to gender and sexuality from an introductory sociology perspective. It defines gender as the social traits and expectations linked to being male or female in a given society, distinguishing it from sex which refers to biological differences. It discusses theories of gender including essentialism, social learning theory, and conflict theory. It also covers concepts such as hegemonic masculinity, emphasized femininity, androcentrism, and sexism. Overall, the document introduces students to the sociological analysis of gender as a social construct and dimension of social inequality.
CHAP 6 CULTURE AND GENDER.ppt
Cross cultural psychology. This notes will enhance student knowledge regarding the connection between gender and culture
Sex and gender a cross cultural perspective
This document discusses sex and gender from a cross-cultural perspective. It begins by outlining some key questions about the influence of biology on gender and similarities/differences in gender roles across cultures. It then discusses how anthropology and feminism have influenced each other, with feminism shifting the focus to androcentrism and studying areas from a gender perspective. Key topics covered include the cultural construction of gender, concepts of multiple genders, the sexual division of labor, and gender stratification across societies.
Language and Gender by Muhammad Ahmad
Complete Description of the Relationships between Language and Gender - how men and women speak differently? Personality differences in genders? gender discrimination? Authentic sources....
Gender analysis in Hamlet
A research paper about Gender Discourse Analysis in "Hamlet". Gender discrimination has been highlighted in perspective of discussion between the characters of the drama.
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Lgppresentation
- 1. One culture for all Christy Marscheider
- 2. What is culture? Urban Dictionary Definition: An outcome of evolutionary beneficial group thinking, and thus a racist generalization. Merriam Webster Definition: The customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group. Dr. Bing’s Definition: Guidelines for living for a group that are based on history and are constantly changing. Geert Hofstede: “Culture is more often a source of conflict than of synergy. Cultural differences are a nuisance at best and often a disaster." -Geert Hofstede
- 3. Geert Hofstede Rated countries on Individualism, Masculinity, Long Term Orientation, Power Distance, and Uncertainty Avoidance To summarize, citizens of the United States value individualism, meeting obligations, believe in equality between social levels, and have a great tolerance for new ideas, while respecting traditions of the past. “This indicates the country experiences a higher degree of gender differentiation of roles. The male dominates a significant portion of the society and power structure. This situation generates a female population that becomes more assertive and competitive, with women shifting toward the male role model and away from their female role.”
- 4. We absorb the nuances of culture as we do the language of the culture -Dr. Bing The values of the culture are evident in the language used by members of the culture. While men and women have different styles of communicating, the language that they are using is the same.
- 5. Deborah Tannen Two Cultures Approach
- 6. How do men talk to each other? Judi Beinstein Miller
- 7. Only one ticket left? Who gets it? Miller found that men consistently used one-up moves, and women used one-down or side- movements. Men and women both liked conversational partners who exhibited one-up moves.
- 8. Troubles Talk- Basow and Rubenfeld Looked at gender-typing of individuals, not just sex Found those with stereotypically female traits are prone to giving and receiving sympathy and those with stereotypically male traits do not appreciate these behaviors and attempt to avoid these situations.
- 9. Bem Sex Role Inventory This is the scale that was used by Basow and Rubenfeld and by Edwards and Hamilton to determine gender type, evidenced by answers that lean toward femininity or masculinity. This allows for two additional groupings: androgynous and undifferentiated individuals.
- 10. What about the similarities between the two sexes? MacGeorge et al., dismiss the two cultures theory saying that the similarities in past tests outweigh the differences. These similarities disprove the two cultures hypothesis. They proved this by using tests that allowed for open-ended responses. Can’t we all just get along?
- 11. Season 17, Episode 5 The Amazing Race
- 12. Lang. Behavior Men Women Expletives 2 1 Silence 2 0 Topic Choice 14 16 One-Up Move 43 19 One-Down Move 0 12 Side-Move 4 11 Questions 6 6 Encouragement 4 19 Flirtations 0 3
- 13. The Jersey Shore Sleeping with the enemy
- 14. Lang. Behavior Men Women Expletives 15 20 Silence 0 0 Topic Choice 17 20 One-Up Move 33 21 One-Down Move 0 9 Side-Move 17 18 Questions 6 11 Encouragement 0 0 Flirtations 5 5
- 15. Which cultural influence dominates? If you follow the two cultures hypothesis, which cultural influence is the reasoning behind the more assertive behaviors of these women? How do explain two different conversational styles of two women raised in the same environment?
- 16. PROJECT DATE CLIENT The Kiwi Tree (.com)
- 17. Bem Sex Role Inventory Christy’s Results: Overwhelmingly Feminine traits: 81.666 Masculine ratings: 60.833 Androgynous ratings: 66.667 My Sister’s Results Feminine Ratings: 65 Masculine Ratings: 73.333 Androgynous Ratings: 58.333
- 18. In conclusion... The similarities in conversational styles need to be taken into account, not just the differences. The similarities are evidence of the existence of one culture, not two. Differences in same sex conversational styles should also be examined when discussing the two cultures theory. If you have two cultures, you are opening yourself up to the “one is better” way of thought. This would then take the ultimate goal of equality back a step.
- 19. Works Cited Basow, S. A., & Rubenfeld, K. (2003). "Troubles talk": effects of gender and gender-typing. Sex Roles, 48(3/4), 183-187. Crawford, M. (1995). Talking difference: on gender and language. London: Sage publications. Episode 5 [Television series episode]. (n.d.). In The amazing race 17. CBS. Retrieved October 29, 2010, from http://www.cbs.com/primetime/amazing_race/video/?pid=CFm_uXijFam7h1yq0ylUrbF4Rf7ZIdGK&play=true&vs=homepage Edwards, R., & Hamilton, M. A. (2004). You need to understand my gender role: an empirical test of Tannen's model of gender and communication. Sex Roles, 50(7/8), 491-504. MacGeorge, E. L., Graves, A. R., Feng, B., Gillihan, S. J., & Burleson, B. R. (2004). The myth of gender cultures: similarities outweigh differences in men's and women's provision of and responses to supportive communication. Sex Roles, 50(3.4), 143- 175. Miller, J. B. (1985). Patterns of control in same-sex conversations: differences between women and men. Women's Studies in Communication, 8, 62-69. Sleeping with the enemy [Television series episode]. (2010, September 10). In The Jersey Shore, Season 2. MTV. Retrieved November 2, 2010, from http://www.mtv.com/shows/ jersey_shore/season_2/episodes.jhtml