The executive branch of government executes laws and includes the president, ministers, and civil servants. There are two types of executives: single executive which concentrates power in one person like a president; and plural executive which distributes power among elected leaders. The executive branch consists of political and non-political officials who are involved in day-to-day administration, including an executive head who is elected, an executive council that advises the executive, ministers who oversee departments and agencies, and a permanent civil service that implements policies. The political executive formulates public policy, executes laws, appoints officials, prepares budgets, and exercises some judicial powers like appointing judges.

2. THE EXECUTIVE
Presented by: Marhiam Iftikhar

3. EXECUTIVE
Executive is the branch of
government that executes the laws and it includes all
departments and institutions that are involved in state
administration. i.e. President, ministers, administrative
officials and other important civil servants.

4. Kinds of Executive
There are two basic kinds of executive
1. Single executive Under single executive, the whole
executive authority is concentrated in one person, called
solitary executive as well. E.g. Presidential system.
2. Plural executive The plural executive limits the power of
governor by distributing power usually associated with a
chief executive among many elected political leaders. E.g.
working of ancient governmental systems.

5. Organization
Executive branch of government consist of all political
and non-political office-bearers and the civil servants,
involved in the day-to-day administration.
The following institutions, office-bearers and agencies
are involved in the execution of public policies.

6. Executive head In most of the developed political
systems, the chief executive is directly or indirectly elected
by the people. Different methods have been adopted in
different states regarding the election of chief executive.
Executive council In the modern political system,
there are the existence of some executive councils who
advise the executive and these consist of experts and
technocrats.

7. In charge of portfolios In modern states
administrative system is bifurcated into different
agencies and departments, such departments and
agencies perform variety of functions and these are put
under the charge of different portfolios headed by the
ministers. All such ministers who are in charge of
portfolios, chalk out administrative policy and look after
the administration of the department concerned.

8. Civil service Civil Service consists of such
personnel who execute public policies, chalked out by
the political executive. They are professionally trained
persons and permanent employees of the government.

9. Power and functions of the political
Executive
Working of modern political constitutional system
reveals that the political executive does not perform
uniform functions in all states, its role depends
primarily on the nature and form of government.
Generally, functions performed by the political
executive in different countries are the following :

10. Administrative functions Formulation of public
policy, execution of law and appointment of public officials,
are the most Important functions of a political executive.
Legislative powers In a parliament setup, the cabinet
a part of the parliament, as such most of bills that are later
transformed into laws.
Under a presidential system, despite the enforcement of
‘separation of powers’ the president is regarded as legislator
in his own right as well as by virtue of his influence over the
legislators.

11. Financial powers In most all the states, the
political executive prepares annual budget in the form of
demands for grants and proposals for raising funds.
Judicial powers The head of state can normally
exercise some judicial powers. He appoints judges of the
superior courts but they cant be removed at his
discretion.