Computers evolved from mechanical calculating devices to today's powerful machines. Originally, "computers" referred to people who performed calculations, not machines. Early mechanical computers were followed by first generation vacuum tube computers that were large and power-intensive. The introduction of transistors in the 1950s led to smaller, more efficient second generation computers. Programming languages continued to develop, making computers easier to use.

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COMPUTERS
THEN,
TODAY,AND
TOMORROW

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Computers were born not for
entertainment or email but
out of a need to solve a
serious number-crunching
crisis. In early days, the word
“computer” was not even
used to refer to the machines
that we have known today.
Instead, it was used to refer
to a person who did
calculations.

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The following brief history
of computing is a timeline
of how computers evolved
from their humble
beginnings to the machines
of today that surf the
Internet, play games and
stream multimedia in
addition to crunching
numbers
Today, we carry more
computing power on our
smartphones than was
available in these early
models.

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Abacus a calculating
tool to count, add,
subtract, multiply
and more.:
EARLY COMPUTER

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Difference engine
Difference engine is an
automatic mechanical
calculator designed to
tabulate polynomial
functions.

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First-generation computers
used vacuum tubes. These
tubes looked like long light
bulbs and they controlled the
flow of electricity in a
computer. Due to the use of
vacuum tubes, the computers
were very big and expensive to
operate because they used a
lot of electricity.
FIRST GENERATION (1937-
1956): Vacuum Tubes
Due to the use of vacuum
tubes, the computers were
very big and expensive to
operate because they used
a lot of electricity.

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Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer (ENIAC
Universal Automatic
Computer (UNIVAC)

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Compared to today’s
computers, first-generation
computers had slow input
and output devices and
could solve one problem at
a time. Input could be
entered with the use of
punch cards and paper
types.
Output, on the other hand,
could be displayed only
through printouts.
The first computers relied
on machine language to
perform operations.

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They were less
expensive, produced a
lot less heat, and
required less energy.
They also increased
processing speed and
reliability.
SECOND GENERATION
(1956-1963): Transistors
Transistors replaced big
vacuum tubes and ushered
in the second generation of
computers. Transistors
were 200 times smaller
than vacuum tubes but
more long-lasting.

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IBM 7030, also known as
Stretch, was the fastest
computer in the world in
1961.
Transistors used in second
generation computers

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Symbolic machine
languages or assembly
languages replaced
machine languages. This
allowed the programmer
to specify instructions in
words for instruction
operations and symbolic
names for storage
locations or stored
variables.
Programming
languages, such as
COBOL (Common
Business Oriented
Language) and FORTRAN
(Formula Translator),
were also being
developed this time.