The National Leprosy Eradication Programme was launched in India in 1983 with the goal of reducing leprosy prevalence to less than 1 case per 10,000 people. Key strategies included early detection of cases, providing multi-drug therapy, disability prevention, and health education. Through these efforts, prevalence reduced dramatically from 57/10,000 in 1981 to 3.74/10,000 in 2001. The program was also aimed at integrating leprosy services into the general healthcare system to achieve elimination at the national level by 2005. Monitoring and research helped evaluate progress and identify areas needing improvement.
National Leprosy Eradication Programme
Date of creation- Feb 2019
Authors - Dr. Madhushree Acharya, Junior Resident, Community Medicine and Family Medicine, AIIMS Bhubaneswar; Dr. Durgesh Prasad Sahoo, Senior Resident, Community Medicine and Family Medicine, AIIMS Bhubaneswar
It is a chronic infectious disease caused by M. leprae, which mainly affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosa. It has left a legacy of social stigma. Global statistics from 2001 show South East Asia has the highest prevalence, with India reporting the most cases. The goal of leprosy programs is elimination by reducing prevalence to less than 1 per 10,000 by 2000, which can be achieved by making multi-drug therapy accessible and treating all cases to interrupt transmission. Diagnosis is based on skin lesions and sensory loss. Multi-drug therapy is highly effective and cures leprosy by treating for a fixed duration.
The National Leprosy Eradication Programme aims to eliminate leprosy in India through decentralized integrated leprosy services in the general healthcare system. Early detection and complete treatment of new leprosy cases is carried out, along with household contact surveys and involvement of Accredited Social Health Activists. Multidrug therapy is highly effective at curing patients in 6-12 months depending on the form of leprosy. Challenges remain in fully eliminating leprosy due to hidden cases continuing to spread infection, late detection, poor treatment completion, stigma, and limited awareness and expertise in some areas.
Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and primarily affects nerves, skin, and mucous membranes. It is diagnosed based on physical exam findings and confirmation via biopsy or skin smear. Treatment involves multidrug therapy with dapsone, rifampin, and clofazimine over 12-24 months depending on classification. Complications include reactions, eye damage, and neurological issues leading to deformities. Prevention focuses on early diagnosis and treatment to avoid transmission.
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It mainly affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosa. The goal of leprosy elimination programs is to reduce the prevalence rate to less than 1 per 10,000 people. Multi drug therapy (MDT) is highly effective in curing leprosy and reducing transmission by interrupting disease activity in all known cases. Integrating leprosy services into general healthcare helps ensure all cases receive timely treatment to prevent disabilities and further transmission. Monitoring prevalence and detection rates is important to assess program progress toward elimination goals.
This document provides information on leprosy including:
1) Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that mainly affects the skin, nerves, and respiratory tract.
2) Global prevalence rates for 2001 show South East Asia had the highest burden with 488,333 cases.
3) Multi-drug therapy (MDT) is the recommended treatment, with regimens depending on classification as paucibacillary (PB) or multibacillary (MB).
4) Integration of leprosy services into general healthcare aims to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment to prevent disabilities.
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves. Left untreated, it can cause permanent damage to the skin, nerves, limbs, and eyes. It is classified clinically into three main types based on immunity - indeterminate leprosy, borderline tuberculoid leprosy, and borderline lepromatous leprosy. Treatment involves multidrug therapy with dapsone, clofazimine, rifampin and ofloxacin to kill the bacteria and prevent further nerve damage and disability. Reactions during treatment called lepra reactions can cause worsening of symptoms and are managed with anti-inflammatory drugs. Prevention
Leprosy presentation uploaded by Samrat GurungSamrat Gurung
1) Leprosy is a chronic disease caused by bacteria that mainly affects the skin and nerves. It is transmitted via droplets from the nose and mouth during prolonged contact with untreated cases.
2) Leprosy can be classified based on clinical manifestations and skin smear results as paucibacillary or multibacillary. Multidrug therapy introduced in 1981 consisting of dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine cures patients.
3) Nepal has achieved the goal of eliminating leprosy as a public health problem but still faces challenges of sustaining achievements and further reducing disease burden through quality leprosy services while addressing social stigma.
National Leprosy Eradication Programme
Date of creation- Feb 2019
Authors - Dr. Madhushree Acharya, Junior Resident, Community Medicine and Family Medicine, AIIMS Bhubaneswar; Dr. Durgesh Prasad Sahoo, Senior Resident, Community Medicine and Family Medicine, AIIMS Bhubaneswar
It is a chronic infectious disease caused by M. leprae, which mainly affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosa. It has left a legacy of social stigma. Global statistics from 2001 show South East Asia has the highest prevalence, with India reporting the most cases. The goal of leprosy programs is elimination by reducing prevalence to less than 1 per 10,000 by 2000, which can be achieved by making multi-drug therapy accessible and treating all cases to interrupt transmission. Diagnosis is based on skin lesions and sensory loss. Multi-drug therapy is highly effective and cures leprosy by treating for a fixed duration.
The National Leprosy Eradication Programme aims to eliminate leprosy in India through decentralized integrated leprosy services in the general healthcare system. Early detection and complete treatment of new leprosy cases is carried out, along with household contact surveys and involvement of Accredited Social Health Activists. Multidrug therapy is highly effective at curing patients in 6-12 months depending on the form of leprosy. Challenges remain in fully eliminating leprosy due to hidden cases continuing to spread infection, late detection, poor treatment completion, stigma, and limited awareness and expertise in some areas.
Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and primarily affects nerves, skin, and mucous membranes. It is diagnosed based on physical exam findings and confirmation via biopsy or skin smear. Treatment involves multidrug therapy with dapsone, rifampin, and clofazimine over 12-24 months depending on classification. Complications include reactions, eye damage, and neurological issues leading to deformities. Prevention focuses on early diagnosis and treatment to avoid transmission.
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It mainly affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosa. The goal of leprosy elimination programs is to reduce the prevalence rate to less than 1 per 10,000 people. Multi drug therapy (MDT) is highly effective in curing leprosy and reducing transmission by interrupting disease activity in all known cases. Integrating leprosy services into general healthcare helps ensure all cases receive timely treatment to prevent disabilities and further transmission. Monitoring prevalence and detection rates is important to assess program progress toward elimination goals.
This document provides information on leprosy including:
1) Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that mainly affects the skin, nerves, and respiratory tract.
2) Global prevalence rates for 2001 show South East Asia had the highest burden with 488,333 cases.
3) Multi-drug therapy (MDT) is the recommended treatment, with regimens depending on classification as paucibacillary (PB) or multibacillary (MB).
4) Integration of leprosy services into general healthcare aims to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment to prevent disabilities.
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves. Left untreated, it can cause permanent damage to the skin, nerves, limbs, and eyes. It is classified clinically into three main types based on immunity - indeterminate leprosy, borderline tuberculoid leprosy, and borderline lepromatous leprosy. Treatment involves multidrug therapy with dapsone, clofazimine, rifampin and ofloxacin to kill the bacteria and prevent further nerve damage and disability. Reactions during treatment called lepra reactions can cause worsening of symptoms and are managed with anti-inflammatory drugs. Prevention
Leprosy presentation uploaded by Samrat GurungSamrat Gurung
1) Leprosy is a chronic disease caused by bacteria that mainly affects the skin and nerves. It is transmitted via droplets from the nose and mouth during prolonged contact with untreated cases.
2) Leprosy can be classified based on clinical manifestations and skin smear results as paucibacillary or multibacillary. Multidrug therapy introduced in 1981 consisting of dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine cures patients.
3) Nepal has achieved the goal of eliminating leprosy as a public health problem but still faces challenges of sustaining achievements and further reducing disease burden through quality leprosy services while addressing social stigma.
1) The NLEP was launched in 1983 to eliminate leprosy infections in India using Multi Drug Therapy (MDT), replacing the earlier National Leprosy Control Program (NLCP) since 1955. 2) The World Bank supported the NLEP with two projects from 1993-2000 and 2001-2002 to help eliminate leprosy nationally. 3) By 2005, cases had declined enough for NLEP to declare its goal of eliminating leprosy at the national level, focusing remaining efforts on 209 high endemic districts.
Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and M. lepromatosis bacteria, which mainly affect the skin, mucus membranes, and nerves. It is classified based on the Ridley-Jopling system and can be paucibacillary or multibacillary. Leprosy is curable through multidrug therapy recommended by the WHO, which combines dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine. Nepal still has a significant number of new leprosy cases each year, particularly in the Terai region bordering India, though rates have decreased overall.
A PRESENTATION ON- NATIONAL LEPROSY CONTROL PROGRAM AYANSH SINGH.pptxAyanshSingh11
This document summarizes information about leprosy (Hansen's disease), including its history, classification, diagnosis, and treatment programs in India. It discusses that leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that affects the skin and nerves. It outlines the National Leprosy Control Program launched in 1955 and the National Leprosy Eradication Program launched in 1983 along with multidrug therapy. The major components and initiatives of NLEP are described, including case detection, treatment completion monitoring, and disability prevention. Diagnosis criteria and the role of ASHAs in detecting cases through local campaigns are also summarized.
The document summarizes leprosy, a contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae bacteria that affects the skin and nerves. It describes the classification, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, multidrug treatment recommendations from the WHO, and strategies of India's National Leprosy Elimination Programme to detect and manage leprosy cases through education, short-term multidrug therapy, and rehabilitation.
COMPLICATIONS OF LEPROSY & ITS MANAGEMENTKushal kumar
This document discusses leprosy (Hansen's disease), including its types, symptoms, complications, treatment, and rehabilitation. It covers the types of leprosy reactions (Type I and II), as well as the specific reaction erythema nodosum leprosum. Disabilities caused by leprosy are described, including paralytic deformities and anesthetic deformities. The adverse effects of anti-leprotic drugs are listed. It also summarizes the milestones of India's National Leprosy Eradication Program and concludes by stating that modern medicine has cured most of the world of leprosy, though it remains a problem in some undeveloped countries.
"A Study of Clinical Profile of Leprosy in Post Leprosy Elimination Era"iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This document summarizes information on tuberculosis (TB), the National Tuberculosis Program (NTP), and strategies for controlling TB in the Philippines. It states that TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is transmitted through infectious droplets from coughing, sneezing, talking, or singing. The NTP achieved global targets for TB case detection and treatment success rates. However, emerging issues like drug resistance and co-morbidities need to be addressed to prevent further transmission. The program aims to reduce variations in performance, scale up coverage of DOTS implementation, and reduce out-of-pocket expenses for quality TB services.
This document provides information on antileprotic drugs used to treat leprosy. It begins with an introduction to leprosy and classification systems. It then discusses individual drugs like dapsone, clofazimine, rifampin and ethionamide, covering their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse drug reactions and uses. Multidrug therapy is the standard recommended treatment, using combinations of drugs over 6-12 months depending on the type of leprosy. Reactions like type 1 and type 2 are described along with treatments for these reactions.
This document provides information on tuberculosis (TB) and its management. It discusses how India has a high burden of TB cases, accounting for 27% of global cases. It also notes that multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) has been reported in over 120 countries. Diagnosis involves bacteriological tests and radiography. Treatment involves a combination of first-line drugs like isoniazid and rifampin, as well as preventive measures and vaccination with BCG. Drug resistance is a major challenge, with estimates of MDR-TB and extensively drug-resistant TB cases on the rise in India.
The document summarizes information about leprosy (Hansen's disease), including:
- It was discovered in 1873 that leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae, the first bacterium identified as a human pathogen.
- It is a chronic infection that affects the skin and nerves, causing loss of sensation and deformities.
- While still prevalent in some tropical parts of Africa and Asia, global prevalence has declined significantly from 21.2 cases per 10,000 in 1985 to 0.32 cases per 10,000 in 2014.
- India remains one of the most affected countries but has also seen huge reductions in prevalence.
This document discusses a case of leprosy in pregnancy. It begins by providing background on leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It then presents the case of a 23-year-old pregnant woman in her third trimester who presented with a hypopigmented skin patch on her knee. Examination found sensory impairment but no other signs. Tests showed no anemia. She was diagnosed with tuberculoid leprosy. Treatment began with the paucibacillary regimen, but was switched to the multibacillary regimen after pregnancy confirmation. Risks of leprosy to the fetus include prematurity, demise, and low birthweight. Treatment during pregnancy with multidrug therapy is
This document summarizes leprosy, including its causes, symptoms, history, classification, treatment, and the national leprosy eradication program in India. It discusses how leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae, affects the skin and nerves, and was recognized in ancient civilizations. Multidrug therapy provided through the WHO has largely cured the 16 million cases treated over 20 years. The national program in India focuses on case detection, treatment, prevention, and social stigma reduction through various strategies including modified leprosy campaigns and special action projects.
This document discusses the antileprotics drug dapsone, which is used to treat leprosy. It provides information on dapsone's mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, contraindications, dosage, adverse effects, and the nurse's responsibilities regarding administration and monitoring. Dapsone is bactericidal and bacteriostatic against Mycobacterium leprae by inhibiting bacterial folic acid synthesis. Nurses must monitor patients for therapeutic effectiveness and adverse effects like hemolysis and monitor lab tests accordingly.
This document provides information about yaws, a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum pertenue. It is transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact. Yaws primarily affects children in tropical regions. Clinical manifestations range from non-destructive skin lesions to late stage lesions that can be disfiguring. Treatment with single dose antibiotics can cure infections. WHO aims to eradicate yaws globally by 2020 through mass treatment campaigns and surveillance programs. India eliminated indigenous yaws transmission in 2004.
Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It mainly affects the skin and nerves. The global registered prevalence of leprosy in 2006 was 219,826 cases, with India reporting 1.34 lakh new cases in 2008-09. Key milestones in India's efforts to eliminate leprosy included establishing the National Leprosy Eradication Program in 1983 and introducing multidrug therapy. The program's objectives are to integrate leprosy services into general healthcare and eliminate leprosy at the national level. It utilizes strategies such as early detection, regular treatment, awareness campaigns, and medical rehabilitation.
ECT, or electroconvulsive therapy, was developed in the 1930s as a psychiatric treatment that induces seizures through electrical stimulation of the brain under anesthesia. It is used to treat severe mental illnesses such as major depression. The document discusses the history and development of ECT, how it works, when it is indicated, contraindications, administration procedures, types of ECT, side effects, and the nursing care involved before, during, and after treatment. ECT remains a widely used and generally safe treatment option for severe and treatment-resistant psychiatric conditions.
An outbreak investigation involves 10 main steps: 1) confirming the existence of an outbreak, 2) verifying the diagnosis and determining the cause, 3) developing a case definition and finding additional cases, 4) describing the outbreak in terms of time, place, and people, 5) testing hypotheses through analytical studies, 6) conducting environmental and other studies, 7) establishing the causes, 8) reporting findings and recommendations to authorities, 9) disseminating information, and 10) following up to ensure control measures are implemented. The goal is to control the current outbreak, prevent future outbreaks, and improve disease surveillance and public health systems.
1) The NLEP was launched in 1983 to eliminate leprosy infections in India using Multi Drug Therapy (MDT), replacing the earlier National Leprosy Control Program (NLCP) since 1955. 2) The World Bank supported the NLEP with two projects from 1993-2000 and 2001-2002 to help eliminate leprosy nationally. 3) By 2005, cases had declined enough for NLEP to declare its goal of eliminating leprosy at the national level, focusing remaining efforts on 209 high endemic districts.
Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and M. lepromatosis bacteria, which mainly affect the skin, mucus membranes, and nerves. It is classified based on the Ridley-Jopling system and can be paucibacillary or multibacillary. Leprosy is curable through multidrug therapy recommended by the WHO, which combines dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine. Nepal still has a significant number of new leprosy cases each year, particularly in the Terai region bordering India, though rates have decreased overall.
A PRESENTATION ON- NATIONAL LEPROSY CONTROL PROGRAM AYANSH SINGH.pptxAyanshSingh11
This document summarizes information about leprosy (Hansen's disease), including its history, classification, diagnosis, and treatment programs in India. It discusses that leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that affects the skin and nerves. It outlines the National Leprosy Control Program launched in 1955 and the National Leprosy Eradication Program launched in 1983 along with multidrug therapy. The major components and initiatives of NLEP are described, including case detection, treatment completion monitoring, and disability prevention. Diagnosis criteria and the role of ASHAs in detecting cases through local campaigns are also summarized.
The document summarizes leprosy, a contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae bacteria that affects the skin and nerves. It describes the classification, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, multidrug treatment recommendations from the WHO, and strategies of India's National Leprosy Elimination Programme to detect and manage leprosy cases through education, short-term multidrug therapy, and rehabilitation.
COMPLICATIONS OF LEPROSY & ITS MANAGEMENTKushal kumar
This document discusses leprosy (Hansen's disease), including its types, symptoms, complications, treatment, and rehabilitation. It covers the types of leprosy reactions (Type I and II), as well as the specific reaction erythema nodosum leprosum. Disabilities caused by leprosy are described, including paralytic deformities and anesthetic deformities. The adverse effects of anti-leprotic drugs are listed. It also summarizes the milestones of India's National Leprosy Eradication Program and concludes by stating that modern medicine has cured most of the world of leprosy, though it remains a problem in some undeveloped countries.
"A Study of Clinical Profile of Leprosy in Post Leprosy Elimination Era"iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This document summarizes information on tuberculosis (TB), the National Tuberculosis Program (NTP), and strategies for controlling TB in the Philippines. It states that TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is transmitted through infectious droplets from coughing, sneezing, talking, or singing. The NTP achieved global targets for TB case detection and treatment success rates. However, emerging issues like drug resistance and co-morbidities need to be addressed to prevent further transmission. The program aims to reduce variations in performance, scale up coverage of DOTS implementation, and reduce out-of-pocket expenses for quality TB services.
This document provides information on antileprotic drugs used to treat leprosy. It begins with an introduction to leprosy and classification systems. It then discusses individual drugs like dapsone, clofazimine, rifampin and ethionamide, covering their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse drug reactions and uses. Multidrug therapy is the standard recommended treatment, using combinations of drugs over 6-12 months depending on the type of leprosy. Reactions like type 1 and type 2 are described along with treatments for these reactions.
This document provides information on tuberculosis (TB) and its management. It discusses how India has a high burden of TB cases, accounting for 27% of global cases. It also notes that multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) has been reported in over 120 countries. Diagnosis involves bacteriological tests and radiography. Treatment involves a combination of first-line drugs like isoniazid and rifampin, as well as preventive measures and vaccination with BCG. Drug resistance is a major challenge, with estimates of MDR-TB and extensively drug-resistant TB cases on the rise in India.
The document summarizes information about leprosy (Hansen's disease), including:
- It was discovered in 1873 that leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae, the first bacterium identified as a human pathogen.
- It is a chronic infection that affects the skin and nerves, causing loss of sensation and deformities.
- While still prevalent in some tropical parts of Africa and Asia, global prevalence has declined significantly from 21.2 cases per 10,000 in 1985 to 0.32 cases per 10,000 in 2014.
- India remains one of the most affected countries but has also seen huge reductions in prevalence.
This document discusses a case of leprosy in pregnancy. It begins by providing background on leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It then presents the case of a 23-year-old pregnant woman in her third trimester who presented with a hypopigmented skin patch on her knee. Examination found sensory impairment but no other signs. Tests showed no anemia. She was diagnosed with tuberculoid leprosy. Treatment began with the paucibacillary regimen, but was switched to the multibacillary regimen after pregnancy confirmation. Risks of leprosy to the fetus include prematurity, demise, and low birthweight. Treatment during pregnancy with multidrug therapy is
This document summarizes leprosy, including its causes, symptoms, history, classification, treatment, and the national leprosy eradication program in India. It discusses how leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae, affects the skin and nerves, and was recognized in ancient civilizations. Multidrug therapy provided through the WHO has largely cured the 16 million cases treated over 20 years. The national program in India focuses on case detection, treatment, prevention, and social stigma reduction through various strategies including modified leprosy campaigns and special action projects.
This document discusses the antileprotics drug dapsone, which is used to treat leprosy. It provides information on dapsone's mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, contraindications, dosage, adverse effects, and the nurse's responsibilities regarding administration and monitoring. Dapsone is bactericidal and bacteriostatic against Mycobacterium leprae by inhibiting bacterial folic acid synthesis. Nurses must monitor patients for therapeutic effectiveness and adverse effects like hemolysis and monitor lab tests accordingly.
This document provides information about yaws, a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum pertenue. It is transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact. Yaws primarily affects children in tropical regions. Clinical manifestations range from non-destructive skin lesions to late stage lesions that can be disfiguring. Treatment with single dose antibiotics can cure infections. WHO aims to eradicate yaws globally by 2020 through mass treatment campaigns and surveillance programs. India eliminated indigenous yaws transmission in 2004.
Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It mainly affects the skin and nerves. The global registered prevalence of leprosy in 2006 was 219,826 cases, with India reporting 1.34 lakh new cases in 2008-09. Key milestones in India's efforts to eliminate leprosy included establishing the National Leprosy Eradication Program in 1983 and introducing multidrug therapy. The program's objectives are to integrate leprosy services into general healthcare and eliminate leprosy at the national level. It utilizes strategies such as early detection, regular treatment, awareness campaigns, and medical rehabilitation.
ECT, or electroconvulsive therapy, was developed in the 1930s as a psychiatric treatment that induces seizures through electrical stimulation of the brain under anesthesia. It is used to treat severe mental illnesses such as major depression. The document discusses the history and development of ECT, how it works, when it is indicated, contraindications, administration procedures, types of ECT, side effects, and the nursing care involved before, during, and after treatment. ECT remains a widely used and generally safe treatment option for severe and treatment-resistant psychiatric conditions.
An outbreak investigation involves 10 main steps: 1) confirming the existence of an outbreak, 2) verifying the diagnosis and determining the cause, 3) developing a case definition and finding additional cases, 4) describing the outbreak in terms of time, place, and people, 5) testing hypotheses through analytical studies, 6) conducting environmental and other studies, 7) establishing the causes, 8) reporting findings and recommendations to authorities, 9) disseminating information, and 10) following up to ensure control measures are implemented. The goal is to control the current outbreak, prevent future outbreaks, and improve disease surveillance and public health systems.
Fistulas are abnormal connections between organs or tissues. An anal fistula is a small tunnel connecting the anus to the skin around the anus. About 50% are caused by anorectal abscesses. There are several types including anorectal, rectovaginal, and colovaginal fistulas. Diagnosis involves a physical exam, imaging like MRI, and procedures like anoscopy. Treatment depends on location and severity, and may include antibiotics, surgery like fistulotomy or LIFT procedure to remove the fistula.
An anal fissure is a small tear or ulcer in the lining of the anal canal that causes pain during bowel movements. It is often caused by constipation or hard stools that stretch the anal canal. The most common symptoms are a sharp pain during bowel movements and bleeding. Treatment focuses on softening stools, applying topical medications, and relaxing the anal sphincter muscle. Surgery is an option for chronic cases that do not improve. Lifestyle changes like a high fiber diet, drinking water, and warm baths can help prevent recurrence.
This document discusses dispensing in pharmacy practice. Dispensing involves interpreting prescriptions to supply appropriate medicines to patients. It describes the key activities in dispensing like receiving prescriptions, checking for completeness and legality, filling prescriptions, and providing directions for patients. It emphasizes the importance of a well-organized dispensing environment and carefully checking prescriptions to avoid errors due to illegibility or similar drug names. Dispensers must concentrate to ensure the correct medicines are accurately dispensed.
1. The document defines key epidemiological terms like epidemic, outbreak, endemic, pandemic, herd immunity, incubation period, and quarantine. It also describes different types of epidemics such as point source, propagated, and continuous exposure epidemics.
2. The stages of outbreak investigation are outlined which include verifying the diagnosis, confirming the outbreak, defining the population at risk, conducting a rapid search for cases, analyzing the data, formulating hypotheses, and reporting findings.
3. Trigger levels for different diseases are discussed to determine the appropriate response level based on the number and severity of cases. Line listing of cases is also described as a tool to collect epidemiological information during an outbreak investigation.
Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix, a small pouch connected to the large intestine. It most often affects people between ages 10-30. Symptoms include pain in the lower right abdomen that worsens over time and becomes severe. A physical exam and tests like a CT scan can diagnose appendicitis. Treatment involves antibiotics and surgery to remove the appendix (appendectomy), which is usually performed laparoscopically. Complications can occur if the appendix ruptures, leading to infection in the abdomen.
Biofeedback is a mind-body technique where electrical pads are used to monitor bodily functions like heart rate and breathing patterns, allowing patients to learn to control these functions. It works by helping patients become aware of bodily sensations and teaches self-regulation skills to promote health and well-being. Biofeedback has been used since the 1970s to treat various conditions like anxiety, headaches, pain, and neurological issues by monitoring shifts in physiology and training patients to adapt their mental and emotional responses.
National programme for blindness control.pptxhemachandra59
The National Programme for Control of Blindness aims to reduce blindness prevalence in India from 1.4% to 0.3% by 2020. It defines blindness as the inability to count fingers from 6 meters away. The main causes of blindness in India are cataract (62%), refractive error (20%), and glaucoma (6%). Key strategies of the program include providing free cataract surgeries and spectacles, screening school children, and raising awareness about eye donation and care.
cookery rules and preservation of nutrientsnagamani-210927112249.pptxhemachandra59
This document discusses cooking methods and their effects on food. It covers various cooking techniques like boiling, steaming, sautéing, etc. and explains how each one works. It also describes the major components of food - carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals - and how cooking affects their structure and digestibility. The key goals of cooking are to enhance flavor, render foods safer and easier to eat, and increase their nutritional value. Proper cooking helps break down tough fibers, soften tissues, and kill harmful bacteria.
Food laws and standards are necessary to protect consumers and ensure fair practices in the food industry. The key food laws and standards in India include the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, Fruit Products Order, Meat Products Control Order, Milk and Milk Products Order, Solvent Extracted Oils Order, and Vegetable Products Control Order. These establish compulsory quality criteria and safety standards. Voluntary standards set by the Bureau of Indian Standards and the Agricultural Produce Grading and Marking Act also promote food quality and grading. Overall, the laws and standards aim to maintain food quality, safeguard consumer health, and prevent exploitation.
This document summarizes the National Iodine Deficiency Disorder Control Programme in India. It discusses that iodine is an essential nutrient needed in small amounts daily, and a deficiency can lead to goiter and other disorders. The Kangra Valley study from 1956-1972 showed that iodizing salt reduced goiter prevalence and led to the establishment of the National Goiter Control Programme in 1962. While initial efforts had low priority and success, renaming it the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme in 1992 and increased awareness of issues like brain damage and child development helped boost the programme. Surveys show rising household use of iodized salt nationwide and in states like Manipur, with prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders
Protein Energies and malnutrition 01.pptxhemachandra59
This document discusses protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), also known as protein calorie malnutrition. PEM is a condition resulting from inadequate protein or calorie intake and can manifest as kwashiorkor or marasmus. Kwashiorkor is characterized by edema and skin changes while marasmus primarily involves muscle wasting. PEM is a major public health problem in India, affecting 30-40% of children under 5. Risk factors include low birth weight, infections like diarrhea, and poor socioeconomic conditions. Treatment involves hospitalization, dietary management, infection control, and parental education to prevent relapse.
Occupational therapy involves using goal-directed activities to help those with psychological, physical, or developmental disabilities improve their skills and quality of life. It aims to promote independence and rehabilitation. Occupational therapists assess patients, develop treatment plans including various activities, and evaluate progress. Treatment is provided in various settings and uses activities to address issues like depression, anxiety, and life skills. The main benefits are helping patients develop, recover, or maintain daily living skills.
This document discusses cooking methods and their effects on food. It covers various cooking techniques like boiling, steaming, sautéing, etc. and explains how each one works. It also describes the major components of food - carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals - and how cooking affects their structure and digestibility. The key goals of cooking are to enhance flavor, render foods safer and easier to eat, and increase their nutritional value. Proper cooking helps break down tough fibers, soften tissues, and kill harmful bacteria.
Food hygiene aims to ensure food is safe for consumption by preventing contamination and spoilage at all stages from production to consumption. It includes hygiene practices for different foods like milk, meat, fish, eggs, fruits and vegetables. Milk can become contaminated during milking, handling or storage and cause diseases. Meat may transmit tapeworms or other parasites if not handled hygienically. Fish spoil quickly so signs of freshness like rigidity and bright gills are important. Eggs can become contaminated through cracked shells. Food handlers must maintain hygiene like clean hands and covering hair to prevent spreading infections. Proper sanitation of food premises is also important for food hygiene.
This document discusses cooking methods and their effects on food. It covers various cooking techniques like boiling, steaming, sautéing, etc. and explains how each one works. It also describes the major components of food - carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals - and how cooking affects their structure and digestibility. The key aims of cooking are to enhance flavor and texture, reduce harmful bacteria, and make food safer and easier to digest. Proper cooking helps maximize the nutrients in foods and preserve them for longer.
Occupational therapy involves using goal-directed activities to help those with disabilities improve their functional independence. An occupational therapist assesses a patient, develops an individualized treatment plan using activities, and evaluates progress. Treatment activities may include tasks like crafts, games, exercise, and social skills training to aid conditions like depression, anxiety, and physical impairments. The overall aim is to help patients increase their ability to participate in daily life activities.
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8. LEPROSY
• “HANSENS” is a chronic infectious
disease caused by Mycobacteriun
leprae.
• It mainly affects the peripheral
nerves.
9. • The disease is characterized by long
incubation period generally 5-7
years.
10. • is classified as paucibacillary or
mulitbacillary, depending on the
bacillary load. Leprosy is a leading cause
of permanent physical disability
• Timely diagnosis and treatment of
cases, before nerve damage has
occurred, is the most effective way of
preventing disability due to leprosy
11. • It also affects skin, muscles, eyes,
bones and internal organs.
• The disease manifests itself in two
polar form.
1.LEPROMATOUS LEPROSY.
2.TUBERCULOID LEPROSY.
12.
13. LEPROMATOUS LEPROSY (LL)
• Early on, cutaneous lesions are small, diffuse and
symmetric (consisting mainly of pale macules).
Later, larger and deeper lesions form and these
contain many bacilli.
• At this point, the skin texture does not
change, and little or no loss of sensation
occurs. The nerves are not thickened. Loss of
eyebrows occurs and then spreads to the
eyelashes and then the trunk, however, scalp
hair remains
14. TUBERCULLOID LEPROSY (TT)
• This form usually presents with large lesions
(hypopigmented and erythematous
macules) which are anesthetic. Infected
nerves often thicken and loose function.
• Progression can occur leading to borderline-
type leprosy and, in rare instances when the
patient goes untreated for many years, the
lepromatous form can develop.
15. INDETERMINATE LEPROSY (IL)
• This is the earliest and mildest form of the
disease. Few numbers of hypopigmented
macules (cutaneous lesions) may occur. Loss
of sensation is rare.
• Most cases progress into a later form,
although patients with strong immunity
may either clear the infection on their own
or persist in this form without progressing.
16. BORDERLINE BORDERLINE
LEPROSY (BB)
• In this form cutaneous lesions are also
present but now they are numerous and
less well defined than those in the
tuberculloid form.
• Anesthesis is less severe than TT. In this
form, the disease may regress, improve
or stay the same.
17. BORDERLINE LEPROMATOUS
LEPROSY (BL)
• Borderline Lepromatous Leprosy (BL)As
with BB, lesions (macule type) are
numerous, however now they may also
consist of papules, plaques, and nodules.
• Punched-out-appearing lesions that look
like inverted saucers are common.
Anesthesia is often absent. As with BB
leprosy, the disease may remain in this
stage, improve, or regress.
21. DIAGNOSIS
• Leprosy diagnosis is usually made
clinically although a laboratory
testing can be important in some
cases.
22. CARDINAL SIGNS
• one or more hypopigmented,
anaesthetic skin patch (often using
photos of typical lesions as a guide).
• one or more thickened peripheral
nerve. Partial or total loss of
cutaneous lesion.
23. • a positive skin smear.
• The most accurate way to diagnose
leprosy is a tissue biopsy. (AFB in
skin or nasal mucosa).
26. • The National Leprosy Eradication
Programme is a centrally sponsored
Health Scheme of the Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of
India.
27. MILESTONES IN NLEP
• 1955 - National Leprosy Control Programme
(NLCP) launched
• 1983 - National Leprosy Eradication
Programme launched
• 1983 - Introduction of Multidrug therapy
(MDT) in Phases
• 2005 - Elimination of Leprosy at National
Level
• 2012 - Special action plan for 209
high endemic districts in 16 States/UTs
28. THE NATIONAL LEPROSY CONTROL
PROGRAMME
• The National Leprosy Control Programme
was launched by the Government of India
in 1955 based on Dapsone Mono therapy.
• Multi Drug Therapy (MDT) came into wide
use from 1982 after which the programme
was re-named as the National Leprosy
Eradication Programme (NLEP) in 1983
29. NATIONAL LEPROSY ERADICATION
PROGRAMME (NLEP)
STRATEGY
1. Early detection through active
surveillance by the trained health
workers
2. Regular treatment of cases by
providing Multi-Drug Therapy (MDT) at
fixed in or centres a nearby village of
moderate to low endemic areas/district;
30. • Intensified health education and
public awareness campaigns to
remove social stigma attached to
the disease; and
• Appropriate medical rehabilitation
and leprosy ulcer care services.
32. GOAL OF NATIONAL HEALTH
POLICY 2002
"Elimination of
Leprosy by 2005“
33.
34. NLEP PHASE II
• PROJECT PHASE II OBJECTIVES
To achieve elimination of leprosy at
national level by the end of the
project
To accomplish integration of leprosy
services with the general health care
system in the 27 low endemic
states/UTs
35. • To proceed with integration of
services as rapidly as possible in
the 8 high endemic states
36. PROJECT PHASE II COMPONENTS
• 1.Decentralisation and Institutional
development
2. Strengthening and integration of
service delivery
3. Disability care and prevention
4. Information Education and
Communication
5. Training
37. STRATEGY - LEPROSY
ELIMINATION IN INDIA
• Decentralized integrated leprosy
services through General Health
Care system.
• Early detection & complete
treatment of new leprosy cases.
38. • Carrying out house hold contact
survey in detection of Multibacillary
(MB) & child cases.
• Early diagnosis & prompt MDT,
through routine and special efforts
• Involvement of Accredited Social
Health Activists (ASHAs) in the
detection & complete treatment of
Leprosy cases for leprosy work
39. • Strengthening of Disability Prevention &
Medical Rehabilitation (DPMR) services.
• Information, Education & Communication
(IEC) activities in the community to
improve self reporting to Primary Health
Centre (PHC) and reduction of stigma.
• Intensive monitoring and supervision at
Primary Health Centre/Community Health
Centre.
40. ELIMINATION STRATEGY
Modified leprosy elimination campaigns (
MLEC): organizing camps for 1 or 2 weeks
duration for case detection, treatment and
referral
Special action projects for the elimination of
leprosy ( SAPEL): initiative for providing
MDT services in special difficult to access
areas or to neglected population groups
42. • Regular treatment of leprosy cases
providing multi- drug therapy( MDT)
at fixed centres near the patient .
• Disability prevention and medical
rehabilitation
43. EARLY DETECTION
Guideline for field detection :
1. Multi-bacillary leprosy is labeled when there
are 6 or more skin patches and/or 2 or more
nerves affected. Skin smear is positive.
2. Paubacillary leprosy is labeled when there 5 or
less than 5 skin lesions and/or 1 more nerve
affected. Skin smear do not show bacilli
44.
45. TREATMENT
Rifampicin is given once a month. No
toxic effects have been reported in
the case of monthly administration.
The urine may be coloured slightly
reddish for a few hours after its
intake, this should be explained to
the patient while starting MDT.
46. • Clofazimine is most active when
administered daily. The drug is well tolerated
and virtually non-toxic in the dosage used for
MDT. The drug causes brownish black
discoloration and dryness of skin.
• However, this disappears within few months
after stopping treatment. This should be
explained to patients starting MDT regimen
for MB leprosy.
47. • Dapsone :This drug is very safe in the dosage
used in MDT and side effects are rare. The
main side effect is allergic reaction, causing
itchy skin rashes and exfoliative dermatitis.
• Patients known to be allergic to any of the
sulpha drugs should not be given dapsone.
48.
49. MDT DOSE FOR MULTI-BACILLARY
LEPROSY
Adult Child 10-14 yrs. Child 6-9 yrs.
Day 1 Day 1 Day 1
Supervised monthly
treatment
Supervised monthly
treatment
Supervised monthly
treatment
Rifampicin 600mg Rifampicin 450mg Rifampicin 300mg
Clofazimine 300mg Clofazimine 150mg Clofazimine 100mg
Depsone 100mg Depsone 50mg Depsone 25mg
Day 2-28 Day 2-28 Day 2-28
Daily Clofazimine 50
mg
Clofazamine 50 mg Clofaziamine 50 mg
Daily Dapsone 100mg Dapsone 50mg Dapsone 25mg
Regimen of three drugs – Rifampicin, Clofazimine and Dapsone for 12
months; first dose of each month to be given in presence of HW.
50. MULTI- DRUG THERAPY( MDT) FOR
PAUBACILLARY LEPROSY
Adult Child 10-14 yrs. Child 6-9 yrs.
Day 1 Day 1 Day 1
Supervised monthly treatment Supervised monthly
treatment
Supervised monthly treatment
Rifampicin 600mg Rifampicin 450mg Rifampicin 300mg
Dapsone 100mg Dapsone 50mg Dapsone 25mg
Day 2-28 Day 2-28 Day 2-28
Daily Dapsone 100mg Dapsone 50mg Dapsone 25mg
Rifampicin and Dapsone for 6 months provided in blister packs
51. DISABILITY PREVENTION AND
MEDICAL REHABILITATION PLAN
Clients with lepra reactions are adequately
managed so as to prevent occurrence of
disabilities.
Individuals with disabilities due to leprosy are
assisted with care and support to prevent
worsening of their existing disabilities
52. • Individuals with deformities suitable for
correction are provided reconstructive
surgery services through specialized
centers managed by government and
voluntary organizations.
53. MONITORING AND EVALUATION
• The implementation of the programme is
closely monitored so as to detect potential
problems that might impede its progress
and to identify solutions:
promotion of research in the epidemiology of
the disease, including modeling.
development of computerized databases on
leprosy, including data collection, reports and
analysis, estimates and predictions of leprosy
problem trends
54. MONITORING & EVALUATION
AIMS AT
• Promotion of research in the epidemiology of
the disease, including modeling.
• Development of computerized databases on
leprosy (data collection, reports and analysis,
estimates and predictions of leprosy problem
trends)
55. Costing and drug requirements for the
elimination of the disease.
Development of simplified tools for data
collection, including guidelines and
training material, on essential
information for the control of leprosy.