The document provides lessons on various tools used in electricity, including screwdrivers, voltmeters, ammeters, wattmeters, soldering irons, and desoldering pumps. It describes what each tool is used for and how it works, such as that a screwdriver is used to tighten and remove screws, a voltmeter measures electrical potential difference, and an ammeter must be inserted in series in a circuit to measure electric current. Exercises are provided to test comprehension, including filling in blanks, choosing correct answers, and translating the lessons to Romanian.

1. Grupul Scolar Industrial “Anghel Saligny”
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the
views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be
made of the information contained therein.
Tools used in electricity
Lesson1: The Screwdriver
A screwdriver is a tool used to put in and tighten screws. They are also used
to remove them. The screwdriver is made up of a head or tip, which engages
with a screw, a mechanism to apply torque by rotating the tip, and some way
to position and support the screwdriver. A typical hand screwdriver comprises
an approximately cylindrical handle of a size and shape to be held by a
human hand, and an axial shaft fixed to the handle, the tip of which is shaped
to fit a particular type of screw. Screwdrivers are of many shapes, and the tip
can be rotated manually or by an electric motor.
Exercises:
I. Fill the gaps with the correct words:
Recommended words or expressions: screws , torque , manually , handle ,
screwdriver , hand.
A ____(a)_____ is a tool used to put in and tighten __(b)___. The
screwdriver is made up of a head or tip, which engages with a screw, a
mechanism to apply ____(c)___ by rotating the tip.
A typical hand screwdriver comprises an approximately cylindrical ____(d)___
of a size and shape to be held by a human ___(e)__, and an axial shaft fixed
to the handle, the tip of which is shaped to fit a particular type of screw.
Screwdrivers are of many shapes, and the tip can be rotated ____(f)____ or
by an electric motor.

2. II. Translate the lesson in Romanian language
Glossary:
screwdrivers
screw
shape
to held
tool
tip
torque
surubelnita
surub
forma
a tine
unealta
varf
cuplu de rasucire
Answers to the previous tasks:
I a. screwdrivers, b. screws, c. torque, d. handle, e. hand, f. manually
II. O surubelnita este o unealta utilizata pentru introducerea si strangerea
suruburilor. Sunt de asemenea utilizate pentru a le desface. Surubelnita este
alcatuita dintr-un cap sau varf care interactioneaza cu surubul, un mecanism
care aplica un cuplu de forte prin rotirea varfului. O surubelnita manuala tipica
contine un maner aproximativ cilindric cu o forma modelata pentru a fi tinuta
de mana umana, si un ax fixat in maner, a carui varf este modelat pentru a fi
corespunzator tipului particular de surub. Surubelnitele sunt de multe forme,
iar varful poate fi rotit manual sau de catre un motor electric.

3. Measuring apparatus.
Lesson 2: Voltmeter
A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring the electrical potential
difference between two points in an electric circuit.
Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage
of the circuit.
Digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of an analog to
digital converter.
Exercises:
I. Fill the gaps with the correct words:
For measuring the electrical potential between two points in an electrical
circuit you should use a ___a)____ Analog voltmeters move a ___b)____
across a scale. A voltmeter which gives a numerical display of voltage is
named ____c)____voltmeter.

4. II. Choose and mark the right answer
A voltmeter is mounted:
a. In series with the electric circuit
b. In parallel with the electric circuit
c. Outside of the electric circuit
III. Translate the lesson in Romanian language
Glossary:
voltmeter
potential
analog
digital
display
convertor
voltmetru
potential
analog
digital
afisaj
convertor
Answers to the previous tasks:
I. a-voltmeter, b-pointer, c-digital
II. b.
III. Voltmetrul este un instrument folosit pentru a masura diferenta de
potential electric dintre doua puncte intr-un circuit electric.
Voltmetrele analogice prezinta un ac indicator, ce se deplaseaza pe o
scara gradata proportional cu tensiunea din circuit.
Voltmetrele digitale afiseaza o valoare numerica a tensiunii din circuit
prin utilizarea unui convertor analogic-digital.

5. Measuring apparatus
Lesson 3: Ammeter
An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current
in a circuit. The ammeter has to be inserting in series in the electrical circuit.
Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. Smaller
values of current can be measured using a mill-ammeter or a micro-ammeter.
Exercises:
I. Choose and mark the right answer
An ammeter is mounted:
a. In series with the electric
circuit
b. In parallel with the
electric circuit
c. Outside the electric
circuit
II. Fill the gaps with the correct words:
An ..…a)…… is a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current
in a circuit.
The ammeter has to be inserting in ……b)……in the electrical circuit.
Electric …..c)……. are measured in amperes (A).

6. III. Translate the lesson in Romanian language
Glossary
ammeter
current
smaller
to measure
amperes
-ampermetru
-curent
-mai mici
-a masura
-amperi
Answers to the previous tasks:
I. a, II. a-ammeter, b-series, c-currents
III. Ampermetrul este un instrument folosit pentru masurarea curentului
electric in circuit. Curentul electric este masurat in Amperi (A), de la care vine
si numele aparatului. Valori mai mici ale intensitatii curentului pot fi masurate
folosind un miliampermetru sau microampermetru.
Measuring apparatus
Lesson 4: Wattmeter
The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power in watts of
any given circuit. The traditional analog wattmeter is an electrodynamics
instrument. The device consists of a pair of fixed coils, known as current coils,
and a movable coil knowns as the potential coil. Electronic wattmeters are
used for direct, small power measurements or for power measurements at
frequencies beyond the range of electrodynamics -type instruments.

7. Exercises:
I. Fill the gaps with the correct words:
The ..…a)….…is used for measuring the electric power in watts. The analog
wattmeter is a ……b)……instrument. The current coils are a ……c)…
positions. The movable coil is known as the …..d)….....coil. Electronic
wattmeters are used for …….e)…… power measurements.
II. Appreciate with True and False the next propositions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Wattmeter is used for measuring electric potential between two points.
Analog wattmeter is an electrostatic device.
Analog wattmeter has two coils.
The movable coil is known as current coil.
The current coil is movable.
Watt is the measuring unity for electric power.
III. Translate the lesson in Romanian language
Glossary:
electrodynamics
wattmeter
pair
coil
frequencies
electrodinamic
wattmetru
pereche
bobina
frecvente
Answers to the previous tasks:
I. a) -wattmeter, b) - electrodynamics, c-fixed, d-potential, e-direct.
II. 1-F, 2-F, 3-T, 4-F, 5-F, 6-T
III. Wattmetrul este un instrument folosit in orice circuit pentru masurarea
puterii electrice in watt. Wattmetrul analogic traditional este un instrument
electrodinamic.
Dispozitivul este format dintr-o pereche de bobine fixe numite bobine de
curent si o bobina mobila numita bobina de potential. Wattmetrele electronice
sunt folosite pentru masurari directe de mica putere sau la masurari de putere
la frecvente mai mari in gama instrumentelor electrodinamometrice.

8. Tools used in electricity
Lesson 5: Soldering iron
A soldering iron is a hand tool most commonly used in soldering. It supplies
heat to melt the solder so that it can flows into the joint between two
workpieces.
A soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip and an insulated handle.
Heating is often achieved electrically, by passing an electric current through
the resistive material of a heating element.
Exercises:
I. Fill the gaps with the correct words:
The soldering iron supplies...….a) …….to melts the solder. The solder can
……b)…….into the joint between two workpieces. A heated metal tip and
an .....c)...... handle are the main parts of an soldering iron. Heating is often
achieved …d)…………..
II. Choose and mark the right answer
Appreciate with True and False the next propositions:
1. Heating is often achieved chemically.
2. The soldering iron supplies micro waves in order to melt the solder.
3. The solder can flows into the joint between two workpieces.
4. A soldering iron is a hand tool.

9. III. Translate the lesson in Romanian language
Glossary:
soldering
iron
heat
to melt
flows
insulated
resistive
lipire
fier
caldura
a se topi
curge
izolat
rezistiv
Answers to the previous tasks:
III. a-heat, b-flows, c-insulated, d-electrically
IV.1-F, 2-F, 3-T, 4-T
III. Fierul de lipit este o unealta de mana folosita pentru lipit. Furnizeaza
caldura pentru a topi aliajul pentru ca acesta sa se scurga in spatiul dintre
cele doua piese.
Ciocanul de lipit este compus dintr-un varf metalic incalzit si un maner izolat.
Incalzirea se face de obicei electric, prin trecerea unui curent electric prin
materialul rezistiv al elementului de incalzire.

10. Tools used in electricity
Lesson 6: Desoldering pump
A desoldering pump is a device which is used to remove solder from a printed
circuit board. There are two types: the plunger style and bulb style. The
plunger style is usually a small, spring-loaded device that sucks the solder off
the soldered connection. It is applied to a heated solder connection. The bulb
style works much like the plunger style, the only difference being that a bulb
is used to create the vacuum. A desoldering iron is a soldering iron with a
desoldering bulb attached to it.
Exercises:
I. Fill the gaps with the correct words:
The desoldering pump is able to remove …..a)….. from a printed circuit
board. There are two types: plunger style and…..b)…… style. The …..c)….
has a spring-loaded device that …..d)…….the solder from a heated solder
connection. The bulb style has a bulb which is used to create the …..e)….
.
II. Choose and mark the right answer
The bulb is used to:
a) cut the connection
b) heat the solder
c) create vacuum

11. III. Translate the lesson in Romanian language
Glossary:
desoldering
printed circuit
board
bulb
sucks
dezlipire
circuit imprimat
placa
bulb
aspira
Answers to the previous tasks:
IV. a-solder, b-bulb, c-plunger, d-sucks, e-vacuum
V. c
VI.Pompa de dezlipit este un dispozitiv care este folosit pentru
indepartarea lipiturii de pe o placa de circuite imprimate. Ele sunt de
doua tipuri, de tip piston si de tip bulb. Cele de tip piston sunt de
obicei mici, actionate printr-un arc care absoarbe sudura de pe
conexiune. Este folosita la o conexiune sudata incalzita. Cea de tip
bulb functioneaza ca cea de tip piston, singura diferenta fiind faptul
ca este folosit un bulb pentru a creea vidul. Un dispozitiv de dezlipit
este un dispozitiv de lipit cu un bulb de dezlipit atasat.

12. Electric apparatus
Lesson 7: Role of the fuse
A fuse was patented by Thomas Edison in 1890. The essential component of
the fuse is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows, which
interrupts the circuit in which it is connected. Device failure or short circuit
overload is often the reason for excessive current.
A fuse interrupts excessive
current so that further
damage by overheating or
fire is prevented.
Overcurrent protection devices are very important in electrical systems to limit
threats to human life and property damage. Fuses are selected to allow
passage of normal current and of excessive current, only for short periods.
Gramar:
Articles : Use an only before a, e, i, o, and u. For the others use a.
Fill in the blanks:
1. The main component of the fuse is ….metal wire.
2. Wiring regulations often define …. maximum fuse current rating for
particular circuits.
3. …. fuse is selected to allow passage of normal current and of
excessive current only for short periods.
Exercises:
I. Fill the gaps with the correct words:
Recommended words or expressions: short, wire, overcurrent, interrupt
A metal ___a) ___or strip that melts when too much current flows is the main
component of the fuse. The reasons for excessive current are device failure
or ___b) ___ circuit overload. Fuses are selected to allow passage of normal
current and to ____c)____ the excessive current. Devices which provide
protection against ____d)____are able to limit threats to human life and
property damage.

13. II. Choose and mark the right answer
Fuses are selected to:
a) Allow passage of overcurrent
b) Increase the value of electric resistance
c) To interrupt the excessive current
III. Translate the lesson in Romanian language
Glossary:
wire
failure
short circuit
threats
damage
allow
passage
fir
defect
scurtcircuit
vatamari
stricaciune, deteriorare
permite
trecerea
Answers to the previous tasks:
V. a-short, b-wire, c-interrupt, d-overcurrent
VI.c
III. Siguranta a fost patentata de catre Thomas Edison in 1890.
Componenta esentiala a unei sigurante este un fir metalic sau banda, care se
topeste cand trece un curent prea mare, care intrerupe circuitul in care este
conectat. Defectarea aparatului sau scurtcircuitul este adeseori motivul
pentru un curent excesiv. Dispozitivele de protectie la scurtcircuit sunt foarte
importante in circuitele electrice pentru limitarea vatamarii vietii umane si
distrugerea proprietatii.

14. Measuring apparatus.
Lesson 8: Oscilloscopes
In recent years besides standard classic analogical oscilloscope, began to be
used other types of oscilloscopes based on advanced technologies. These
digital oscilloscopes category, include memory oscilloscopes (DSOs-digital
Storage Oscilloscopes), phosphor oscilloscopes (phosphor Digital
Oscilloscopes-DPOs) and the sampling oscilloscope (sampling
Oscilloscopes). In contrast to analogical oscilloscope, digital oscilloscope
uses an analogical-digital converter to convert the measured size of digital
information. It retains a waveform as a series of samples, and stores the
samples until they accumulate enough samples to describe the measured
signal. Using digital conversion allows the oscilloscope to display any
frequency in the field, with high stability, brightness and clarity.
Exercises:
I. Fill the gaps with the correct words:
Recommended words or expressions: conversion, waveform, signal,
analogical-digital
Digital oscilloscope uses an ____a)____converter. It retains a ____b)____as
a series of samples. The measured____c)_____is described by using enough
samples. Digital ____d)____allows the oscilloscope to display any frequency
in the field, with high stability, brightness and clarity.
II. Appreciate with True and False the next propositions:
1. Analogical-digital converter converts the measured size of digital
information in analogical signal.
2. Analogical oscilloscopes store the sample.
3. Digital oscilloscopes accumulate enough samples to describe the
measured signal.

15. III. Translate the lesson in Romanian language
Glossary:
sample
store
digital
stability
brightness
clarity
esantion
inmagazineaza
numeric
stabilitate
stralucire
claritate
Answers to the previous tasks:
VII.a-analogical-digital, b-waveform, c-signal, d-conversion
VIII.1-T, 2-F, 3-T
III. In ultimii ani pe langa osciloscopul analogic standard, au inceput sa fie
utilizate alte tipuri de osciloscoape bazate pe tehnologii avansate. Aceste
categorii de osciloscoape digitale includ osciloscoape cu memorie (DSOsdigital Storage Oscilloscopes), osciloscoape cu fosfor (phosphor Digital
Oscilloscopes-DPOs) si osciloscop cu esantionare (sampling Oscilloscopes).
In contrast cu osciloscopul analogic, osciloscopul digital utilizeaza un
convertor analogic digital pentru a converti marimea masurata a informatiei
digitale. Acesta retine o forma semnalului ca o serie de esantioane, si
inmagazineaza esantioanele pana cand sunt acumulate suficiente pentru
descrierea semnalului masurat. Utilizarea conversiei digitale permite
osciloscopului sa afiseze orice frecventa in domeniu, cu mare stabilitate,
stralucire si claritate.

16. Measuring apparatus
Lesson 9:
Digital memory oscilloscope (DSO-Digital Storage Oscilloscope)
A digital oscilloscope is generally known as a memory oscilloscope. It allows
storing information on the signal waveform measured as binary. For this
reason it may make a series of operations such as signal analysis, its
storage, printing or other, through oscilloscope or through external computer
system (PC) coupled to it. The signal can be viewed even after he
disappeared. Among other facilities oscilloscope with memory allows the
capture and view events that happen only once, known as transient events.
Compared with analogical oscilloscope allows a permanent signal storage
and visualization but instead may not always show the real time variation of
the measured signal.
Exercises:
I. Fill the gaps with the correct words:
Recommended words or expressions: oscilloscope, computer, analysis,
binary.
The signal waveform measured by a digital oscilloscope is stored as ___a)
____The stored information allows to make a signal ___b) ___, printing or
other facilities. These operations may be implemented through ___c)____or
through external ___d)___ system coupled to it.
II. Appreciate with True and False the next propositions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Analogical oscilloscopes are able to make a signal analysis.
Digital oscilloscope may store the binary information.
Analog oscilloscope allows a capture of transient events.
Digital oscilloscopes always show the real time variation of the
measured signal.

17. III. Translate the lesson in Romanian language
Glossary:
binary
capture
once
transient
analysis
binar
captura
o data
tranzitoriu
analiza
Answers to the previous tasks:
IX.a-binary, b-analysis, c- oscilloscope, d- computer
X. 1-T, 2T-, 3-F, 4-F.
III. Un osciloscop digital este cunoscut in general ca un osciloscop cu
memorie. Acesta permite inmagazinarea binara a informatiilor despre forma
de unda a semnalelor. Din acest motiv osciloscopul digital poate face o serie
de operatii ca analiza semnalului, inmagazinarea acestuia, tiparirea sau
altele, prin intermediul osciloscopului sau printr-un sistem de calcul extern
(PC) cuplat la acesta. Semanlul poate fi vazut chiar dupa ce a disparut.
Printre alte facilitati osciloscopul cu memorie permite captura si vizionarea
unor evenimente care se petrec doar odata, cunoscute ca evenimente
tranzitorii. Comparativ cu osciloscopul analogic permite o permanenta stocare
si vizualizare a semnalului, insa nu ar putea sa arate intotdeauna variatia in
timp real a semnalului masurat.
Recapitulative Lesson
Recap. Fill in the boxes answering the questions.
1) The device used for removable connecting electrically operated devices to a
power supply is called __________plug.
2) Used for measuring electrical potential difference between two points in an
electric circuit
3) Used for measuring electric current in a circuit.
4) Electronic device that stores electric energy
5) The hand tool commonly used for soldering is called soldering _______
6) Used to put in and tighten screws
7) Used for measuring electric power

18. Solving the task: