This document discusses various aspects of reading comprehension and effective reading strategies. It addresses topics like top-down and bottom-up processing, coherence and cohesion, referencing, and features of well-written texts. It also discusses how good readers adjust their skills based on the text, use metacognition to connect different processing levels, and combine old and new strategies. Lexical accessibility and using various clues and knowledge sources are presented as ways to improve understanding.
It's the basics.
Determine the purpose of summarizing;
Discuss the features of summarizing;
Apply effective strategies in summarizing;
Evaluate summaries.
Suppose you told your friend that you just watched a great film and your friend asks what the story is. What would you do? Would you tell the whole story? Or just simply give the gist of the story.
As an important skill in critical reading, summarizing is often used to determine the essential ideas in a book chapter, an article. These essential ideas include the gist or main idea, useful information, or key words or phrases that help you meet your reading purpose. Summarizing is generally done after reading. However, it can be done as well while reading a text.
Summarizing is an important skill because it helps you…….
deepen your understanding of the text;
Learn to identify relevant information or key ideas;
Combine details or examples that support the main ideas/s;
Concentrate on the gist or main idea and key words presented in the text; and
Capture the key ideas in the text and put them together clearly and concisely.
It's the basics.
Determine the purpose of summarizing;
Discuss the features of summarizing;
Apply effective strategies in summarizing;
Evaluate summaries.
Suppose you told your friend that you just watched a great film and your friend asks what the story is. What would you do? Would you tell the whole story? Or just simply give the gist of the story.
As an important skill in critical reading, summarizing is often used to determine the essential ideas in a book chapter, an article. These essential ideas include the gist or main idea, useful information, or key words or phrases that help you meet your reading purpose. Summarizing is generally done after reading. However, it can be done as well while reading a text.
Summarizing is an important skill because it helps you…….
deepen your understanding of the text;
Learn to identify relevant information or key ideas;
Combine details or examples that support the main ideas/s;
Concentrate on the gist or main idea and key words presented in the text; and
Capture the key ideas in the text and put them together clearly and concisely.
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CH 8
Chapter 8 Crafting Your Story: Writing Up Qualitative Data
One hopes that one’s case will touch others. But how to connect? Not by calculation, I think, not by the assumption that in the pain of my toothache, or my father’s, or Harry Crosby’s, I have discovered a “universal condition of consciousness.” One may merely know that no one is alone and hope that a singular story, as every true story is singular, will in the magic way of some things apply, connect, resonate, touch a major chord.
(Pachter, 1981, p. 72)
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In qualitative inquiry, writing ultimately gives form to the researcher’s clumps of carefully organized and analyzed data. It links together thoughts that developed throughout the research process and were jotted in journals. The act of writing inspires new thoughts and connections. Writing constructs the housing for the meaning that you and others make of the research endeavor. As writer, you engage in a sustained act of construction, which includes selecting a particular “story” to tell from the data you have analyzed, and creating the literary form that you believe best conveys your account. It perhaps matters to some—but needs no resolution—whether the researcher’s construction is more like that of an architect, proceeding from a vision embodied in a plan, or like that of a painter, whose vision emerges over time from intuition, sense, and feeling. For many, constructing a text is possibly some combination of both plan and intuition. This cha ...
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3. TOP-DOWN PROCESSING
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE DISCOURSE KNOWLEDGE PURPOSE FOR READING
PRAGMATICS
METACOGNITION
INTERPRETATION OF THE TEXT
LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE READING STRATEGIES
BOTTOM-UP
4. EFFECTIVE READERS
ADJUST TO THE MATERIALS
FIT THE SKILLS TO THE TYPE OF TEXT
FIT THEIR PERSONAL OBJECTIVE FOR READING.
ABANDON NONSUCCESSFUL STRATEGIES
SELECT NEW ONES
COMBINE OLD- NEW
14. COHESIVE CHAIN
➔Elements in a text that have the
same referent or classification.
➔It ties the parts of a text into a
whole.
15. TYPES OF REFERENCE:
❖ENDOPHORIC REFERENCE: WITHIN THE TEXT (BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING)
ANAPHORIC (BACKWARDS)
“I went out with Jo on Sunday. She looked awful.”
CATAPHORIC (FORWARD)
“ When he arrived, John noticed that the door was open.”
❖EXOPHORIC REFERENCE: CONTEXT OUTSIDE THE TEXT (TOP-DOWN
PROCESSING)
16. COHESIVE BUT NOT COHERENT
Example:
You may not fully understand the reasons underlying the incident, so let me
try to explain. Namely, it may help your understanding to know that Peter had
not been happy about the oranges, after all. Nor was the other Peter ever
again able to fly after the aforementioned fruity explanation. Then, weeks
later, he realised that it was because my fruit and wings rationale is lacking in
substance. If that is all, you may find it hard to get the point of what I'm driving
at. Nevertheless, I think it was worth trying to explain.
17. COHERENT BUT NOT COHESIVE
Example:
Summer was over. The boy went to school. The building: Peter had
never liked it. All the other class members became easy targets of the
lawmaker's son's gun. At 8:15 the massacre began. 7 children would
not go home. The last words of the juvenile perpetrator: "I hate
Mondays".
18. Comprehension problems
General characteristic
We, as readers, often face a dilemma with respect to the interpretation of a
message or information in a text.
This issue partially occurs when there is a mismatch between the writer’s
point of view and the reader’s point of view.
Reader’s expectation can also lead to misinterpretation of a text even if
there is no mismatch.
19. Comprehension problems
Complex problems
• Noun phrases can sometimes cause misunderstanding in texts as we often can
not determine which is the head of the sentence. (e.g “common prescribed
drugs”)
• Adjectival clauses with deleted subjects can also be misleading as they
interfere with the identification of the head and its modifiers. As a result, this will
mislead the reader. (e.g “Science-based technology has been described as the
principal tool”)
• Reference is another problem as English often creates ambiguity in sentences.
(e.g “Peter talked to Carl, and then went to his house”)
20. How can we improve it?
We can improve reading comprehension by doing the following things:
• try to find where the text appeared. (e.g book, magazine, newspaper, etc.)
• try to find when it was published and think of the issue it was concerned at that time.
• find out who the writer is.
• get a general idea of the writer’s posture.
• scan the text and search for key sentences that can help you to construct all the coherence
of the text
• rely on grammar books in order to understand the structure of complex sentences and the
identification of head nouns.
21. Understanding a text
● Lexical Accessibility: systematic organization of vocabulary
● Strategies for reading: sets of steps that good readers use to make
sense of text
23. Lexical Accessibility
How to cope with interpretation;
Personal Knowledge Textual information
Interpretation
Tittle
General
knowledge Semantic
clues
Syntactic
clues
24. Strategies for reading
● Language knowledge
● Discourse and sociocultural knowledge
● General knowledge (Prior)
25. Bibliography
BOOK: Celce-Murcia, M and Olshtain, E. (2000): Discourse and Context in
Language Teaching- A Guide for language Teachers. Chapter 7 U.K: CUP