2. IMRAD FORMAT
IMRaD is an acronym for
Introduction – Method –
Results – and – Discussion.
The IMRaD format is a way of
structuring a scientific article.
It is often used in healthcare
and the natural sciences.
Unlike theses in the social
sciences, the IMRaD format
does not include a separate
theory chapter.
3. IMRAD FORMAT
IMRAD format is too distinct from
the traditional 5 chapter format of
research. Yet, this is more often
used now in international research
writing and publication. Most
universities are now adopting this
format so as introduced in the
senior high school and college for
advanced knowledge and
preparation for possible
curriculum exits.
4. IMRAD FORMAT
1. INTRODUCTION
• Description and context of the
study
• Reason for conducting the study
• How the results could be used in
action to be taken by the
respondents
5. IMRAD FORMAT
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
• Key issues which underlie the research
• Major findings, problems identified, recommendations, and
questions raised in previous researches
• Main points of view and controversies;
• Critical evaluation of these views, their strengths and weaknesses;
• General conclusions from the research papers found;
• What research still needs to be done;
• What knowledge gaps remain that the study will aim to fill
6. IMRAD FORMAT
A. RESEARCH DESIGN
• Statistical Method that will be employed
in the study
B. PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY
• Who will participate in the research
• Number of People
• Characteristics of the participants/sample
• Sampling procedure
7. IMRAD FORMAT
C. INSTRUMENTS USED
• Various Instruments
• Procedures for Data Collection
D. RESEARCH PROCEDURE
• Process on how the study will be done
• Identification of ethical concerns that could possibly emanate from the
conduct of research, and discussion on how to prevent these from taking
place.
• Securing free prior and informed consent from the respondents and/or
parents and guardians learners;
• Issues of confidentiality and anonymity.
8. IMRAD FORMAT
E. DATA ANALYSIS
• How the data will be analyzed and reported
• Qualitative and/ or quantitative methods used in analyzing the data.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
VI. REFERENCES
