Letter of Credit - Complete Presentation - (Bcom-Mcom-BBA-MBA-BS)Millat Afridi
A letter of credit (LC), also known as a documentary credit or bankers commercial credit, is a payment mechanism used in international trade to provide an economic guarantee from a creditworthy bank to an exporter of goods. A letter of credit is extremely common within international trade and goods delivery, where the reliability of contracting parties cannot be readily and easily determined. Its economic effect is to introduce a bank as underwriting the credit risk of the buyer paying the seller for goods.
,
letter of credit
,
parties involved in lc transaction
,
letter of credit process
,
commercial letter of credit flow
,
advantages of letter of credit
,
risks involved
Letters of credit is a written commitment to pay, by a buyer's or importer's bank (called the issuing bank) to the seller's or exporter's bank (called the accepting bank, negotiating bank, or paying bank). It is also known as a documentary credit.
Valuation and Surplus, Basis of Valuation of Net Liabilities, Sources of Surplus, Excess Interest, Savings from Morality, Savings from Loading, Lapses and Surrenders, Bonus Loading, Miscellaneous Sources, Methods of Distribution of Surplus, Uniform Bonus Plan, Contribution Method, Classification of Bonus
Letter of Credit - Complete Presentation - (Bcom-Mcom-BBA-MBA-BS)Millat Afridi
A letter of credit (LC), also known as a documentary credit or bankers commercial credit, is a payment mechanism used in international trade to provide an economic guarantee from a creditworthy bank to an exporter of goods. A letter of credit is extremely common within international trade and goods delivery, where the reliability of contracting parties cannot be readily and easily determined. Its economic effect is to introduce a bank as underwriting the credit risk of the buyer paying the seller for goods.
,
letter of credit
,
parties involved in lc transaction
,
letter of credit process
,
commercial letter of credit flow
,
advantages of letter of credit
,
risks involved
Letters of credit is a written commitment to pay, by a buyer's or importer's bank (called the issuing bank) to the seller's or exporter's bank (called the accepting bank, negotiating bank, or paying bank). It is also known as a documentary credit.
Valuation and Surplus, Basis of Valuation of Net Liabilities, Sources of Surplus, Excess Interest, Savings from Morality, Savings from Loading, Lapses and Surrenders, Bonus Loading, Miscellaneous Sources, Methods of Distribution of Surplus, Uniform Bonus Plan, Contribution Method, Classification of Bonus
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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1. UNIT – 3 LETTER OF CREDIT
BY
DESI PRIYA V
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ETHIRAJ COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
2. LETTER OF CREDIT
Superior method of settlement of debt
Documentary credit
Undertaking by the importer’s bank
Obligation of the importer
Obligation of the importer’s bank
Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credit (UCP) –
International Chamber of Commerce
4. FEATURES OF A LOC
Operative Instrument
Date Terms
Extension of Dates
Description of Period
Value and Quantity of Goods
Documents to be Tendered
Shipments
Instructions to the Nominated Bank
5. PARTIES TO A CREDIT
Applicant
Issuing / Opening Bank
Beneficiary
Intermediary Bank – Advising Bank and Negotiating Bank
Article 2 of UCP
Article 3 of UCP
6. ADVANTAGES OF LOC
1. TO THE EXPORTER:
a) Sort of assurance
b) Exchange of correspondence
c) Protects exporter against importer failure
d) Superior undertaking of a bank
e) Seller expands business
f) Exchange regulations in importer’s country
g) Financial position of the exporter
h) Raise loans
7. CONTI…
2. TO THE IMPORTER:
a)Purchase materials without full advance payment
b)Finalise contract
c)Quality and quantity of goods
d)Big credit
8. DISDAVANTAGES OF LOC
1.TO THE EXPORTER:
Conditional
Documents
Credit
2. TO THE IMPORTER:
Deals with documents and not in goods
Reimburse the issuing bank
Risk of falsification of documents
10. TYPES OF LETTER OF CREDIT
DOCUMENTARY CREDIT CLASSIFIED UNDER THE FOLLOWING TYPES:
1. Payment, Acceptance and Negotiation Credits
2. Revocable and Irrevocable Credits
3. Confirmed and Unconfirmed credits
4. With Recourse and Without Recourse Credits
5. Fixed and Revolving Credits
6. Transferable Credits
7. Back – to – Back Credits
8. Red Clause and Green Clause Credits
9. Standby Credits
12. CONTI…
PAYMENT CREDIT
Payment will be provided to the beneficiary against the documents submitted
Paying bank (agent of the issuing bank)
Reimbursement from issuing bank
NEGOTIATION CREDIT
Documents accompanied by sight draft
Bank which negotiates documents pays the amount
Reimbursement from the issuing bank
13. CONTI…..
Article 6 (a), credit may be (a) Restricted Credit and (b) Open Credit
(a) Issuing bank may restrict the negotiation of documents under the LOC
(b) Open invitation to bank to negotiate documents under LOC
ACCEPTANCE CREDIT
Usance bill of exchange
Buyer need not pay immediately
Seller gets payment immediately
Duty of the issuing bank
Accepting bank
Banker’s acceptance
14. CONTI….
Trust Receipt
Loan against pledge of goods
DEFERRED PAYMENT CREDIT
Undertaking by the issuing bank
No drafts are drawn
Inferior to Acceptance Credit
Time given to importer to pay for the documents
Finance import of plant and machinery, capital goods on deferred payment basis
The exporter in such cases can ask the importer to
15. CONTI….
1. Remit agreed advance payment and submit “Deferred Payment Guarantee”
2. Open deferred payment letter of credit
16. REVOCABLE & IRREVOCABLE CREDITS
REVOCABLE CREDIT
Cancelled or amended by the issuing bank (without consent of beneficiary)
Not practiced
IRREVOCABLE CREDIT
Definite undertaking by the issuing bank
Cancelled or amended (consent of beneficiary)
All credits are irrevocable
17. CONFIRMED & UNCONFIRMED CREDIT
CONFIRMED CREDIT
Advising bank adds confirmation to the credit
Confirmation – confirming bank and issuing bank
Irrevocable credit
UNCONFIRMED CREDIT
Advising bank does not adds its confirmation
LOC is genuine and no additional undertaking
18. WITH RECOURSE & WITHOUT
RECOURSE CREDIT
WITH RECOURSE CREDIT
Risk of non payment - beneficiary
WITHOUT RECOURSE CREDIT
Risk of non payment - nominated bank
Without recourse to the drawer
Amount received earlier on negotiation of documents
19. FIXED & REVOLVING CREDIT
FIXED CREDIT
Non-revolving credit
Limit is reduced permanently to the extent of bills drawn under LOC
For example: INR 10 Lakhs only
Non – automatic revolving credit – renewal of limit
REVOLVING CREDIT
Limit under the credit is renewed as and when bills drawn
Repeated negotiation possible
20. CONTI…
For example: Credit limit = INR 1,00,000
Bills drawn = INR 40,000
Limit for Negotiation = INR 60,000
If among the bills already drawn, one for INR 20,000 is paid, then the limit will be
reinstated. Now the credit limit = INR 80,000
Automatic revolving credit – limits renewed at fixed interval
Total drawings on the bill – expiry period
‘Cumulative’ or ‘Non-cumulative’
21. TRANSFERABLE CREDIT
Credit available to third parties
Exporter – intermediary
Example
A credit is transferred in the following ways: (exception to the following)
(a) Amount of credit may be reduced. (Profit or commission)
(b) The validity period and date of shipment may be curtailed
(c) Insurance cover
22. BACK –TO – BACK CREDIT
Beneficiary – intermediary
Ancillary letter of credit (countervailing credit)
Inland letter of credit
Following points to be kept in mind by banks while opening this LOC:
1. Terms and conditions of the LOC
(a) Amount of the credit
(b) Validity and shipment dates
2. Intermediary bank also a negotiating bank
3. Original credit – irrevocable credit
23. CONTI….
Features common with a transferable credit
Credit transferred to a third party
Documents substituted by first beneficiary
Possibility of knowing the real supplier
24. RED CLAUSE & GREEN CLAUSE CREDIT
RED CLAUSE CREDIT
Packing or anticipatory credit
Clause printed in red, authorizing the negotiating bank to grant advances to the
exporter
Amount of advance < amount of the letter of credit
Negotiating bank – utilisation of advances
Precautions to be taken by banks:
1. Credit rating of the issuing bank
2. Documentation
25. CONTI….
3. Identification of the borrower
4. Exchange fluctuations
5. Undertaking to tender documents
GREEN CLAUSE CREDIT
Extension of the red clause
Permits pre – shipment advances and covers storage in the name of bank
Used in Australian wool trade
26. STANDBY OR GUARANTEE CREDIT
Article 2 of UCP
US Comptroller of Currency defines a Standby Credit, “A standby letter of credit is
any letter of credit, or similar arrangement, however, named or described, which
represents an obligation to the beneficiary on the part of the issuer:
(a) Repay money borrowed
(b) Indebtedness
(c) Default”.
Issuing bank assures beneficiary
Substitute for bank guarantee
27. CONTI…..
Amount outstanding under standby credit have far exceeded than under commercial
credit
International Chamber of Commerce has issued in 1998 its publication no 590
under “International Standby Priorities (ISP98)”
In India, FEDAI has adopted ISB98
28. RESPONSIBILITIES
&
LIABILITIES OF PARTIES
APPLICANT (IMPORTER)
BENEFICIARY (EXPORTER)
ISSUING BANK (OPENING BANK)
NOMINATED BANK (INTERMEDIARY BANK)
1. ADVISING BANK
2. CONFIRMING BANK
3. PAYING BANK
4. ACCEPTING BANK
5. NEGOTIATING BANK
6. REIMBURSING BANK
29. APPLICANT
Sale contract
LC as absolute payment
Obligations between the importer and the issuing bank
Article 37 (a) and (b)
Liable to pay charges
Liable to indemnify
Stand charged to the bank
30. BENEFICIARY
Export goods as per the contract and produce the documents as required by the
credit
He cannot avail himself of the contractual relationship [Article 4]
Documents found to be defective one
Transferable credit – transfer charges
31. ADVISING BANK
Advising bank signifies the Authenticity of the credit [Article 9 (b)]
Advising bank satisfies itself of the authenticity of the credit:
Advising bank informs the issuing bank [Article 9 ( e )]
Advising bank informs the beneficiary [Article 9 (f)]
32. CONFIRMING BANK
Bank in the exporter country adds confirmation to the credit – additional
undertaking to the beneficiary
Relationship of the confirming bank with the beneficiary
Relationship between confirming bank and issuing bank – negotiating bank
33. PAYING BANK
Bank in the beneficiary country
Accepts nomination – liable to pay against documents
Payment is without recourse to the drawer
Responsibility – scrutiny of documents
Position – similar to negotiating bank
34. ACCEPTING BANK
Accept usance bills drawn under the credit
Responsibility – accepts draft drawn and make payment on their due dates
35. NEGOTIATING BANK
Open credit – bank on its own can accept the nomination as negotiating bank
Otherwise – paying bank or confirming bank
No other banks can be compelled
Examine all the documents – terms and conditions of the credit
Compliance of the stipulated documents – International Standard Banking Practice
Documentary credit – all parties deal in documents and not in goods
Discrepancy in the documents tendered
36. ISSUING BANK
Primarily responsible for payment under the credit [Article 7 (a)]
Credits and any amendments issued by the bank must be complete and clear
[Article 4 (b)]
Issuing bank should nominate banks – to pay or accept drafts or to negotiate
[Article 12 (b)]
Bank uses the service of an advising bank to have credit advised to the beneficiary
must also use for any amendments [Article 9 (d)]
Documents lost in transit [Article 35]
Appearing on the face of the document as issuing bank – issuing bank determines
[Article 14 (a)]
37. CONTI…..
When issuing bank determines that a presentation is complying it must honour
[Article 15 (a)]
Issuing bank refuse to take up the documents – documents appears on their face not
in compliance with the terms and conditions [Article 16 (a)]
Issuing bank has 5 banking day for compliance of documents [Article 14 (b)]
Waiver of the discrepancies by the applicant however it does not extend the period
of seven days for scrutiny and communicating the decision [Article 16 (b)]
Refuse to accepts the documents due to discrepancies [Article 16]
38. REIMBURSING BANK
Issuing bank indicate in the credit the name of a bank from who the paying or
negotiating bank can obtain reimbursement
Documents are sent to the bank
Issuing bank maintains account with reimbursing bank
Article 13 governs the relationship between issuing bank and reimbursing bank:
a. Credit must state reimbursement subject to ICC rules for bank-to-bank
reimbursements
b. If bank does not state ICC rules for bank-to-bank reimbursements, the following
apply:
i) Issuing bank provides reimbursing bank, reimbursing authorization (without expiry
date)
39. CONTI….
ii) Claiming bank shall not be required to supply a reimbursing bank with a
certificate of compliance
iii) Issuing bank responsible for any loss of interest – reimbursement not provided on
first demand by reimbursement bank
iv) Reimbursing bank charges
c. Issuing bank is not relived of any of its obligation towards reimbursement bank.