This document provides an overview of a microbiology course. It outlines the course objectives, which include describing various microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and parasites. It also covers classifying microbes, their cellular characteristics, and the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The document discusses the historical development of microbiology from early microscope observations to modern techniques and discoveries. Key figures that advanced the field include van Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, Pasteur, Koch, and Fleming.
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms that require magnification to be observed. Key developments in microbiology include van Leeuwenhoek's discovery of microorganisms in the 1600s, Koch's work in the late 1800s establishing the germ theory of disease and developing methods to isolate and grow pure cultures of bacteria, and Pasteur's experiments in the 1860s disproving spontaneous generation. Major figures who contributed to the golden age of microbiology from the 1850s-1900s include Pasteur, Lister, Nightingale, Semmelweis, and Koch. Their work established microbiology as a science and led to advances like antiseptic surgery, vaccinations, and understanding pathogenesis. Microbiology
This document provides an overview of microbiology and the history of the field. It discusses key topics like the discovery of microorganisms under the microscope in the 1600s and 1700s. Landmark experiments disproving spontaneous generation and establishing the germ theory of disease in the late 1800s are also summarized. The document outlines the development of vaccines, antibiotics like penicillin, and chemotherapy. It provides a brief introduction to different areas of microbiology studied today and concludes by mentioning the role of microbes in human health and disease.
This document outlines the contents of a 5-month, 4-credit biology remedial course taught by Markos K. The course is divided into 10 units covering topics such as biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, evolution, biotechnology, ecology, and human biology. The first unit provides an overview of the scientific method and tools used in biology. It discusses how experiments by Redi and Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. The document then goes into detail about the content of each unit, including biochemical molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins; cellular structure and function; DNA replication; and interactions within ecosystems.
Intro to medical microbiology lecture notesBruno Mmassy
This document provides an introduction to a course on medical microbiology and immunology. It outlines the objectives of the course which are to provide students with basic knowledge of microorganisms, bacteria of medical importance, aseptic techniques, antimicrobial agents, and basic immunological principles. It also lists the chapter topics to be covered, requirements for students, and staff teaching the course.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Key pioneers in microbiology include Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who first observed microbes under a microscope, Louis Pasteur, who disproved spontaneous generation and developed pasteurization and vaccines, and Robert Koch, who developed techniques for growing pure cultures of bacteria and proved specific diseases were caused by specific microbes through his postulates. Microbiology is studied because microbes play important roles in health, disease, ecology, and industry.
MCB lecture 3 topics: milestones on the history of MCB as a science, people significant in the development of MCB as a science, Koch's principles and exceptions
This document provides an introduction to medical microbiology for second year public health students. It defines key microbiology terms and outlines the history and development of the field. The document discusses the classification and morphology of microorganisms and provides information on bacterial structures and functions. It also summarizes the important contributions of scientists such as Pasteur, Koch, and others to establishing microbiology as a science.
This document provides an overview of a microbiology course. It outlines the course objectives, which include describing various microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and parasites. It also covers classifying microbes, their cellular characteristics, and the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The document discusses the historical development of microbiology from early microscope observations to modern techniques and discoveries. Key figures that advanced the field include van Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, Pasteur, Koch, and Fleming.
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms that require magnification to be observed. Key developments in microbiology include van Leeuwenhoek's discovery of microorganisms in the 1600s, Koch's work in the late 1800s establishing the germ theory of disease and developing methods to isolate and grow pure cultures of bacteria, and Pasteur's experiments in the 1860s disproving spontaneous generation. Major figures who contributed to the golden age of microbiology from the 1850s-1900s include Pasteur, Lister, Nightingale, Semmelweis, and Koch. Their work established microbiology as a science and led to advances like antiseptic surgery, vaccinations, and understanding pathogenesis. Microbiology
This document provides an overview of microbiology and the history of the field. It discusses key topics like the discovery of microorganisms under the microscope in the 1600s and 1700s. Landmark experiments disproving spontaneous generation and establishing the germ theory of disease in the late 1800s are also summarized. The document outlines the development of vaccines, antibiotics like penicillin, and chemotherapy. It provides a brief introduction to different areas of microbiology studied today and concludes by mentioning the role of microbes in human health and disease.
This document outlines the contents of a 5-month, 4-credit biology remedial course taught by Markos K. The course is divided into 10 units covering topics such as biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, evolution, biotechnology, ecology, and human biology. The first unit provides an overview of the scientific method and tools used in biology. It discusses how experiments by Redi and Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. The document then goes into detail about the content of each unit, including biochemical molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins; cellular structure and function; DNA replication; and interactions within ecosystems.
Intro to medical microbiology lecture notesBruno Mmassy
This document provides an introduction to a course on medical microbiology and immunology. It outlines the objectives of the course which are to provide students with basic knowledge of microorganisms, bacteria of medical importance, aseptic techniques, antimicrobial agents, and basic immunological principles. It also lists the chapter topics to be covered, requirements for students, and staff teaching the course.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Key pioneers in microbiology include Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who first observed microbes under a microscope, Louis Pasteur, who disproved spontaneous generation and developed pasteurization and vaccines, and Robert Koch, who developed techniques for growing pure cultures of bacteria and proved specific diseases were caused by specific microbes through his postulates. Microbiology is studied because microbes play important roles in health, disease, ecology, and industry.
MCB lecture 3 topics: milestones on the history of MCB as a science, people significant in the development of MCB as a science, Koch's principles and exceptions
This document provides an introduction to medical microbiology for second year public health students. It defines key microbiology terms and outlines the history and development of the field. The document discusses the classification and morphology of microorganisms and provides information on bacterial structures and functions. It also summarizes the important contributions of scientists such as Pasteur, Koch, and others to establishing microbiology as a science.
This document provides an overview of an agricultural microbiology course taught by Dr. Dawit getahun at ODA BULTUM UNVERSITY. The course covers topics such as the definition and historical development of microbiology, types of microscopes, microbial culture techniques, classification of microorganisms, characteristics of bacteria, microbes important in agriculture, plant pathogenic microbes, the role of microbes in nutrient cycles, and microbial interactions in soil. The objective is for students to learn about microorganisms important in agriculture and how to handle and identify them.
This document provides an introduction to the field of microbiology. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
1. Microbiology is the study of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses. Major groups include bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Microorganisms play important roles in nature, industries, causing diseases, and more.
2. The discovery of microorganisms began in the 1600s with Anton van Leeuwenhoek's microscope observations of "animalcules". However, microbiology emerged as a science in the late 1800s with advances like germ theory and pure culture techniques.
3. Louis P
This document outlines the fundamentals of microbiology, including the historical development and significance of studying microbes. It discusses key topics like the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, bacterial taxonomy, and bacterial genetics. The objectives are to understand the historical background of microbiology, classify medically significant bacteria, describe bacterial metabolism and growth, and explain methods of disinfection.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa and algae. The document outlines various topics in microbiology including branches of microbiology, contributions of scientists like Van Leeuwenhoek, Redi, Pasteur and Koch, distinguishing characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, basic properties of viruses, nutritional requirements of microorganisms, and bacterial morphology. It also discusses the importance of microbiology in nursing practice for tasks like infection control, maintaining sterile fields, and implementing immunization schedules.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are generally too small to be seen with the naked eye, including viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, and protozoa. Key developments in microbiology include the discovery of microorganisms in the 1670s, disproving spontaneous generation in the 1860s, establishing the germ theory of disease in the 1870s-1880s, developing vaccines in the late 1800s, and understanding the role of microbes in organic matter decomposition and fermentation in the 1850s-1900s. In the 20th century, major advances included determining the causes of infectious diseases, discovering antibiotics, developing immunology, using microbes to understand physiology and biochemistry, establishing foundations of
This document summarizes key aspects of medical microbiology. It discusses how medical microbiology deals with the study of microorganisms and their roles in human health and disease. Some of the major branches of medical microbiology it outlines include general microbiology, immunology, bacteriology, virology, mycology, and parasitology. The document also highlights some of the pivotal early contributors to microbiology, including Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Edward Jenner, Louis Pasteur, and Robert Koch.
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical microbiology. It discusses the introduction and branches of microbiology, including pure branches like bacteriology, mycology, and virology, and applied branches like medical, pharmaceutical, and industrial microbiology. The history of microbiology is also summarized, highlighting key figures like Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, and Alexander Fleming. Pasteur's contributions to microbiology through experiments on fermentation, sterilization, and pasteurization are described.
This document provides information about the compound light microscope. It describes the key parts of the microscope including the light source, mechanical stage, substage condenser, objectives, ocular lenses, and body tube. It explains how light travels through the microscope and how total magnification is calculated by multiplying the objective and ocular magnifications. The document notes that resolution depends on wavelength of light and numerical aperture of objectives, with higher numerical aperture providing better resolution. It provides example magnifications for common objectives.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in a microbiology course. It introduces microbiology and microorganisms, describes the history of microbiology including key figures like van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, and Jenner. It discusses spontaneous generation versus biogenesis and germ theory of disease. It also covers classification of microbes, major groups of bacteria, and microbes' role in human health and disease.
This document provides an outline for an introductory microbiology course. It includes:
1. Course details such as the instructor, time, location and assessment.
2. An overview of the lecture topics which will introduce students to how diseases occur, the importance of microbiology, classification of microbes, and the historical background of the field.
3. Descriptions of the main categories of microbes (bacteria, algae, fungi, parasites, protozoa, viruses) including their characteristics, examples of diseases they cause, and their importance.
This document provides an overview of the history and introduction to microbiology. It discusses how microbiology is the study of microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The history is divided into three stages: the discovery stage where early pioneers like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, and Spallanzani made early observations; the transition stage where researchers like Redi, Needham, and Tyndall began experiments; and the modern stage defined by major contributions from Pasteur, Koch, Lister, Fleming, and Ehrlich through methods like pasteurization, staining, and discovering penicillin. Key diseases are also mentioned like AIDS, Nipah virus, Zika virus, and coronav
Microbiology:
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms and their activities
It considers the microscopic forms of life and deals about their
Reproduction and physiology
participation in the process of nature
helpful and harmful relationship with other living things
significance in science and industry
1. The document discusses the field of medical microbiology, including the definition as the study of microorganisms too small to see with the naked eye, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi.
2. It describes the key research techniques in medical microbiology including microtechnique, aseptic technique, culture technique, and staining technique.
3. The status and developments of medical microbiology are summarized, such as the discovery of new pathogens like HIV and hepatitis viruses, and the direction of further research into pathogenic mechanisms and new treatments.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are only visible under a microscope. The document discusses key figures in the history of microbiology including Louis Pasteur, who established methods of bacteriology and disproved spontaneous generation; Robert Koch, who developed techniques for isolating pure bacterial cultures and discovered pathogens like anthrax; Joseph Lister, who introduced antiseptic techniques to surgery; and Paul Ehrlich, who developed chemotherapy and methods of standardizing toxins. Medical microbiology deals with infectious disease agents, host responses, mechanisms of disease causation, and diagnostic methods. Microbiology is important for understanding sterilization and disinfection, preventing hospital-acquired infections, and maintaining vaccines.
Microbiology began with the development of the microscope in the 17th century, when Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first observed and documented microorganisms. Over subsequent centuries, scientists like Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch used experiments and evidence to prove germ theory and establish microbiology as a science. Their work showed that microbes cause infectious diseases and laid the foundation for understanding disease transmission and developing treatments like vaccines and antibiotics discovered by Alexander Fleming. Today, microbiology has many applications including developing pharmaceuticals, ensuring food and water safety, and industrial uses of microbes in fields like biotechnology.
To understand the basic concepts of the biology of microorganisms and its mechanism of action in host cells.
-Dr SUBASHKUMAR R
Associate Professor in Biotechnology
Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore
This document provides an overview of microbiology. It discusses that microbiology is the study of microorganisms including their structure, physiology, identification, and relationship to humans and the environment. It describes different types of microorganisms such as bacteria, their structures like cell walls and capsules, and how they are classified. It also discusses laboratory techniques used to study microorganisms like staining, culturing, and biochemical and serological tests.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
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This document provides an overview of an agricultural microbiology course taught by Dr. Dawit getahun at ODA BULTUM UNVERSITY. The course covers topics such as the definition and historical development of microbiology, types of microscopes, microbial culture techniques, classification of microorganisms, characteristics of bacteria, microbes important in agriculture, plant pathogenic microbes, the role of microbes in nutrient cycles, and microbial interactions in soil. The objective is for students to learn about microorganisms important in agriculture and how to handle and identify them.
This document provides an introduction to the field of microbiology. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
1. Microbiology is the study of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses. Major groups include bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Microorganisms play important roles in nature, industries, causing diseases, and more.
2. The discovery of microorganisms began in the 1600s with Anton van Leeuwenhoek's microscope observations of "animalcules". However, microbiology emerged as a science in the late 1800s with advances like germ theory and pure culture techniques.
3. Louis P
This document outlines the fundamentals of microbiology, including the historical development and significance of studying microbes. It discusses key topics like the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, bacterial taxonomy, and bacterial genetics. The objectives are to understand the historical background of microbiology, classify medically significant bacteria, describe bacterial metabolism and growth, and explain methods of disinfection.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa and algae. The document outlines various topics in microbiology including branches of microbiology, contributions of scientists like Van Leeuwenhoek, Redi, Pasteur and Koch, distinguishing characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, basic properties of viruses, nutritional requirements of microorganisms, and bacterial morphology. It also discusses the importance of microbiology in nursing practice for tasks like infection control, maintaining sterile fields, and implementing immunization schedules.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are generally too small to be seen with the naked eye, including viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, and protozoa. Key developments in microbiology include the discovery of microorganisms in the 1670s, disproving spontaneous generation in the 1860s, establishing the germ theory of disease in the 1870s-1880s, developing vaccines in the late 1800s, and understanding the role of microbes in organic matter decomposition and fermentation in the 1850s-1900s. In the 20th century, major advances included determining the causes of infectious diseases, discovering antibiotics, developing immunology, using microbes to understand physiology and biochemistry, establishing foundations of
This document summarizes key aspects of medical microbiology. It discusses how medical microbiology deals with the study of microorganisms and their roles in human health and disease. Some of the major branches of medical microbiology it outlines include general microbiology, immunology, bacteriology, virology, mycology, and parasitology. The document also highlights some of the pivotal early contributors to microbiology, including Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Edward Jenner, Louis Pasteur, and Robert Koch.
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical microbiology. It discusses the introduction and branches of microbiology, including pure branches like bacteriology, mycology, and virology, and applied branches like medical, pharmaceutical, and industrial microbiology. The history of microbiology is also summarized, highlighting key figures like Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, and Alexander Fleming. Pasteur's contributions to microbiology through experiments on fermentation, sterilization, and pasteurization are described.
This document provides information about the compound light microscope. It describes the key parts of the microscope including the light source, mechanical stage, substage condenser, objectives, ocular lenses, and body tube. It explains how light travels through the microscope and how total magnification is calculated by multiplying the objective and ocular magnifications. The document notes that resolution depends on wavelength of light and numerical aperture of objectives, with higher numerical aperture providing better resolution. It provides example magnifications for common objectives.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in a microbiology course. It introduces microbiology and microorganisms, describes the history of microbiology including key figures like van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, and Jenner. It discusses spontaneous generation versus biogenesis and germ theory of disease. It also covers classification of microbes, major groups of bacteria, and microbes' role in human health and disease.
This document provides an outline for an introductory microbiology course. It includes:
1. Course details such as the instructor, time, location and assessment.
2. An overview of the lecture topics which will introduce students to how diseases occur, the importance of microbiology, classification of microbes, and the historical background of the field.
3. Descriptions of the main categories of microbes (bacteria, algae, fungi, parasites, protozoa, viruses) including their characteristics, examples of diseases they cause, and their importance.
This document provides an overview of the history and introduction to microbiology. It discusses how microbiology is the study of microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The history is divided into three stages: the discovery stage where early pioneers like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, and Spallanzani made early observations; the transition stage where researchers like Redi, Needham, and Tyndall began experiments; and the modern stage defined by major contributions from Pasteur, Koch, Lister, Fleming, and Ehrlich through methods like pasteurization, staining, and discovering penicillin. Key diseases are also mentioned like AIDS, Nipah virus, Zika virus, and coronav
Microbiology:
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms and their activities
It considers the microscopic forms of life and deals about their
Reproduction and physiology
participation in the process of nature
helpful and harmful relationship with other living things
significance in science and industry
1. The document discusses the field of medical microbiology, including the definition as the study of microorganisms too small to see with the naked eye, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi.
2. It describes the key research techniques in medical microbiology including microtechnique, aseptic technique, culture technique, and staining technique.
3. The status and developments of medical microbiology are summarized, such as the discovery of new pathogens like HIV and hepatitis viruses, and the direction of further research into pathogenic mechanisms and new treatments.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are only visible under a microscope. The document discusses key figures in the history of microbiology including Louis Pasteur, who established methods of bacteriology and disproved spontaneous generation; Robert Koch, who developed techniques for isolating pure bacterial cultures and discovered pathogens like anthrax; Joseph Lister, who introduced antiseptic techniques to surgery; and Paul Ehrlich, who developed chemotherapy and methods of standardizing toxins. Medical microbiology deals with infectious disease agents, host responses, mechanisms of disease causation, and diagnostic methods. Microbiology is important for understanding sterilization and disinfection, preventing hospital-acquired infections, and maintaining vaccines.
Microbiology began with the development of the microscope in the 17th century, when Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first observed and documented microorganisms. Over subsequent centuries, scientists like Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch used experiments and evidence to prove germ theory and establish microbiology as a science. Their work showed that microbes cause infectious diseases and laid the foundation for understanding disease transmission and developing treatments like vaccines and antibiotics discovered by Alexander Fleming. Today, microbiology has many applications including developing pharmaceuticals, ensuring food and water safety, and industrial uses of microbes in fields like biotechnology.
To understand the basic concepts of the biology of microorganisms and its mechanism of action in host cells.
-Dr SUBASHKUMAR R
Associate Professor in Biotechnology
Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore
This document provides an overview of microbiology. It discusses that microbiology is the study of microorganisms including their structure, physiology, identification, and relationship to humans and the environment. It describes different types of microorganisms such as bacteria, their structures like cell walls and capsules, and how they are classified. It also discusses laboratory techniques used to study microorganisms like staining, culturing, and biochemical and serological tests.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
2. A Brief History of Microbiology
I. What is Microbiology and Why Study it?
A. Life as we know it would not exist without microorganisms (also called
microbes)
B. Microbiology is the study of microorganisms
C. Why should we study Microbiology?
1. Understand how microbes affect human health
2. Understand life processes of microbes that are common to all
organisms
3. Understand how microbes can be used for our benefit (e.g.
biotechnology)
II. History of Microbiology
A. Microbiology as a science dates back to Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, the man
who first discovered (and documented!) the microbial world
B. Leeuwenhoek invented the simple (one lens) microscope (in 1673) and
observed the major types of microorganisms. He referred to them as
animacules (animal + molecule).
C. Microbes are organisms that are generally smaller than can be seen with the
unaided eye.
3. D. Classifying Microorganisms
1. Carolus Linneaus developed a system of general classification, initiating
the field of taxonomy
2. Microbial cells can be either:
a. prokaryotic – no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
b. eukaryotic – true nucleus and organelles
E. There are six main classes of microbes that we will discuss:
1. Fungi
2. Protozoa
3. Algae
4. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)
5. Helminths (parasitic worms)
6. Viruses (not cellular!)
III. The Golden Age of Microbiology
A. An explosion of interest in microbiology centered on four main questions,
the answers to which provide a framework leading to the modern age of
microbiology.
B. These questions are:
1. Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible?
4. 2. What causes fermentation?
3. What causes disease?
4. How can we prevent infection and disease?
C. Spontaneous generation?
1. Biogenesis – Life arises from pre-existing life
2. Spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) – Life arises from non-life
3. Needham's experiments:
a. Boiled broth, then sealed container. Clear broth turns cloudy.
4. Spallanzani's experiments:
a. Boiled broth in sealed flasks. Clear broth remains clear.
5. Pasteur's experiments:
a. Used swan necked flasks
6. Debate over spontaneous generation led in part to the development of a
generalized scientific method
7. The Scientific Method is a generalized framework for conducting an
investigation
a. A group of observations leads a scientist to ask a question about
some phenomenon
b. The scientist generates a hypothesis (a potential answer or
explanation)
5. c. The scientist designs and conducts an experiment to test the
hypothesis
d. Based on the observed results, the scientist either accepts, rejects, or
modifies the hypothesis (usually leading back to b) and finally makes
theory.
8. Some definitions:
a. Hypothesis – a proposed explanation for a set of observations
b. Experiment – a test using controlled observations to confirm or
refute a hypothesis
c. Theory – a longstanding hypothesis, repeatedly verified by
experiments, that explains a wide range of related phenomena
D. What causes fermentation?
1. Fermentation refers to the formation of alcohol or lactic acid from sugar
2. Pasteur's experiments:
a. Observed that yeast cells only come from other yeast cells
b. Demonstrated that yeast can grow with or without oxygen, that is
they are facultative anaerobes
c. Showed that bacteria ferment grape juice into acid, while yeast
ferment the juice into alcohol
d. Invented pasteurization
6. 3. Buchner's experiments:
a. Showed that enzymes in cell extract cause fermentation
b. Initiated the field of biochemistry and the study of metabolism
E. What causes disease?
1. The germ theory of disease states that microorganisms can cause disease
2. Koch's experiments:
a. Demonstrated relationship between a microorganism and a disease
b. Koch's Postulates are a series of steps to show that a specific
microorganism causes a particular disease
c. Koch and colleagues significantly advanced microbiology lab
techniques
F. How can we prevent infection and disease?
1. Semmelweis – handwashing to reduce infection
2. Lister – developed aseptic techniques (including phenol solution to treat
bandages and surgical instruments, which significantly reduced post-
surgical infections)
3. Ehrlich's “Magic Bullet” led to field of chemotherapy
4. Jenner's smallpox vaccine led to field of Immunology
5. Nightingale's antiseptic techniques and nursing practices led to field of
nursing
7. 6. Snow's studies of cholera epidemic in London started epidemiology, the
study of occurrence, distribution, and spread of diseases in populations
IV. The modern age of microbiology
A. Examining the basic chemical reactions of life
B. Determining how genes work using genetics, molecular biology, and
recombinant DNA technology
C. Determining the role microorganisms play in the environment
