This document outlines Marthe de Graaff's defense presentation for her resource recovery from black water project. The presentation agenda is listed, along with background on water scarcity and the need for nutrient recovery from wastewater. The document then describes the current wastewater treatment process and proposes separating wastewater streams at the source to recover energy, nutrients, and reduce emissions. Details are provided on black water collection and treatment methods involving anaerobic digestion to produce methane, phosphorus recovery through struvite precipitation, and nitrogen removal. Micro-pollutant removal and potential end uses for recovered resources are also discussed.
An explanation of water basics, designed to facilitate an understanding of typical water contaminants. This presentation will be very helpful for those interested in water filtration.
The document discusses different types and causes of water pollution. It describes the water (hydrosphere) that covers most of the Earth's surface and the hydrological cycle that moves water throughout the planet. It then discusses several major causes of water pollution including sewage, excess nutrients from fertilizers, silt from construction sites, organic materials, petroleum, radioactive waste, and increased water temperatures from industrial uses. The sources of water pollution are classified as municipal sources from homes and businesses, industrial sources, and agricultural runoff.
The document discusses the importance of oceans by describing their key features and roles. It notes that oceans cover 71% of the Earth's surface and describes the five major oceanic divisions. It then summarizes some of the key ways oceans are important, including as a source of food and minerals, for transportation routes, producing oxygen, absorbing carbon dioxide, controlling global temperatures and weather patterns through currents, and supporting a wide diversity of life. The document encourages learning more by visiting several listed websites.
This document contains definitions for various terms related to water resources and water pollution including: aquifers, chlorinated hydrocarbons, inorganic fertilizers, desalination, dissolved oxygen, eutrophication, evaporation, floodplains, groundwater, natural capital, natural recharge, nondegradable pollutants, oxygen demanding wastes, point sources, primary and secondary sewage treatment, recharge areas, reliable runoff, salinity, saltwater intrusion, sedimentary rocks, septic tanks, sludge, surface runoff, water pollution, water tables, zones of aeration and saturation, and zoning regulations.
water pollution control and measurmentRekha Kumari
Today we all are facing the biggest problem that is scarcity of drinking water as the level of water is continually decreasing.
In many countries people die because of contaminated water as they do not have any water resources that contain pure water.
The first question comes in mind when we talk about water management is how can we manage water. For this we need some well-planned strategies like if we know the places where heavy rainfall occur, then we can put extra efforts there in order to save water for future use.
The document discusses various sources and types of water pollution. It notes that 70% of available water sources in India are polluted, largely due to untreated domestic waste and sewage. The three primary sources of pollution are identified as point sources like industrial discharge, and non-point sources like agricultural runoff. Key water quality parameters that are affected by pollution include pH, dissolved oxygen, suspended solids, and increased nutrients, heavy metals, and bacteria. Common effects of water pollution include threats to human and ecological health.
The document discusses the hydrosphere, which describes the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet. It notes that the Earth's hydrosphere contains about 1.4 x 1018 tonnes of water, with about 75% of the surface covered by oceans. Other planets like Europa may also have subsurface oceans beneath thick ice layers. The water cycle continuously moves water between oceans, atmosphere, and land via processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection.
Water pollution occurs when bodies of water become contaminated by harmful substances, making the water unfit for its intended use. There are two main types of pollution: point source pollution which comes directly from an identifiable source, and nonpoint source pollution which comes indirectly from diffuse sources like farm runoff. Common causes of water pollution include sewage, excess nutrients from fertilizers which can cause algal blooms, silt from construction sites, and organic waste which reduces oxygen levels in water. A wide variety of chemicals and pathogens can also pollute water supplies and disrupt ecosystems.
An explanation of water basics, designed to facilitate an understanding of typical water contaminants. This presentation will be very helpful for those interested in water filtration.
The document discusses different types and causes of water pollution. It describes the water (hydrosphere) that covers most of the Earth's surface and the hydrological cycle that moves water throughout the planet. It then discusses several major causes of water pollution including sewage, excess nutrients from fertilizers, silt from construction sites, organic materials, petroleum, radioactive waste, and increased water temperatures from industrial uses. The sources of water pollution are classified as municipal sources from homes and businesses, industrial sources, and agricultural runoff.
The document discusses the importance of oceans by describing their key features and roles. It notes that oceans cover 71% of the Earth's surface and describes the five major oceanic divisions. It then summarizes some of the key ways oceans are important, including as a source of food and minerals, for transportation routes, producing oxygen, absorbing carbon dioxide, controlling global temperatures and weather patterns through currents, and supporting a wide diversity of life. The document encourages learning more by visiting several listed websites.
This document contains definitions for various terms related to water resources and water pollution including: aquifers, chlorinated hydrocarbons, inorganic fertilizers, desalination, dissolved oxygen, eutrophication, evaporation, floodplains, groundwater, natural capital, natural recharge, nondegradable pollutants, oxygen demanding wastes, point sources, primary and secondary sewage treatment, recharge areas, reliable runoff, salinity, saltwater intrusion, sedimentary rocks, septic tanks, sludge, surface runoff, water pollution, water tables, zones of aeration and saturation, and zoning regulations.
water pollution control and measurmentRekha Kumari
Today we all are facing the biggest problem that is scarcity of drinking water as the level of water is continually decreasing.
In many countries people die because of contaminated water as they do not have any water resources that contain pure water.
The first question comes in mind when we talk about water management is how can we manage water. For this we need some well-planned strategies like if we know the places where heavy rainfall occur, then we can put extra efforts there in order to save water for future use.
The document discusses various sources and types of water pollution. It notes that 70% of available water sources in India are polluted, largely due to untreated domestic waste and sewage. The three primary sources of pollution are identified as point sources like industrial discharge, and non-point sources like agricultural runoff. Key water quality parameters that are affected by pollution include pH, dissolved oxygen, suspended solids, and increased nutrients, heavy metals, and bacteria. Common effects of water pollution include threats to human and ecological health.
The document discusses the hydrosphere, which describes the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet. It notes that the Earth's hydrosphere contains about 1.4 x 1018 tonnes of water, with about 75% of the surface covered by oceans. Other planets like Europa may also have subsurface oceans beneath thick ice layers. The water cycle continuously moves water between oceans, atmosphere, and land via processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection.
Water pollution occurs when bodies of water become contaminated by harmful substances, making the water unfit for its intended use. There are two main types of pollution: point source pollution which comes directly from an identifiable source, and nonpoint source pollution which comes indirectly from diffuse sources like farm runoff. Common causes of water pollution include sewage, excess nutrients from fertilizers which can cause algal blooms, silt from construction sites, and organic waste which reduces oxygen levels in water. A wide variety of chemicals and pathogens can also pollute water supplies and disrupt ecosystems.
Eutrophication is the accumulation of nutrients in aquatic ecosystems caused by human activities that alter ecological cycles. It leads to changes in the structure of plant, animal, and bacterial communities. Two key pollutants that contribute to eutrophication are nitrogen oxides from vehicle emissions which form smog and acid rain, and phosphates from decomposition which stimulate harmful algal blooms. Eutrophication raises nutrients like ammonia and lowers dissolved oxygen levels, negatively impacting ecosystems.
The document discusses various types of water pollution including toxic substances, organic matter, thermal, and ecological pollution. It outlines sources of pollution like farms, sewage, and industrial waste. Effects are on human and animal health as well as the economy. Prevention methods include reducing pesticide and fertilizer use while treatment involves septic tanks, ozone, and other technologies. Overall water pollution harms the environment, living things, and economy.
The document discusses the global and Indian water crisis. It notes that over 1 billion people lack access to safe water and 2 out of 3 people will face water shortages by 2025. In India, groundwater is being depleted, surface water is polluted, and rainfall is being wasted. This puts pressure on India's population and economic growth. Some solutions proposed include investing in desalination plants, implementing water footprinting to improve conservation, harvesting rainwater, and increasing awareness through social media. However, addressing the water crisis requires consideration of cultural, educational, technological and scientific factors.
The Asopos River in Greece has been heavily polluted for decades by untreated industrial waste from nearby factories. 1) Hexavalent chromium and other heavy metals have contaminated the river water and underground aquifers. 2) Surrounding farmland and coastal areas have also been polluted by the waste. 3) Recent tests continue to show the river water is unsafe for drinking, agriculture, or industrial use due to toxic chemical levels far exceeding limits.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution in Limnological SystemsStacey Findlater
Point source pollution originates from identifiable, localized sources like sewage treatment plants, industrial facilities, and fish farms. It is easier to regulate than non-point source pollution. Major sources release excess nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus that can cause algal blooms, fish kills, and dead zones in affected water bodies. New technologies aim to further reduce nutrient levels in treated wastewater effluent. Excess nutrients from both point and non-point sources can lead to eutrophication if not properly managed. Wetlands and riparian buffer strips help mitigate non-point source pollution and enhance restoration efforts.
Water pollution is a serious issue caused by various human and natural sources. Excess fertilizer and other pollutants are causing large algae blooms in lakes. The main sources of pollution are point sources like factories and non-point sources like agricultural runoff. While industries and agriculture are major contributors, domestic waste and individual behaviors also significantly impact water quality. Proper wastewater treatment can remove many pollutants but emerging contaminants like pharmaceuticals remain a concern. Preventing pollution requires conservation, responsible chemical use, and maintaining stormwater infrastructure. Addressing water issues will require awareness, education, sustainable practices, and global cooperation.
Water pollution occurs when harmful substances alter the physical, chemical, or biological nature of water. It comes from a variety of sources including sewage, industrial and agricultural runoff containing chemicals, heavy metals, excess nutrients and more. This pollution has wide-ranging negative effects on both human and aquatic health such as increased risk of disease, algal blooms that reduce oxygen in water, and harm to fish and wildlife populations. Effective control of water pollution requires identifying both point sources like factories and non-point sources like agricultural runoff, enacting laws and standards, utilizing green infrastructure and public education.
Human activities pollute water sources in several ways. Mining extracts metals from the soil, contaminating rivers and threatening human and animal health. Oil exploitation in the Amazon region has left river waste that is difficult to fully clean up. Sewage systems often dump untreated waste into rivers, spreading disease among both animals and people. If cattle drink contaminated water or crops absorb contaminated water, they can then pass pollution on to those who consume them. Proper treatment and regulation are needed to curb water contamination from mining, oil drilling, and sewage runoff.
This document discusses various types of water pollutants including pathogens from sewage, organic waste from industrial and agricultural runoff, chemical pollutants from industry and mining, excess sediments, and excess nutrients that can cause eutrophication. It provides examples of point source pollution from factories and non-point source pollution from agricultural runoff and urban areas. Prevention methods include reducing water usage, proper disposal of household chemicals, minimizing fertilizer and pesticide use, and cleaning up litter.
Marine pollution is caused by human activities that introduce waste into the ocean directly or indirectly. Waste enters the ocean through pipes discharging municipal waste and sewage, agricultural runoff of pesticides and fertilizers, petroleum and oils washed from roads into waterways, offshore oil extraction and accidents that release toxic substances from ships. This pollution reduces oxygen levels in the water, releases toxic compounds, and harms marine life through effects like clogging gills or reducing birds' ability to regulate body temperature. Treatment plants can help by removing waste and reducing pollution load through primary, secondary, and advanced treatment methods.
This ppt is about water pollution, causes, sources, effects, control, water quality standards, waste water treatments and its types, oxidation ponds and ganga action plan
This document discusses water pollution and the hydrosphere. It provides details on the causes of water pollution including excess nutrients, silt, organic materials, and petroleum. It also classifies sources of water pollution as municipal, industrial, and agricultural. The document then describes wastewater treatment processes and defines the hydrosphere as the liquid water component of Earth, including oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers.
This document discusses water pollution and its causes, forms, and classification. It introduces water pollution as a problem and its impacts on organisms and drinking water. The main causes of pollution discussed are nutrients from sewage and fertilizers, silt and suspended solids, and organic materials. Additional forms of pollution mentioned are petroleum, radioactive substances, and heat. Water pollution sources are then classified as municipal, industrial, or agricultural. The document also provides information on wastewater treatment processes and the hydrosphere.
Analytical chemistry in water pollution pptBismaHaider3
Water pollution occurs when contaminants are released into water sources, compromising water quality. Various point and non-point sources can pollute surface and groundwater with materials like sewage, heavy metals, plastics, and oil. This causes problems like toxic water, lower dissolved oxygen levels, and diseases in humans and other species. However, treating industrial and residential waste, better agricultural practices, and public education on conservation can help reduce water pollution.
causes,impacts,effects,solution of water pollution of Dhanmondi LakeTaz Hasan
a questionnaire survey on 81 peoples of different classes.our objective is to know peoples opinion or thoughts on causes,effects,impacts,solution of water pollution of Dhanmondi Lake.
This document discusses water pollution around the world. It begins by outlining the global scale of the problem, noting that water pollution is the leading cause of death and disease worldwide. It then defines water pollution and discusses its major sources, including point sources like factories, and non-point sources like agricultural runoff. The document details specific causes of water pollution like sewage, nutrients, waste water, chemical waste, radioactive waste, and plastics. It also discusses the effects of water pollution on health and ecosystems. Finally, it proposes some solutions to water pollution, including education, laws, and economic principles like the polluter pays principle.
This document discusses various aspects of water pollution including types of pollutants, sources, impacts, and control methods. The main types of pollutants are pathogens, organic wastes, nutrients, heavy metals, and toxic chemicals from industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities. These pollutants contaminate surface and groundwater, causing health issues and environmental degradation. Control of pollution requires reducing waste at the source, treating wastewater, and improved land management practices.
here i cover eutrophication topic. we all know its a threat to environment . here i also mention the negative and positive impact of it. i didn't cover all the aspects of it. but here i give graphical representation so it is easy to understand.
MuzInk offers a range of editorial services including freelance writing, sub-editing, copy editing, proofreading, publication design, layout, production and publishing. Eva Wiland is the principal of MuzInk and has over 20 years of experience in editorial roles on publications such as The Australian and business magazines. She can take on short-term freelance work or full publishing roles and has expertise in subjects like finance, law, and retail. MuzInk's services also include conference coverage, reports, and desktop publishing to prepare client materials for print.
Eutrophication is the accumulation of nutrients in aquatic ecosystems caused by human activities that alter ecological cycles. It leads to changes in the structure of plant, animal, and bacterial communities. Two key pollutants that contribute to eutrophication are nitrogen oxides from vehicle emissions which form smog and acid rain, and phosphates from decomposition which stimulate harmful algal blooms. Eutrophication raises nutrients like ammonia and lowers dissolved oxygen levels, negatively impacting ecosystems.
The document discusses various types of water pollution including toxic substances, organic matter, thermal, and ecological pollution. It outlines sources of pollution like farms, sewage, and industrial waste. Effects are on human and animal health as well as the economy. Prevention methods include reducing pesticide and fertilizer use while treatment involves septic tanks, ozone, and other technologies. Overall water pollution harms the environment, living things, and economy.
The document discusses the global and Indian water crisis. It notes that over 1 billion people lack access to safe water and 2 out of 3 people will face water shortages by 2025. In India, groundwater is being depleted, surface water is polluted, and rainfall is being wasted. This puts pressure on India's population and economic growth. Some solutions proposed include investing in desalination plants, implementing water footprinting to improve conservation, harvesting rainwater, and increasing awareness through social media. However, addressing the water crisis requires consideration of cultural, educational, technological and scientific factors.
The Asopos River in Greece has been heavily polluted for decades by untreated industrial waste from nearby factories. 1) Hexavalent chromium and other heavy metals have contaminated the river water and underground aquifers. 2) Surrounding farmland and coastal areas have also been polluted by the waste. 3) Recent tests continue to show the river water is unsafe for drinking, agriculture, or industrial use due to toxic chemical levels far exceeding limits.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution in Limnological SystemsStacey Findlater
Point source pollution originates from identifiable, localized sources like sewage treatment plants, industrial facilities, and fish farms. It is easier to regulate than non-point source pollution. Major sources release excess nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus that can cause algal blooms, fish kills, and dead zones in affected water bodies. New technologies aim to further reduce nutrient levels in treated wastewater effluent. Excess nutrients from both point and non-point sources can lead to eutrophication if not properly managed. Wetlands and riparian buffer strips help mitigate non-point source pollution and enhance restoration efforts.
Water pollution is a serious issue caused by various human and natural sources. Excess fertilizer and other pollutants are causing large algae blooms in lakes. The main sources of pollution are point sources like factories and non-point sources like agricultural runoff. While industries and agriculture are major contributors, domestic waste and individual behaviors also significantly impact water quality. Proper wastewater treatment can remove many pollutants but emerging contaminants like pharmaceuticals remain a concern. Preventing pollution requires conservation, responsible chemical use, and maintaining stormwater infrastructure. Addressing water issues will require awareness, education, sustainable practices, and global cooperation.
Water pollution occurs when harmful substances alter the physical, chemical, or biological nature of water. It comes from a variety of sources including sewage, industrial and agricultural runoff containing chemicals, heavy metals, excess nutrients and more. This pollution has wide-ranging negative effects on both human and aquatic health such as increased risk of disease, algal blooms that reduce oxygen in water, and harm to fish and wildlife populations. Effective control of water pollution requires identifying both point sources like factories and non-point sources like agricultural runoff, enacting laws and standards, utilizing green infrastructure and public education.
Human activities pollute water sources in several ways. Mining extracts metals from the soil, contaminating rivers and threatening human and animal health. Oil exploitation in the Amazon region has left river waste that is difficult to fully clean up. Sewage systems often dump untreated waste into rivers, spreading disease among both animals and people. If cattle drink contaminated water or crops absorb contaminated water, they can then pass pollution on to those who consume them. Proper treatment and regulation are needed to curb water contamination from mining, oil drilling, and sewage runoff.
This document discusses various types of water pollutants including pathogens from sewage, organic waste from industrial and agricultural runoff, chemical pollutants from industry and mining, excess sediments, and excess nutrients that can cause eutrophication. It provides examples of point source pollution from factories and non-point source pollution from agricultural runoff and urban areas. Prevention methods include reducing water usage, proper disposal of household chemicals, minimizing fertilizer and pesticide use, and cleaning up litter.
Marine pollution is caused by human activities that introduce waste into the ocean directly or indirectly. Waste enters the ocean through pipes discharging municipal waste and sewage, agricultural runoff of pesticides and fertilizers, petroleum and oils washed from roads into waterways, offshore oil extraction and accidents that release toxic substances from ships. This pollution reduces oxygen levels in the water, releases toxic compounds, and harms marine life through effects like clogging gills or reducing birds' ability to regulate body temperature. Treatment plants can help by removing waste and reducing pollution load through primary, secondary, and advanced treatment methods.
This ppt is about water pollution, causes, sources, effects, control, water quality standards, waste water treatments and its types, oxidation ponds and ganga action plan
This document discusses water pollution and the hydrosphere. It provides details on the causes of water pollution including excess nutrients, silt, organic materials, and petroleum. It also classifies sources of water pollution as municipal, industrial, and agricultural. The document then describes wastewater treatment processes and defines the hydrosphere as the liquid water component of Earth, including oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers.
This document discusses water pollution and its causes, forms, and classification. It introduces water pollution as a problem and its impacts on organisms and drinking water. The main causes of pollution discussed are nutrients from sewage and fertilizers, silt and suspended solids, and organic materials. Additional forms of pollution mentioned are petroleum, radioactive substances, and heat. Water pollution sources are then classified as municipal, industrial, or agricultural. The document also provides information on wastewater treatment processes and the hydrosphere.
Analytical chemistry in water pollution pptBismaHaider3
Water pollution occurs when contaminants are released into water sources, compromising water quality. Various point and non-point sources can pollute surface and groundwater with materials like sewage, heavy metals, plastics, and oil. This causes problems like toxic water, lower dissolved oxygen levels, and diseases in humans and other species. However, treating industrial and residential waste, better agricultural practices, and public education on conservation can help reduce water pollution.
causes,impacts,effects,solution of water pollution of Dhanmondi LakeTaz Hasan
a questionnaire survey on 81 peoples of different classes.our objective is to know peoples opinion or thoughts on causes,effects,impacts,solution of water pollution of Dhanmondi Lake.
This document discusses water pollution around the world. It begins by outlining the global scale of the problem, noting that water pollution is the leading cause of death and disease worldwide. It then defines water pollution and discusses its major sources, including point sources like factories, and non-point sources like agricultural runoff. The document details specific causes of water pollution like sewage, nutrients, waste water, chemical waste, radioactive waste, and plastics. It also discusses the effects of water pollution on health and ecosystems. Finally, it proposes some solutions to water pollution, including education, laws, and economic principles like the polluter pays principle.
This document discusses various aspects of water pollution including types of pollutants, sources, impacts, and control methods. The main types of pollutants are pathogens, organic wastes, nutrients, heavy metals, and toxic chemicals from industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities. These pollutants contaminate surface and groundwater, causing health issues and environmental degradation. Control of pollution requires reducing waste at the source, treating wastewater, and improved land management practices.
here i cover eutrophication topic. we all know its a threat to environment . here i also mention the negative and positive impact of it. i didn't cover all the aspects of it. but here i give graphical representation so it is easy to understand.
MuzInk offers a range of editorial services including freelance writing, sub-editing, copy editing, proofreading, publication design, layout, production and publishing. Eva Wiland is the principal of MuzInk and has over 20 years of experience in editorial roles on publications such as The Australian and business magazines. She can take on short-term freelance work or full publishing roles and has expertise in subjects like finance, law, and retail. MuzInk's services also include conference coverage, reports, and desktop publishing to prepare client materials for print.
The document summarizes different EDI file formats including X12, EDIFACT, TRADACOMS, XML, and positional file formats. It describes the basic structure and components of each format such as interchange headers, batch headers, message headers and trailers. The presentation also covers the objectives of analyzing EDI files and provides an overview of how data is organized and interpreted in XML and application file formats.
Prayer is vitally important to have victory. Did you know that praying in the spirit is the most important part of declaring the promises of God? When you are filled with the Holy Spirit, you are filled with power and this makes the difference along with using the name of Jesus.
As exportações brasileiras de café para o mercado árabe caíram 5% no primeiro trimestre de 2016 em comparação com o mesmo período de 2015, totalizando 338,7 mil sacas. A receita das exportações caiu ainda mais, 17%, somando US$ 44,3 milhões. As exportações gerais de café do Brasil também diminuíram 2,5% no primeiro trimestre, com receita 25% menor.
Innovation and technology Bradesco - 2014 RICarlos Cunha
This document summarizes an economic and financial analysis report from Bradesco Bank for 3Q 2014. It provides the following key information:
Bradesco is a large Brazilian bank with over $146 billion in market value and a presence in 100% of Brazilian cities as well as 13 other countries. It offers a range of banking services including wholesale banking, private banking, consumer financing, insurance, and retail banking. The bank has been focusing on improving the customer experience through digital channels, multichannel integration, and data analysis. It is also working to increase innovation, operational efficiency, and reduce costs through its systems architecture program.
This document provides an overview of municipal and domestic wastewater treatment processes. It discusses the key microbial processes involved, including biodegradation, bioconversion, and removal/separation processes. Common treatment steps like primary settling, biological treatment, clarification and disinfection are outlined. Specific examples of wastewater treatment plants and processes, such as activated sludge reactors and anaerobic digestion, are also described. The document raises questions around optimizing microbial functions in wastewater treatment and recovering resources from wastewater.
Sortering ved kilden. Et globalt perspektiv på spildevandshåndtering
Tove Larsen, Eawag, Schweiz
Ved Eawag i Schweiz forskes der i bæredygtig spildevandsrensning - også i et globalt perspektiv. Der udvikles løsninger på spildevandshåndteringen ud fra en målsætning om, at spildevandsfraktionerne ikke skal blandes sammen, og der skal benyttes så korte transportveje som muligt. Målet er at minimere emissionerne til vandmiljøet og atmosfæren, samtidigt med at ressource-husholdningen (vand, energi, etc.) optimeres.
The document discusses next generation wastewater treatment approaches at multiple scales from individual buildings to entire watersheds. At the building scale, technologies like greywater treatment and rainwater harvesting are discussed. At the cluster scale, technologies like extracting clean water from wastewater and energy extraction from organics are proposed. Finally, the catchment scale examines resource recovery opportunities at centralized wastewater treatment facilities through incremental process improvements.
The document discusses various types of pollution that can disturb photosynthesis. It describes inorganic pollution from waste, acid rain caused by emissions, and organic pollution from contaminants like oil, pesticides, and fertilizers. Eutrophication occurs when excess nutrients like phosphorus increase microorganism growth. Physical pollution results from soil erosion and deforestation. Thermal, radioactive, and biological pollution are also discussed along with their sources and effects on plants and aquatic life. The key role of photosynthesis in sustaining life through producing oxygen and absorbing carbon dioxide is highlighted.
Water pollution is a major global problem, causing over 14,000 deaths per day. It occurs when harmful substances are released into water bodies without proper treatment. Common causes of water pollution include untreated sewage, chemical waste, fertilizers and stormwater runoff. This leads to impacts such as poor access to safe drinking water. In the US, around 45% of streams, 47% of lakes and 32% of bays were found to be polluted. Solutions involve water treatment through filtration, sedimentation, chlorination and other physical, biological and chemical processes. However, more work is still needed to address this critical issue.
Voluntary actions and objective research results on water pollution raised awareness of the need to treat human waste in alpine zones in Japan. Various treatment methods were developed, including the SAT method which achieves over 99% removal of biochemical oxygen demand. A financial support program accelerated the installation of facilities, increasing installations from 10 in 1999 to over 100 by 2009. Cooperation between organizations helped establish networks to address this issue and conserve alpine environments.
The document discusses various topics related to water, including:
- Water covers 70% of the Earth's surface, with 97.2% being seawater and 2.8% being freshwater.
- The hydrologic cycle describes the movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface.
- Water is essential for all living organisms but availability is inconsistent, with over 1 billion people lacking access to clean drinking water.
- Various technologies can help improve water quality, including filtration, chlorination, UV disinfection, solar disinfection, and ceramic filtration.
- Low impact design approaches like green roofs, rain gardens, bioretention cells, and detention basins can help manage storm
Treatment of piggery wastewater through struvite precipitation and nitrogen r...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Piggery wastewater is a type of wastewater which contains large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus, therefore it needed to be treated before releasing to directly to the environment. The combination between struvite precipitation and nitrogen removal and poly-P bacteria into wastewater for piggery wastewater treatment has been found to be a cost-effective practice, a iable technology in terms of environmental protection and sustainability, especially in the developing-countries. For optimum struvite crystallization from piggery wastewater, the Mg:PO4 molar ratio as (1.2:1) was used, the pH of reaction was adjusted to 9 and the sample was stirred continuously during 40 minutes. The supernatant sample was then added 1% nitrogen removal bacteria (Pseudomonas stutzeri D3b strain) and 1% poly-P bacteria (Kurthia sp. TGT1013L strain), 5 g glucose/L and aeration 12/24h during 3 days, ammonium concentration reduced significantly from 1271 mg/L to 1.2 mg/L and orthophosphate concentration decreased noticeably from 24.91 mg/L to 16.1 mg/L.
Prof Graham Mills - The Fate of Pharmaceutical Residues in the Aquatic Enviro...onthewight
Professor Graham Mills presented his talk "The Fate of Pharmaceutical Residues in the Aquatic Environment"
A full background of what contaminates water, from Pharmacology and Agriculture. People passing medicines they have taken or disposing of them by throwing them down the toilet are causing major changes to fish and other water dwelling creatures.
- October 2014 - Cafe Scientifique Isle of Wight
This document provides an outline for the course CSE7013B: Water and Wastewater Treatment L1. The course will consist of 40 lectures, tutorials, and labs covering topics like water quality characteristics, sources of water pollution, water treatment processes, wastewater treatment methods, and membrane technologies. It will be taught over 3 weeks in February in both classroom and laboratory sessions. Students will be assessed based on an individual coursework report. Recommended textbooks are also provided.
The document discusses various causes and sources of water pollution. It notes that water pollution occurs when harmful substances are released into water bodies in large quantities, damaging wildlife or habitat. Sources of water pollution include agricultural runoff containing sediment, fertilizers and pesticides; industrial facilities; and mining. The document outlines point sources like industrial facilities versus nonpoint sources like agricultural runoff which are more diffuse. It also discusses various wastewater treatment methods including primary, secondary and tertiary treatments using physical, biological and chemical processes to remove contaminants. The aim of wastewater treatment is to convert waste into stable end products that can be safely disposed while protecting public health.
This lecture discusses groundwater treatment systems for domestic and industrial hazards. It begins by defining groundwater and explaining how it is stored underground. Several causes of groundwater pollution are then outlined, including low-flow rates, cold temperatures, industrial activities, and sewage. The document discusses various groundwater treatment methods and challenges in treating domestic wastewater. It also notes increasing urban population and inadequate wastewater treatment are major factors contributing to water quality degradation in India.
This document describes research on nitrogen transformations in aquaponic systems. The objectives were to quantify the impact of physical and chemical variables on nitrogen transformations, evaluate transformations of different nitrogen forms under various conditions, examine ecologically important species, and investigate greenhouse gas emissions. Experiments were conducted with different hydraulic loading rates, pH levels, plant species, and sediment draining frequencies. The results showed that nitrate accumulation was affected by loading rate, pH, and plant uptake rate, while nitrogen loss occurred through denitrification. Microbial analyses provided insight into nitrifying bacteria populations and their role in the nitrogen cycle.
Kaniesha J. Baker- Bioinformatics - Spring 2015 -ThesisKaniesha Baker
This study analyzed changes in the water microbiome of New Orleans' Ninth Ward five and ten years after Hurricane Katrina by testing water samples from 2010 and 2015. No cultivable bacteria were found in the 2010 sample, but three isolates were cultured from the 2015 sample that tested Gram-negative. Biochemical tests identified the three 2015 isolates as likely being Alcanivorax borkumensis. Water quality tests showed improvements from 2010 to 2015 in dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and conductivity. The study aimed to monitor long term microbial impacts of Hurricane Katrina in this area.
Nutrient loads and heavy metals assessment along sosiani river, kenya.Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed nutrient loads and heavy metal levels along the Sosiani River in Kenya. Water, soil, and sediment samples were collected from 5 sites along the river and analyzed for nitrates, phosphates, and heavy metals. Nitrate and phosphate levels were found to be below recommended limits. However, concentrations of heavy metals like iron, lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper exceeded Kenyan standards, with zinc levels above WHO standards for drinking water. The study concluded that the river water is not safe for domestic use due to heavy metal contamination.
The document discusses various aspects of water pollution including:
- The types and sources of water pollution such as industrial, agricultural, and municipal waste that contaminate waterways.
- The impacts of water pollution including various water-borne diseases and environmental effects.
- Potential solutions to water pollution focusing on improved waste treatment from industry and municipalities, regulations on waste disposal, cleanup of contaminated sites, and prevention methods.
River pollution is caused by contaminants introduced directly or indirectly into waterways. Major sources of pollution include domestic, agricultural, and industrial waste introduced through sewage, fertilizers, pesticides, toxic substances, grease, oil, and acid. This pollution decreases water purity and can create zones of degradation, decomposition, and recovery in rivers. Polluted water poses health risks and negatively impacts ecosystems, agriculture, and the economy. Solutions involve improved waste treatment, cleanup efforts, reducing plastic and other non-biodegradable waste, and sustainable agricultural practices.
This document discusses using algae and bacteria to purify radioactive waste and recover metals. It summarizes that:
1) Haloalkaliphilic bacteria from soda lakes and the blue-green alga Spirulina platensis can reduce nitrate levels in liquid radioactive waste from 1 g/dm3 to 10-15 mg/dm3 through denitrification.
2) These microorganisms can also sorb uranium, thorium, strontium, technetium, and cesium from radioactive waste with high efficiency, and immobilize metals like lanthanum, vanadium, chromium, and uranium.
3) Specifically, haloalkaliphilic bacteria reduced
The document summarizes the water treatment process at a desalination plant. It includes information on various sources of water, types of impurities found in water, treatment techniques used to remove impurities, and details of the specific treatment process used at the plant. The process involves pretreatment using coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation. This is followed by reverse osmosis and further polishing through demineralization and mixed bed systems. Diagrams show the various treatment units and flow paths.
8. Do not mix diluted streams with polluted streams! %
9. Do not mix diluted streams with polluted streams! %
10.
11. Black water treatment Energy: Methane 1.8 m 3 /m 3 of BW UASB reactor 25 ˚C P recovery: struvite surface water Removal of micro-pollutants Autotrophic N removal 35 and 25 ˚C N 2
Welcome everyone, I’m very happy that you all came here to my defence. I will continue now in Dutch, the defence will be in English. Allereerst wil ik jullie mijn paranimfen voorstellen: Lucia, mijn collega bij Wetsus, waarmee ik erg veel heb samengewerkt. En Kasia, mijn collega in Wageningen, die samen met Grietje het ‘scheiden aan de bron’ heeft groot gebracht en waarmee ik dus ook veel heb samengewerkt. Ik ben dus erg blij dat ik deze twee paranimfen naast me heb. Eerst zal ik kort even het programma van vanmiddag toelichten, voor alle duidelijkheid.
Nu eerst voor de duidelijkheid het programma van het komende uur. Eerst leg ik dus even uit wat ik allemaal beschreven heb in dat mooie boekje. Dan moeten we allemaal staan en komt de commissie binnen. Zij gaan mij dan 45 minuten lang vragen stellen. Daarna zullen zij zich beraden over mijn verdediging, en wachten we allemaal hier en dan komen ze terug met hun beslissing. Daarna is er even een korte pauze en kun je Wageningen gaan verkennen, maar vanaf 16:30 ben je welkom om met mij feest te vieren bij Colors.
Welnu, de titel van mijn proefschrift is: Resource recovery of black water ; of tewel het terugwinnen van grondstoffen uit toilet zwart water. Ik heb dit onderzoek gedaan in dienst van Wageningen universiteit bij het instituut Wetsus in Leeuwarden.
Wat heb ik nu gedaan, ja, echt, ik heb me vier jaar lang bezig gehouden met poep en pies. En waarom, Nu er is erg veel water, zeker in Nederland, maar het deel wat schoon is en bruikbaar voor drinkwater is maar heel weinig, minder dan 1%. Verder is het ook belangrijk om er voor te zorgen dat het water niet vies wordt met ziekteverwekkers waardoor mensen ziek worden. Er zijn nu op deze wereld 1.1 miljard mensen zonder toegang tot veilig drinkwater. En het dubbele aantal mensen heeft geen toegang to goede sanitatie. Verder wordt het ook steeds meer duidelijk dat de mens de wereld aan het veranderen is en dat we niet zomaar kunnen blijven grondstoffen winnen, die raken een keer op. Het terugwinnen van grondstoffen wordt dus steeds belangrijker. En ook iets over waarom we nu zorgen moeten maken over water.
Mijn voornaamste boodschap van vandaag is dus: afvalwater is geen afval; zelfs het water uit het toilet is een bron van grondstoffen. Heel toevallig was er laatst ook het volgende in het nieuws: Plant eet liever poep dan vlees.
Wat gebeurt er nu met je poep en pies? Ik denk dat de meeste mensen hier gewoon door trekken en er verder niet zoveel over nadenken. In Nederland hebben we namelijk de luxe dat dat ook helemaal niet hoeft. Al het afvalwater wordt bij elkaar verzameld in een rioolstelsel, bijna ieder huis is hierop aangesloten, en het afvalwater wordt behandeld in een zuiveringsinstallatie, voordat het naar het oppervlaktewater gaat. Maar hieraan zijn een aan nadelen, en ik noem er een paar Nutrienten gaan verloren en hiervoor is energie nodig Stromen van verschillende kwantiteit en kwaliteit worden gemengd Ook al wordt een groot deel van het water schoon gemaakt, nog steeds worden nutrienten, microverontreinigingen en pathogenen geloosd op het oppervlaktewater. Dit gebeurt bijvoorbeeld bij riooloverstorten als het te hard regent. Dit kan anders, en om het anders te doen, moet je beginnen bij de bron.
Wat weer heel makkelijk uit te leggen is, is dat douchewater lang niet zo vies is, als het toiletwater; ik denk dat we daar allemaal wel een voorstelling van kunnen maken. Waar ik me mee bezig heb gehouden, is dat als je het toiletwater apart houdt en apart behandeld je dan de volgende voordelen kan bereiken: Het terugwinnen van energie en nutrienten Het efficient verwijderen van micro-verontreinigingen. Dit zijn dus de hormoon- en medicijnresten, die in een normale zuivering niet worden verwijderd. En als je vacuum toiletten toepast, kun je ook nog eens 25% aan drinkwater besparen. Dit zal ik toelichten in het volgende plaatje.
Dit plaatje laat het verschil zien tussen zwart water, het toiletwater dus, En grijswater. Hier is duidelijk dat er in het zwart water meer organisch materiaal, meer fosfor en meer stikstof. Ook qua volume verschillen deze stromen.
Grijs water is een veel grotere stroom En als je dus een vacuum toilet gebruikt, Dan zit al die zwarte componenten in de ene kleine volume. Dit levert dus hoge concentraties op.
Zwart water, verzameld in een vacuum toilet, is dan ongeveer 25 keer geconcentreerder dan normaal afvalwater. Voor de kenners even wat getallen. Organische componenten zijn aanwezig in zo’n 7 to bijna 10 g/L. Stikstof in 1.2 tot 1.9 g/L. En fosfor in concentraties van 0.15 tot 0.22 g/L. Een voordeel van het apart houden van het toiletwater, is dat hierin ook bijna alle pathogenen en hormonen en medicijnresten zitten.
Dit is het schema wat ik heb onderzocht, en ik zal elke stap kort toelichten in de volgende slides. Het toilet water kwam uit Sneek, ik ging daar ongeveer om de week naar toe, deed mijn neus dicht, en vulde een paar jerrycans en bracht die weer naar Leeuwarden. De eerste reactor verwijderde het meeste organische materiaal en zette dit om naar biogas, wat gebruikt kan worden om electriciteit en warmte mee te maken. De vloeistof die de reactor uitkomt bevat nog veel componenten. De tweede en derde reactor verwijderde vervolgens het stikstof, in de vorm van ammoniak in het zwart water, naar stikstof gas. Dit werdt gedaan door autotrofe bacterien die alleen maar CO2 nodig hebben om te kunnen groeien. tegelijkertijd het ammonium omzetten in stikstof gas, dit is energetisch gunstig en ook deze bacterien groeien heel langzaam, dus er is weinig slib productie. Dan is er ook voor het fosfaat een oplossing nodig. Het meest ideaal zou zijn om het fosfaat neer te slaan in de vorm van struvite en dit is een goede meststof voor de landbouw. Ik heb wat testjes gedaan in het lab. Dan, is er nog een laatste vraag: is het water veilig genoeg om te lozen op het oppervlaktewater? Waarschijnlijk niet, ik heb nog gekeken naar hoe de medicijnen en hormoonresten worden verwijderd tijdens de biologische behandeling. Dan volgen nu een paar slides over iedere stap. Dit plaatje gebruiken en dan elke stap kort toelichten? H2: energie productie door middel van biogas H3 en H4: stikstof verwijdering H5: P terugwinning H6: medicijnen, kun je deze meten in zwart water en wat gebeurt er mee tijdens de biologische behandeling?
Anaerobe behandeling is al vrij bekend en wordt vnl. In de industrie al veel toegepast voor het behandelen van afvalwaterstromen. Ook zwart water was al eens onderzocht en bleek goed afbreekbaar te zijn zonder zuurstof. Ik heb een ander type reactor onderzocht en laten zien dat een veel kleiner volume ook al goed genoeg is, dit bespaart veel ruimte. Het type reactor is een UASB, waarin het zwart water heel langzaam omhoog stroomt, zodat alle deeltjes bezinken en afgebroken worden. Het biogas wordt dan aan de bovenkant verzameld en daar stroomt ook de vloeistof uit. Het zwart water moet nog steeds lang in de reactor blijven, maar per persoon heb je dan zo’n 63 liter nodig. Hiermee kun je 1.8 m3 methaan per persoon produceren en 78% van het organisch materiaal wordt verwijderd. De vloeistof die deze reactor uitkomt, heb ik verder behandeld in twee opeenvolgende reactoren.
En dit om het stikstof, in de vorm van ammoniak, te verwijderen. In totaal werd 89% van het stikstof verwijderd. In de eerste reactor voegde ik zuurstof toe, waardoor het ammoniak werd omgezet voor een deel in nitriet, NO2. In de volgende stap werd dit mengsel van ammoniak en nitriet verwijderd door speciale beestje, anammox genaamd. Deze beestje hebben me ook veel problemen bezorgd, maar uiteindelijk is het me wel gelukt om de beestjes in de reactor te laten groeien, ze bleken iets meer calcium nodig te hebben dan in het zwart water zat.
Dan nu iets over fosfaat. Uit mijn analyses bleek dat er lang niet zoveel fosfaat in oplossing bleef, dus in het effluent van die eerst anaerobe reactor. 61% bleef in de vloeistof en stroomde de reactor uit. In deze stroom zit ook genoeg ammonium of kalium en je hebt dus alleen maar wat magnesium nodig, om struviet te maken, een mineraal, wat heel goed als meststof gebruikt kan worden. Dit heeft Kealan tijdens zijn Master thesis laten zien dat mais er heel goed op groeit. Maar waar bleef de rest van het fosfaat, welnu, in de reactor, in het slib. Vraag is nu nog steeds of dit slib, wat rijk is aan organisch gestabiliseerd materiaal, of je dit als meststof kunt gebruiken. In dit slib hopen nl. Zware metalen op, of ook medicijnen en hormoonresten. Met wat modellering heb ik laten zien dat een deel van het fosfaat al tijdens transport en opslag in het zwart water neerslaat en dus als vaste deeltjes in de reactor achterblijft. Daar gaat ook een van mijn stellingen over: doordat het zwart water zo geconcentreerd is, gaat er minder fosfaat in oplossing en is het minder makkelijk om terug te winnen, want struviet maken is relatief eenvoudig. Het slib bevat wel minder zware metalen dan bijvoorbeeld koeienmest / gier, wat hier in Nederland nog wel wordt uitgereden over het land.
Het laatste hoofdstuk gaat over microverontreinigingen en dit zijn in zwart water dus vooral de medicijn- en hormoonresten. Ik heb twee dingen gedaan: Met hulp van Niina Vieno is er een methode ontwikkeld om de microverontreinigingen te meten. Zwart water is erg vies en het is dus een moeilijke matrix om stofjes in hele lage concentraties te meten tussen alle andere stofjes. Je ziet hier als voorbeeld de structuur van paracetamol en diclofenac, bekende pijnstillers. De foto die je ziet is een stap van de analyse. Het zwart water wordt in deze cartridge gedaan en drupt er doorheen. Alle organische microverontreiniging blijven dan vervolgens op dat vaste materiaal zitten. Als je daar dan vervolgens methanol op doet, lossen die stofjes er weer in op, en heb je je organische microverontreinigingen in het methanol. Het tweede wat ik dus heb gedaan, is bij alle biologische stappen gemeten wat er nog aan micro-verontreigingen in zit. En daarvoor heb ik heel veel van die cartridges gebruikt.
Hier zie je het resultaat van al deze metingen. Je hoeft dit niet helemaal te snappen, maar wat ik wil laten zien, is dat in de laatste stap, dus na de stikstofverwijdering, er nog steeds componenten worden aangetroffen. Een paar worden wel verwijderd, bijvoorbeeld paracetamol, maar een aantal dus niet, bijvoorbeeld diclofenac. Niet alles is dus weg, het feit dat deze stoffen ophopen in het milieu is al reden genoeg voor bezorgdheid.
Goed, nu kom ik bij het einde van mijn presentatie. Ik hoop dat ik jullie duidelijk heb gemaakt dat je zwart water heel goed apart kunt behandelen en dat je er gronstoffen uit terug kunt winnen. Bijvoorbeeld is het mogelijk om 22.5 MJ per persoon per jaar te produceren aan electriciteit met dat biogas, terwijl er in de huidige zuivering zo’n 107 MJ per persoon per jaar wordt verloren. Bovendien kun je 0.22 kgP per persoon per jaar terug winnen en dit is ongeveer 10% van de wereld productie aan synthetische fosfaat meststoffen. Verder is er ook een slibproduct wat rijk is aan fosfaat en wat als organische meststof zou kunnen worden gebruikt.
Mijn onderzoek is iig een volgende stap in de verduurzaming van de waterketen, zodat kringlopen worden gesloten en we niet teveel schoon drinkwater vervuilen met alle stofjes die we gebruiken. Volgend onderzoek zal zich richten op de combinatie met grijs water en op de risico’s van ziekteverwekkers en micro-verontreinigingen. Bedankt voor jullie aandacht, nu zullen we even wachten tot de commissie binnen komt.
Welcome everyone, I’m very happy that you all came here to my defence. I will continue now in Dutch, the defence will be in English. Allereerst wil ik jullie mijn paranimfen voorstellen: Lucia, mijn collega bij Wetsus, waarmee ik erg veel heb samengewerkt. En Kasia, mijn collega in Wageningen, die samen met Grietje het ‘scheiden aan de bron’ heeft groot gebracht en waarmee ik dus ook veel heb samengewerkt. Ik ben dus erg blij dat ik deze twee paranimfen naast me heb. Eerst zal ik kort even het programma van vanmiddag toelichten, voor alle duidelijkheid.