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- 1. One Unit Course: PakistanStudies | Lecture: Introduction • Confusing Geography of Pakistan • Far apart regions (1600 km) • Distribution of resources (4 provinces vs 1 province) • Sharing of Powers • More developed West Pakistan having strong military and bureaucracy. • One Unit Solution to bring equality b/w west and east Pakistan (merging 4 provinces of west Pakistan into one unit) – PM M. Ali Bogra • Bill was passed in assembly, and Lahore was declared capital. • Opposition of one unit (Pirzada Abdul Sattar) • Dissolution of one unit in 1970
- 2. First Martial Law Course:Pakistan Studies | Lecture: Introduction • Iskandar Mirza and Ayub (Mirza selected ayub as Commander in Chief of the Pakistan army) • Both were responsible for political instability in Pakistan from 1955-58 • Mirza suggested a controlled democracy form of Government and imposed first Martial Law (7 October 1958) • Iskandar Mirza as First President, and Ayub as Martial Law Administrator • Iskandar Mirza was forced to vacate office at 27 October 1958 and Ayub became President • Ayub from the Mirza’s front man to absolute Master
- 3. Measures taken byAyub and his downfall Course: Pakistan Studies | Lecture: Introduction • Rehabilitation of peace • Price Control • Check on Smuggling • Agricultural reforms (500 to 1000) • Rehabilitation of migrants • Industrial reforms (Karachi Steel Mills, oil refineries) • Development (Mangala Dam, new capital at Islamabad) • Muslim Family Law Causes of Ayub Decline • Election 1965 (Basic democracy (BD) system (8000 councilors), Fatima vs Ayub) • 1965 War (17 days) • Tashkent Declaration (Z.A.B Resignation) • End of Ayub Era • New Martial Law (General Yahya 1969 - 1971)
- 4. Election 1971 Course: PakistanStudies | Lecture: Introduction • Sheikh Mujeeb vs Z.A. Bhutto • Free and fair elections • Yahya handed-over powers to Z.A. Bhutto 6 points of Sheikh Mujeeb • Direct Elections • Provincial autonomy • Trade independence/ economic • Separate foreign reserves (different currencies) • Collection of taxes • Separate force/ parliament force War of 1971: • 93000
- 5. Causes of fallof Dhaka/ East Pakistan Course: Pakistan Studies | Lecture: Introduction • Geographical distance (1600km) • Language issues • Democratic rights • Indian involvement • Economic rights (Putson) • BLA role (Mukti Bahini) • Army Operation/ Operation Search light • Mar 26, 1971, to May 25 1971. • Lack of Administrative Authority • India Attacked East Pakistan Mujeeb’s Six Points 1: Through a federal parliamentary system based on direct adult franchise representation of provinces would be based on population in the federal legislature. 2: The federal government will be restricted only to foreign affairs, defense and currency. And even concerning foreign affairs, the subject of economic issues would rest with the provinces. 3: There would be either two different currencies for the two wings or a single one with a separate Federal Reserve System for each wing. 4: The power of implementing and collecting taxes would rest with the provinces. The federal government will be given enough shares to fulfill its tasks of foreign affairs and defense. 5: There would be separate accounts of foreign exchange earnings for each wing. 6: East Pakistan would be entitled to have militia or paramilitary force solely under its jurisdiction.
- 6. Z.A.Bhutto Era (1971- 1977) Course: Pakistan Studies | Lecture: Introduction • Chief Martial Law Administrator • Reforms by Z.A. Bhutto • Socialism vs Capitalism Economic Reforms • Subsidy • Seed Reforms, Fertilizers, Tractors to formers • Uniformity of scales (22 scale) • Loan Facility • Fee Exemption • Pensioner death • Police reforms Agricultural Reforms • Irrigated land (150/500) • Arid Land (300/1000) • Peasants (haq-e-shuffa) • Labor rights • Compensation in case of injury • Old age pension • Trade Unions Industries 1972 ordinance • Nationalization of industries • 20 Industries • Iron and Steel Industry • Heavy Engineering, Automobile • Tractor assembling Plants • Oil and Gas Refineries • Life insurance, State life • Banks – State bank of Pakistan • Educational Reforms
- 7. Z.A.Bhutto Era (1971- 1977) Course: Pakistan Studies | Lecture: Introduction Simla Agreement 1972: 93000 Soldiers, 13000 km2 Basic Agreement • UN Charter of Peace • Bilateral Relations-no 3rd Party • Restore Territories • Stay Away from Internal Affairs • No War-Table Talk Restore Relations • Resume Communications • Promote Travel • Trade and Economics • Social and Cultural Exchange Future Relations • Forces Withdrawal • LOC of Kashmir • 30 Days • Constitution • Baluchistan Operation 1973-1975 • OIC Conference 1974/ Lahore Summit (Iran and Saudi on same Platform) • Atomic Program • Election 1977 (7 March 1977) • PNA vs PPP • PPP (155) vs PNA (36) (allegations of Election Rigging) • Rigging to Nizam-e-Mustafa • Marshall Law of General Zia • 5 July 1977 • Zia Assassinated on 4th April 1979
- 8. General Zia ulHaq Era (1977 - 1988) Course: Pakistan Studies | Lecture: Introduction • Elections in 90 days • Ban on political parties • Controlled Press • Accountability start • March 1978 Lahore High Court - Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto • Civilian cabinet 1978 – PNA • Gen Zia Became President 1978 • Local Government Election 1979 • PCO March 1981 – Replace 1973 constitution • President Referendum 1984 • Election (Non-Party 1985) – Junejo as PM • End of Marshal Law 1985 • 8th Amendment – (1985) • Plane Crash – G Zia Died 1988
- 9. General Zia ulHaq Era (1977 - 1988) Course: Pakistan Studies | Lecture: Introduction • Islamization of Zia • Hadood Ordinance-10Feb 1979 • Zakat and Usher ordinance-20 July 1980 • Zakat Foundation – Feb 1982 • Federal Sharia Courts High Court 3 judges Supreme court – Appellate Court • Pakistran Studies and Islamic Studies compulsory • Blasphemy act – 298 article • Ihtram-e-Ramzan Ordinance 1981 • Federal Ombudsum • Soviet Afghan War 1979 • December 1979 • 100,000 troops • Role of Pakistan • Islamic Countries • US Role (Cold War) • Lose of 50,000 troops • Geneva Accord • Pakistan • Russia • December 1987 • 15th may 1988 withdrawal of troops • M. Junejo • Zia-ul Haq • End of Junejo • End of Zia Rule
- 10. First Era ofBenazir Bhutto 1988-1990 Course: Pakistan Studies | Lecture: Introduction • Election 1988 • Benazir return in 1986 (huge reception) • PPP vs IJI (PPP won the election) Challenges: • BB as a PM (first women prime minister) • Establishment against PPP • Right wing parties (IJI) against PPP • MQM against PPP Achievements: • SAARC 1988 (developed good relations with India) • Agreement in SAARC of no attacking of nuclear installations • Relationship with Islamic countries was strengthened • NPT → PTV • Political prisoners were released • Trade Unions/ labor unions were restored Controversies: • Relationship with MQM • Pakka Qilla incident (firing on muhajirs) • Operation midnight jackal (IB traced ISI call-vote of no confidence) • Indian relations • Right wing • G Ishaq khan (dismissed PPP gov. using 58-2B) • Alleging on corruption
- 11. First Era ofNawaz Sharif 1990-1993 Course: Pakistan Studies | Lecture: Introduction • Election 1990 • Nawaz sharif as a PM • Had already served as a chief minister of Punjab (1885- 1990) Economic Policies: • Privatization • Liberalization (IMF demand) • Infrastructure development • Unemployment (Yellow cab) Other works • Loan Scheme (50000, 10000, 300000) • NFC (Provincial share) • Export increase • Foreign investment increase • Motorway Controversies: • Relationship with President (G Ishaque Khan) • Corruption • Operation blue Fox (Karachi Operation) • Cooperation Societies corruption 80000 people (money siphoned in Ittefaq mills) • End of Government • Dissolution of assemblies • Both president and PM had to go home • Wasim Sajjad became interim president • Moeen Qureshi became interim PM
- 12. Second Era ofBenazir Bhutto 1993-1996 Course: Pakistan Studies | Lecture: Introduction • Oct 1993 • Sind and Punjab • KPK and Baluchistan Challenges: • Relationship with establishment was challanging • Opposition • Economy Achievements: • KPK Government • Baluchistan Government • US relations • Women rights • Improving literacy • Healthcare • Drugs trafficking Controversies: • New taxes of 128 billions • Relationship with President (Farooq Ahmad Khan Laghari) • Murtaza Bhutto killing • Karachi Operation • Economy End of Government • Nepotism (Surrey apartments) • Corruption • Appointment of Judges • Dismissal of assemblies • RGST (General sales tax) • Dismissal of assemblies (F A K Laghari)
- 13. Second Era ofNawaz Sharif 1996-1999 Course: Pakistan Studies | Lecture: Introduction • Feb 1997 Challenges • Relationship with president • Judiciary • Economy Achievements: Motorway completed 1997 (Corruption/kickbacks) 13th amendment (58-2/B) 14th amendment (floor crossing) Sajjad Ali shah Nuclear test Lahore Declaration (Wajpayi visit in Pakistan) Controversies: • Sind Governor Raj • Kalabagh Dam • Constitutional Crises • Attack on supreme court • Relationship with Army (Jahangir Karamat→Gen Musharraf) • Kargil war • Washington Declaration • Marshal Law (Musharraf → Zia-u-Din Butt) • NS Sent to jail
- 14. General Musharraf Era(1999-2000) Course: Pakistan Studies | Lecture: Introduction • G. Musharraf as a Chief Executive • Nawaz Sharif in jail (corruption, Kargil War, etc.) • 20th June 2001 President • Challenges • Political Crises • Constitutional • Economic • 9/11 • Al-Qaida Usama Bin Laden Achievements • National reconstruction Beureu (NRB) • Local Bodies 3 steps • Decentralization • Referendum (April 2000) • Election 2002 (PMLQ) • Economic Policy • Industrialization • Privatization, Nadra, NAB, Women Empowerment, Enlightenment Controversies: • War on Terror • Election 2002 • Laal Masjid • PCO judges • Moderate Policies • 17th Amendment (Powers back to president) • Government Term ends in 2007 • Benazir Bhutto assignation • Election 2008 • PPP
- 15. Asif Ali ZardariPeriod Course: Pakistan Studies | Lecture: Introduction • Yousaf Raza Gillani Prime minister (PPP+PMLN) Mixed Cabinet • Impeachment of Musharraf • Asif Ali Zardari as a President Achievements: • Provincial Autonomy • 18th amaendment (Constitution back to 1973 form, Presidential Powers) • Civil military relations Challenges: • Coalition break • Energy Crises • Long March • Restoration of Juditiary • Rental power Plants • Corruption
- 16. Nawaz Sharif ThirdTerm (2013-2018) Course: Pakistan Studies | Lecture: Introduction • Election 2013 (PPP vs PMLN vs PTI) • PMLN center and Punjab • PPP Sindh • PTI KPK • PTI movement against Election Rigging • Operation Zarb-e-azab • Drone attacks • Economic Conditions • Infrastructure development and CPEC • APS Attack • Panama Leaks • Dismissed by Supreme Court • Shahid Khakan abbasi • Election May 2018
- 17. Imran Khan Government2018 Course: Pakistan Studies | Lecture: Introduction • Election 2018 (PTI vs PMLN vs PPP) • PTI center, Punjab and KPK • PPP Sindh • Reform Agenda • Against Corruption • NAB Role • Economic Policies • Education Reforms • Health Reforms • Ehsas Program • Environmental Policies • Corona Policies • FATF • Loan Scheme Challenges: • Coalition Government • Economy • Strong opposition (All political parties) • Foreign Policies • End of Imran Khan Era • Relationship with Establisment
- 18. Future Foreign PolicyChallenges for Pakistan Course: Pakistan Studies | Lecture: Introduction • Relationship with China and US • Dealing with Afghanistan • Relationship with India • Balancing Ties Between Saudi Arabia and Iran