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International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development
Kathmandu, Nepal
Socio-economic development,
Gender and Ecotourism in
Myanmar
Golam Rasul, Theme Leader, Livelihoods
Paper presented in the International Conference on
‘Ecotourism in Protected Areas: Strengthening Livelihoods,
Conservation, and Adaptation’ in Myanmar in May 2015.
Outline
• Socioeconomic conditions
• Role of tourism
• Integrating women in tourism
• Way forward
Socioeconomic Conditions
• Economy growing fast
• Despite recent growth,
poverty widespread
Food poverty
Income poverty
Source: UNDP, 2011
Source: UNDP, 2011
Poverty: Male & Female
• Rural poverty higher than
urban poverty
• Poverty higher in female
headed HHs
• 70% labour force engaged
in agriculture
Source: Kyaw and Routray, 2006
Poverty: Male & Female
cont.
• About 50% rural population do not own land
•
• Women’s participation in labour force
relatively low, 50% against 80% of men
• Female labour force 70% involved in
agricultural work
Tourism
• Tourism contributes
– GDP: 3.7%
– Employment: direct
338,500 jobs, 1.2% of
total employment (in
2013)
• Tourism a priority
economic sector
• Tourism potential
growing Source: Ministry of Hotel and Tourism, Government of Myanmar
Contribution to GDP &
Employment
Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, 2014
Tourism and Gender in
Myanmar
• Tourism brings new
opportunities &
challenges for women
• How can women get
equal opportunities &
benefits from tourism
Gender in Myanmar’s Policy
• Constitution: provides equal rights for women
• National Plan of Action for the
Advancement of Women 2011–2015:
outlines a comprehensive strategy for women’s
empowerment, equal rights for women in relation
to employment, credit, resources, assets, &
economic benefits
Gender in Myanmar’s Policy
cont.
• Tourism Master Plan: Men &
women to have equal access to
economic opportunities,
employment
• Myanmar a signatory to the
Convention on the Elimination
of All Forms of Discrimination
Against Women (CEDAW)
Opportunities
• Participation in paid economic
activities
• Livelihood diversification
• Improved access to productive
resources
• Skills development
• Increase in capabilities,
knowledge & agency
• Economic empowerment
Challenges
• Social: move into paid employment,
social norms, barriers, gender
division of labour
• Technical: Need new skills,
knowledge
• Economic: Access to resources -
financial, training, information
• Balancing paid & unpaid work,
subsistence & cash work
Way Forward
• Integrating the gender dimensions in tourism
development
• Provide equal opportunities to women
• Putting women & men into the centre of development
plan
• Developing adequate mechanisms to ensure women
& local communities receives adequate benefits
• Strengthen women’s skills & knowledge to participate
in planning & decision making
• Strengthen women’s groups, networks, partnerships &
leadership
Thank you

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Socio economic development, gender and ecotourism in myanmar golam rasul

  • 1. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu, Nepal Socio-economic development, Gender and Ecotourism in Myanmar Golam Rasul, Theme Leader, Livelihoods Paper presented in the International Conference on ‘Ecotourism in Protected Areas: Strengthening Livelihoods, Conservation, and Adaptation’ in Myanmar in May 2015.
  • 2. Outline • Socioeconomic conditions • Role of tourism • Integrating women in tourism • Way forward
  • 3. Socioeconomic Conditions • Economy growing fast • Despite recent growth, poverty widespread Food poverty Income poverty Source: UNDP, 2011 Source: UNDP, 2011
  • 4. Poverty: Male & Female • Rural poverty higher than urban poverty • Poverty higher in female headed HHs • 70% labour force engaged in agriculture Source: Kyaw and Routray, 2006
  • 5. Poverty: Male & Female cont. • About 50% rural population do not own land • • Women’s participation in labour force relatively low, 50% against 80% of men • Female labour force 70% involved in agricultural work
  • 6. Tourism • Tourism contributes – GDP: 3.7% – Employment: direct 338,500 jobs, 1.2% of total employment (in 2013) • Tourism a priority economic sector • Tourism potential growing Source: Ministry of Hotel and Tourism, Government of Myanmar
  • 7. Contribution to GDP & Employment Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, 2014
  • 8. Tourism and Gender in Myanmar • Tourism brings new opportunities & challenges for women • How can women get equal opportunities & benefits from tourism
  • 9. Gender in Myanmar’s Policy • Constitution: provides equal rights for women • National Plan of Action for the Advancement of Women 2011–2015: outlines a comprehensive strategy for women’s empowerment, equal rights for women in relation to employment, credit, resources, assets, & economic benefits
  • 10. Gender in Myanmar’s Policy cont. • Tourism Master Plan: Men & women to have equal access to economic opportunities, employment • Myanmar a signatory to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
  • 11. Opportunities • Participation in paid economic activities • Livelihood diversification • Improved access to productive resources • Skills development • Increase in capabilities, knowledge & agency • Economic empowerment
  • 12. Challenges • Social: move into paid employment, social norms, barriers, gender division of labour • Technical: Need new skills, knowledge • Economic: Access to resources - financial, training, information • Balancing paid & unpaid work, subsistence & cash work
  • 13. Way Forward • Integrating the gender dimensions in tourism development • Provide equal opportunities to women • Putting women & men into the centre of development plan • Developing adequate mechanisms to ensure women & local communities receives adequate benefits • Strengthen women’s skills & knowledge to participate in planning & decision making • Strengthen women’s groups, networks, partnerships & leadership