The document provides information on legislatures in three paragraphs. It begins by defining the legislature as the most important organ of government that is primarily concerned with lawmaking. It notes the legislature provides the basis for the executive and judiciary to function. The second paragraph discusses unicameral legislatures that have a single legislative chamber, providing examples like Greece and Finland. The third paragraph discusses bicameral legislatures that have two chambers, with examples like India, UK, and USA. It provides a high-level overview of the key types of legislatures and their basic functions.
This is a power point presentation on the topic "THE UNION PARLIAMENT". It includes :
The Lok Sabha
The Rajya Sabh
The President
And some good animated slides
Hope You Like it
Regards
:)
This is a power point presentation on the topic "THE UNION PARLIAMENT". It includes :
The Lok Sabha
The Rajya Sabh
The President
And some good animated slides
Hope You Like it
Regards
:)
State legislature in India is of two types, legislative council and legislative assembly. There are only 6 states in India (excluding J&K recently) wit legislative councils, whereas rest have legislative assemblies.
Its a Presentation that covers Topic related to Judiciary System of India . It includes Supreme Court , High Court And Subordinate Court along Local Legal Bodies and Attorney General.
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Appointment, the formation of Council of ministers, tenure;
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this is my frist upload , I took help from one of my friend in the slide share to do this ( ONLY INFORMATION ) I have done it not only for my project they become useful for u whenever needed As i did it whit a lot of hardwork
The term ‘Legg' means "law" and 'lature’ the "place"
Another term, which is used as a synonym of Legislature, is ‘Parliament.’ This word stands derived from the French word ‘Parley’ which means to ‘talk’ or to discuss and deliberate.
Each chamber of legislature consists of a number of legislators who use some form of parliamentary procedure to debate political issues and vote on proposed legislation.
This presentation covers the knowledge about UNICAMERAL LEGISLATURE
inclusive of topics like - meaning, merits, demerits, modern examples and a small conclusive note..
State legislature in India is of two types, legislative council and legislative assembly. There are only 6 states in India (excluding J&K recently) wit legislative councils, whereas rest have legislative assemblies.
Its a Presentation that covers Topic related to Judiciary System of India . It includes Supreme Court , High Court And Subordinate Court along Local Legal Bodies and Attorney General.
Prime minister and the council of ministerskarthikgangula
icse class 10 chapter prime minister and the council of ministers
topics included are under the further reduced syllabus
Appointment, the formation of Council of ministers, tenure;
Position and powers of the Prime Minister.
Collective and individual responsibility of the members of the Cabinet.
The distinction between the Council of Ministers and the Cabinet.
this is my frist upload , I took help from one of my friend in the slide share to do this ( ONLY INFORMATION ) I have done it not only for my project they become useful for u whenever needed As i did it whit a lot of hardwork
The term ‘Legg' means "law" and 'lature’ the "place"
Another term, which is used as a synonym of Legislature, is ‘Parliament.’ This word stands derived from the French word ‘Parley’ which means to ‘talk’ or to discuss and deliberate.
Each chamber of legislature consists of a number of legislators who use some form of parliamentary procedure to debate political issues and vote on proposed legislation.
This presentation covers the knowledge about UNICAMERAL LEGISLATURE
inclusive of topics like - meaning, merits, demerits, modern examples and a small conclusive note..
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Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
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Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
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2. Introduction
▪ The legislature occupies an important place in modern State. It is regarded as
the most important organ of the government. The legislature represents the
general will of the people in the democratic system. The legislature is that
organ of the government, which is primarily concerned with the function of
making laws.
▪ It provides a basis for the working of the executive and the judiciary. Unless
laws are made, the question of enforcing them or interpreting them does not
arise. Thus, it can be said that the executive and the judicial organ cannot
function without the legislature
2
3. 3
Leadership
President Ram Nath Kovind
since 25 July 2017
Chairman of the Rajya Sabha Venkaiah Naidu
since 11 August 2017
Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha Harivansh Narayan Singh, JDU
since 14 September 2020
Leader of the House
(Rajya Sabha)
Thawar Chand Gehlot, BJP
since 11 June 2019
Leader of the Opposition
(Rajya Sabha)
Ghulam Nabi Azad, INC
since 8 June 2014
Speaker of the Lok Sabha Om Birla, BJP
since 19 June 2019
Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha Vacant
since 23 May 2019
Leader of the House
(Lok Sabha)
Narendra Modi, BJP
since 26 May 2014
Leader of the Opposition
(Lok Sabha)
Vacant (Since 26 May 2014, No party has 10%
Seats)
4. Meaning of legislature (Parliament)
▪ Meaning of the word ‘Parliament’ -- is a word derived from the French
expression parlement which means ‘speaking’, and Latin word ‘parliamentum’
which means ‘talking. It has come to mean ‘meeting for discussion’. Or talking
Shop where we can discuss national and international issues.
▪ Different Names of Legislature: In India Parliament is known as Sansad. Other
nations have their own names viz. Diet in Japan, Congress in US, Parliament in
UK, Knesset in Israel.
4
6. LEGISLATURE
Uni-Cameral
(One Chamber/ House)
▪ If the Parliament (National
Assembly) has only one
chamber, it is known as Uni-
Cameral Legislature .
▪ Examples : Greece, Finland,
Denmark, Sweden, Sri Lanka
& etc.
Bi –Cameral
(Two chambers / Houses)
▪ If the Parliament (National
Assembly) has two chamber,
it is known as Bi-Cameral
Legislature.
▪ Examples: India, U.K., U.S.A.
Afghanistan, Pakistan, etc.
6
8. Unicameral Legislature
▪ The word 'uni' means one and 'cameral' means chamber. Unicameral
legislature means one chamber or house. A legislature with one chamber is
called as Unicameral legislature.
▪ In 18th and 19th century Unicameral legislature was very popular. The
advocates of unicameralism felt that, sovereignty which rests with the people
is indivisible.
▪ The will of the people could be expressed through the legislative house. Thus,
the concept of popular sovereignty demanded the establishment of a single
chamber consisting of members expressing the will of the people and their
hopes and aspirations.
▪ Unicameral legislature is now in practice in Greece, Turkey, Finland, Ethiopia,
Portugal, Bangladesh, New Zealand, Denmark, Sweden, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria
etc.
8
9. Merits of Unicameral Legislature
▪ Less expensive : Unicameral legislature is less expensive. As there is
only one chamber in the legislature, less amount of money is spent
towards its maintenance and payment of allowances to the legislatures.
▪ No Duplication of work: There is no chance of duplication of work in
Unicameral legislature. Once a bill is passed in this chamber, there is no
chance again for re-discussion. Every bill will be passed after through
discussion at one time.
▪ Progressive legislation : Unicameral legislature provides for
progressive legislation, because this legislature is constituted on the
basis of direct elections. Its members reflect and represent public
opinion. Hence, the laws enacted by them are approved and obeyed by
the people as they are progressive.
9
10. ▪ Quick legislation : Because of Unicameral legislation, there
is legislation. If the second house exists, it may act as a
break on progressive legislation.
▪ Simple structure :'Since there is only one house,
Unicameral legislation is simple in form and structure.
Responsibility in this system can be easily and definitely
located. Unicameralism is best suited to the needs of
modern State.
▪ Checks on Despotic tendencies: In Unicameral legislation,
despotic tendencies of the executive are effectively
controlled
10
11. Demerits of Unicameral Legislature
▪ Hasty legislation : Unicameral legislation may provide scope for quick
legislation. It may produce hasty, radical, ill-considered and rash legislation.
▪ No Re-thinking : No provision is made for second thought in this system.
Emotions, impulses and high passions may influence the making of legislation.
▪ Legislative dominance : Legislative dominance or despotism is possible
particularly when it is under a control of a single political party having a
overwhelming majority.
11
12. Demerits of Unicameral Legislature
▪ Political instability : Due to absence of moderation and
second thought, the government may face the danger of
changing frequently because of unpopular legislation.
▪ Unequal representation: In the unicameral legislature,
representation is given in proportion to the population,
which makes it difficult for the minorities and special
interests to get their due say in public Offices.
12
14. Bicameral Legislature
▪ 'Bi' means two, 'cameral' means chamber or house. Bicameral
legislature means two chambers or two houses.
▪ Lower house is called the First House and the Upper house is called the
Second House. America, Britain and India are the classic examples of
bicameral legislature.
▪ In England, Bicameral legislature has been developed according to the
historical evolution.
14
15. Merits of Bicameral Legislature
▪ Prevents despotism of a single house : A bicameral legislature is a safeguard
against the despotism of a single chamber legislature. If there are two houses,
one can act as a check on the other.
▪ Check on hasty legislation : Bicameral legislature serves as a check upon hasty,
rash and ill-considered legislation. The second chamber can remove the defects
while revising the bills.
▪ Reduces burden of legislature : Bicameral legislature reduces the burden of
legislation. If there is second chamber, then it reduces the burden of legislation
of the first chamber.
15Cont…
16. Merits of Bicameral Legislature Cont.…d
▪ Representation of different interests : Bicameralism provides a convenient
means of giving representation to different groups and interests. Distinguished
people in the field of arts, science, literature and minorities can be nominated.
▪ Possibility of detailed discussion : In bicameralism there is a possibility of
detailed discussion. Generally, the membership of the second chamber is
limited. So, it can be discussed the bills in detail before it is enacted.
▪ Less Politicized: As the member of second chamber are nominated, they
represent the intellectuals and they work without biases of political affinities.
16
17. Merits of Bicameral Legislature Cont.…d
▪ Essential for federation : Bicameralism is essential for all the federal States. The
Lower House represents the people and the Upper House represents the States.
The Lower House stands for natural principle, while the Upper House stands for
federal principles.
▪ Perfect and sound laws : Bicameral legislatures enables fie legislatures to make
perfect and sound laws. It helps to correct the errors committed by the Lower
House.
▪ Conservative attitude: Bicameral legislature is having conservative attitude. The
members of this house are generally aged and experienced. They can prevent quick
legislations 17
18. Demerits of Bicameral Legislature
▪ Superfluous and unnecessary : If the second Chamber always agrees with the first chamber, second
chamber is superfluous. If it disagrees, it is mischievous. According to Bentham, the second chamber is
needless, useless and worse than useless.
▪ Prevention of hasty legislation : If there is one chamber, the opposition parties are there to prevent
hasty legislation. For that purpose, there is no need of bicameral legislation.
▪ Creation of deadlocks: If there are two houses, they may fight for supremacy. In such cases, the
legislation is too delayed. If two houses are dominated by two different political parties, it results in
frequent conflicts and deadlocks.
▪ Highly wasteful : As bicameralism is very expensive, it is highly wasteful. There is lot of expenditure in
the form of salaries, maintenance and allowances.
18
19. Demerits of Bicameral Legislature
▪ Anti-democratic : As the member of second chamber are not directly elected, it
is against the principle of democracy. They do not hold any kind of responsibility
to the people. They are not representing the interest of the people.
▪ No essential in federalism : The interest of the States can be protected by the
members of the Lower House, political parties and independent judiciary.
▪ Conservative and representation of vested interests : Second chambers are
citadel of conservation. They oppose radical reforms and prevent the progress
of the nation.
19
21. Distinction between
Unicameral & Bicameral Legislature
Unicameral
1. Responsibility is located.
2. Hasty legislation.
3. Leads to despotism.
4. There is no delay in legislation.
5. No occasion for legislative dead- locks.
6. No duplication of work
7. Few countries are following Unicameral.
8. Work load is heavy.
9. Economy of national expenditure.
10. No scope for representation to minorities
and other interests.
Bicameral
1. Responsibility is divided.
2. Checks on hasty legislation.
3. Checks the despotism.
4. Delay in legislation.
5. Occasion for legislative dead- locks.
6. Duplication of work.
7. Many countries are following Bicameral.
8. Reduces the work load.
9. Higher expenditure .
10. Scope for representation to minorities
and other interests
21
22. Nature of Legislature
▪ U.K.
▪ Unitary
▪ (Parliament)
▪ India
▪ Quasi federal
▪ (Parliament)
▪ U.S.A.
▪ Federal
▪ (Congress)
22
23. Indian Parliament Lok Sabha
(House of People)
▪ Lower House.
▪ Mother of Indian Executive.
▪ Member : 552= (530+20+2) (At present
545)
▪ Tenure : 5 years.
▪ Dissolved at any time by President.
▪ Reservation for SC /ST/Anglo Indian
community.
▪ No reservation for OBC & Women.
▪ Direct election.
Rajya Sabha
(Council of States)
▪ Upper / State House.
▪ Member: 245= (233+12) (AT Present :
245)
▪ Permanent House. (Not dissolved by
President)
▪ Tenure of members is six years. (1/3 of
its embers retire every two years)
▪ No reservation for SC/ST/ Anglo Indian
community.
▪ No equal Representation to the State.
▪ Indirect election.
23