This document summarizes several English grammar concepts: 1) How+adjective questions are used to ask about measurements and provide answers with adjectives like "high", "long", "wide", or "deep". 2) The differences between the to-infinitive and infinitive without to. Infinitives are used after certain verbs and modal verbs. 3) Conditionals come in three types - Type 0 for always true statements, Type 1 for probable present/future situations. Used to is used for past habits while would is used for past regular actions.

1. -How+adjective..?
-The to-infinitive ; the infinitive without to
-Used to/would
-Conditional type 0
-Conditional type 1
EL102 Touchstone 3
Lecture 2

2. How+adjective..?
 How+adjective..? for questions about
size and other measurements.
 It presents the answers for height,
length, width, and depth as full
sentences with adjectives after the
measurement- high, long, wide,
deep (e.g., It`s 29 kilometers wide)

3. For example:
 A: How high is Mount Everest?
 B: It`s 8,850 meters high.
 A: How long is the Nile River?
 B: It`s 6,695 kilometers long.
 A: How hot does it get in Death
Valley?
 B: It can reach 48 degrees Celsius.

4. The to-infinitive ; the infinitive without to

5. The infinitive is the base from of the
verb. There are two kinds of
infinitive
1. the to-infinitive (to go, to play )
2. the infinitive without to (go, play)

6. We use the infinitive without
to
 after the verb make
The clown made the children laugh. (=cause
somebody/something to do something)
my mother made me clean my room. (=force
somebody to do something)
 After the let
My father lets me use his computer.
 After modal verbs (can, could, will, would etc)
He can play tennis well.

7. The –ing form
The –ing form is the base from of the verb+ -
ing.
(Singing, watching) We use the –ing form:
 Usually after the verbs love, like, hate, enjoy
etc Tom likes playing basketball in his free
time.
 After the expressions don’t mind, couldn’t
help, can’t stand, look forward to. I don’t
mind going shopping.
 We can use the to-infinitive or the –ing form
after the verbs stop, remember and forget
but there is a difference in meaning. Study

8. STOP
 Stop+ to infinitive= stop briefly to do something else
I stopped to have a cup of coffee.
 Stop+ing form= finish, give up
We stopped reading when the bell ring.
REMEMBER
 Remember + to infinitive = not forget
Please remember to buy some milk.
 Remember + ing form = bring to your mind
I remember giving you the key before I left.
FORGET
 Forget+ to infinitive= not remember
She forgot to pay the phone bill.
 Forget+ ing form= always remember
I’ll never forget learning how to ride a bicycle.

9. Conditionals

10. Conditionals
Conditional clauses consist of two parts: the
if - clause (hypothesis) and the main clause
(result). When the if – clause comes before
the main clause, the two clauses are
separated with a comma. When the main
clause comes before the if – clause, then no
comma is necessary.
Ex: If I see Tim, I’ll give him his book. or
I’ll give Tim his book if I see him.

11. Type 0 Conditionals
 They are used to express something
which is always true. We can use
when (=whenever) instead of if.
Ex: If / When the sun shines, snow
melts.
Ex:If the temperature falls below 0C,
water turns into ice.

12. Conditional Type 0
Type 0 conditionals are used to express
something which is always true.
For example: If the sun shine , snow melt
They are also used to talk about something
which always happens as a result of
something else.
For example: When it rain , people carry
umbrellas.
s s
s

13. They are formed as follows:
If clause Main clause
If + present simple, present
simple
If you eat candy, your tooth gets hurt.
In type 0 conditionals we can use when
instead of if.
If/When ice melts, it becomes water.

14. Let`s practice Match column A to B.
A B
When I walk past the
bakery,
you can’t stay healthy
If the temperature of
water gets 100°C,
he goes to the doctor.
If you eat too much
fast food,
I always buy a
chocolate croissant.
When Tom has a
headache,
it boils.

15. Type 1 Conditionals
 They are used to express real or very
probable situations in the present or
future.
Ex: If he doesn’t study hard, he won’t
pass his exam.
Ex: If he doesn’t pay the fine, he will go
to prison.
Ex: If you need help, come and see me.

17. Used to/Would

18. Used to Would
Use: Used to is used to talk about
activities, events, or situation that were
done regularly in the past or that were
the case in the past, but no longer exist
in the present.
Would is used to talk about
regular activities and events
in the past, but not situations.
We would always win.
BUT NOT: My sister would
live next door .
Form: In affirmative statements, used to
is followed by the base form of the verb.
I used to go over to my sister`s house a
lot
Negative and questions with used to
follow the rules for regular verbs in the
simple past.
I didn`t use to like jazz, but I do now.
What did you use to do on Saturdays?
In affirmative statements,
would is followed by the base
form of the verb.
I`d play with my niece and
nephew.