The document summarizes plots from Homer's epic poem "The Odyssey". It describes Odysseus' journey home after the Trojan War, including stops at the islands of the Lotus-Eaters, encounters with Polyphemus the Cyclops, and visits to Circe and the underworld. It also covers Penelope fending off suitors in Ithaca during Odysseus' long absence and Telemachus seeking news of his father from Nestor and Menelaus. Finally, it recounts Odysseus' return home in disguise and his reunion with Penelope after defeating her suitors.

1. Edith Hamilton
(an abridged short story from the original novel “The
Odyssey” by Homer.)

2. Unlocking Vocabularies
1. Prophetess (‘pra-fe-tes) - a female prophet
2. Fleet (flit) – warship
3. Sacked (saekt) – captured
4. Arrogance (‘ae-ro-gence) –
boastfulness
5. Voyage (vo-ij’) - journey / trip

3. The Greek literature is one of the oldest
yet popular literary resources that has
ever made. It reflects the ingenuity and
the creativity of the people during the
ancient era.

5. Plot
Greek fleet journeys back to Sparta.
Athena gets angry because Ajax hurt
Cassandra. Poseidon and Athena
conjured to send big waves to sweep
Greek fleet and destroy them. Ajax was
killed. Menelaus has gone to Egypt and
Odysseus was alive but wandered for 10
years.
I II III IV V VI VII

6. Plot
In Ithaca, Penelope is pursued by suitors
across the land. She hated them and
contrives a strategy to prolong their wait.
Telemachus asked helped from Athena.
Athena disguised as seafarer and told him
to build a ship. He was jeered by the
suitors and went to the sea and prayed
again. This time Athena disguised as
Mentor. They left at night and went to
Nestor.
III III IV V VI VII

7. Plot
They arrived at Nestor’s abode but he
doesn’t know any news about Odysseus.
He told them to go to Menelaus. They
arrived at Sparta afterwards and attended
a banquet. Menelaus told a story about
Menelaus and Helen saw that Telemachus
look like Odysseus. Telemachus asked
Menelaus about his father. Menelaus told
him that he was in Calypso’s Island.
IIII II IV V VI VII

8. Plot
Meanwhile, upon Zeus’ command to free
Odysseus, Hermes told Calypso to build a
ship and send him away. Odysseus sailed
home but Poseidon saw him and he sent
big waves. Odysseus woke up and saw
that he was in an island. He saw women
bathing and asked help to Nausicaa. She
told him to go to his father alone and
asked for help. There, he told his story
about his journey.
IVI II III V VI VII

9. Plot
His journey started from sailing 9 days in
the sea and arrived at Lotus Eaters –
Cyclops Polyphemus – Country of Winds
(King Aeolus) – Country of Laestrygons –
Aeaea (Circe’s lair) – Erebus (Persephone
and Hades) – Sirens – Scylla and
Charybdis – The Island of the Sun –
Calypso’s Island – Country of Phaenicians
VI II III IV VI VII

10. Plot
Odysseus sailed home and
successfully arrived at Ithaca. Athena
talked to him and turned him as a
poor man. Eumaea helped him went
to his house. Telemachus headed
home and went to Eumaea and saw
his father. They went home and saw
Penelope’s suitor.
VII II III IV V VII

11. Plot
Penelope told that if anyone sent
straight the arrow from the holes of
twelve rings. Odysseus shot the
suitors and he all killed them.
Penelope rejoined with Odysseus.
VII II III IV V VII

12. Elements of A Short Story
o Characters – is a person, sometimes even an
animal who takes part in the action of a short
story or other literary work.
o Setting – is the time and place in which the
story happens.
o Plot – is a series of events and character actions
that relate to the central conflict.
o Conflict – is a struggle between people or
things in a story.
o Theme – is the central idea or belief in a short
story.

13. You have to remember that...
An act of heroism and a valiant soul
will always prevail and conquer
everything that hinders you to be
successful.

14. Gerunds are one of the three
classification under verbals. These are
verbs forms that functions as nouns.
In forming the gerund, you should
always remember the formula:
main verb + ing
For example:
journey + ing = journeying
believe + ing = believing
destroy + ing = destroying

15. 4 Functions of Gerunds in a Sentence
Gerunds functions as subjects in the sentence.
Example:
o Voyaging back home took Odysseus forever.
o Caring for Odysseus is the passion of Calypso.
o Talking to Teiresias warned Odysseus about the
sacred oxen.
Subject

16. 4 Functions of Gerunds in a Sentence
usually follows after the transitive verb and
answers the question who or what.
Example:
o Odysseus kept waiting for a sail homebound.
o Telemachus cannot bear seeing her mother
weep.
o Poseidon detests looking for Athena.
Direct Object

17. 4 Functions of Gerunds in a Sentence
usually follows after a linking verb /auxiliary
verb.
Example:
o Polyphemus’ revenge is prolonging the journey
of Odysseus.
o Circe’s evil magic is weakening the assembly of
Odysseus.
o Athena’s plan is helping Odysseus find a way.
Subject Complement

18. 4 Functions of Gerunds in a Sentence
usually follows after a preposition.
Example:
o Ino, the sea-goddess, succeeded in helping
Odysseus.
o By using his eternal prowess, Odysseus sent
straight the arrows.
o Athena encouraged Telemachus about
voyaging.
Object of the Preposition

19. Directions: Find the gerund word and identify its
function in the sentence.
1. Athena hated seeing Telemachus cry out of
loneliness.
2. Calypso’s love for Odysseus was preventing her
to set him free.
3. Penelope missed spending her day with
Odysseus.
4. Longing was Odysseus’ hardest trial.
5. Nausicaa finds happiness in doing the laundry.
Direct Object
Subject Complement
Direct Object
Subject
Ob of the Preposition

20. 6. Odysseus’ journey involves fighting a lot of
monsters.
7. Menelaus kept narrating about the war.
6. In keeping with his tradition, Telemachus
honored Menelaus.
7. Penelope’s suitors were jeering Telemechus.
6. Crying was the only resort of Odysseus to
ease his pain.
Direct Object
Direct Object
Ob of the Preposition
Subject Complement
Subject

21. Thank You for Listening 
Prepared by:
Kristine P. Canaya
BSEd-English 4A