Lecture 3 Animal Husbandry.pptx

1. Zamzam
University of Science and
Technology
Faculty Of Agriculture
Animal Husbandry
Lecture three
Dr. Abdirizak Mohamud Yusuf

2. Smallholder Livestock Production
System
• This system of livestock production is commonly
found in areas where there is adequate rainfall to
grow crops.
• The herds and flocks are often small, but
important component of the farming system,
particularly for diversification of farm income.
• Typically, the number of livestock on each farm
could be less than 10 in subsistence farming in
the tropics, and may reach much more than that
in other parts of the world

3. • The major reason for livestock- crop integration
in the tropics is the need for animal traction and
manure.
• Functions such as milk and meat are less vital than
in other systems.
• Draught animals are useful for transporting
merchandise, lessening fatigue from agricultural
chores, increasing the area an individual farm
worker can cultivate, optimizing the labor input
and producing meat.

4. • Animals are slaughtered after fulfilling their other
services and thus, meat production from such
animals is as a by-product of the other services.
• Such systems of animal production are typical in
densely populated parts of Asia, where the
numbers of cattle are small and they are mainly
kept for draught purpose and manure
production.
• Usually, the number of cattle ranges between 5-
9 per 100 inhabitants.
• Pork, fish and poultry are the main sources of
protein in these areas.

5. • The proportion of cattle integrated in crop farms is
variable between countries in semi-arid Africa.
• It is as high as 80 % in Ethiopia due to the use of cattle
for draught purposes.
• The trend in mixed crop-livestock production is
increasing in many countries in Africa due to the
agricultural extension services encouraging of the use
of oxen or cows for cultivation.
• Cattle from such systems in sub-Saharan Africa are
slaughtered at a low average carcass weight of 148 kg.
• In Latin America 90% of the cattle used for meat
production are multipurpose and maintained on
smallholdings or subsistence farms

6. • Smallholder livestock fattening activities are also
observed in arable farming areas not too far from
areas devoted solely to stock farming.
• The farmers feed restricted number of animals on
mostly farm products.
• Smallholder fattening schemes are often based on
fodder such as hay, straw or leaves produced on
the farm.
• Cultivated fodder can also be used for the same
purpose.
• The farmers can add any of a number of energy or
protein rich supplements and household wastes to
the basal feeds.

7. • Daily management of the animals could vary
between free grazing, herding, tethering on
grazing fields or stall-feeding.
• Free grazing as a means of daily management
usually occurs in the dry season and it is
characterized with low labor input, unlimited
grazing time, scope for selection of what to
graze, possibilities for damaging permanent
crops, and probability of losses due to theft or
predators.

8. • Tethering requires relatively little labor, but
animals are limited to a small radius for feed
selection and intake.
• Stall-feeding as a way of management,
emphasizes in holding the animals in some form
of shade or fence and providing them with daily
feed requirements.
• This version of daily management is usually
practiced in densely populated and heavily
cultivated areas with little available grazing land.
• The feed for livestock is intensively cultivated, and
usually cut and carry method of feeding is used .

9. Improved systems of production
• Improved systems of production are intensive
in their operation, use higher levels of inputs
with the anticipation of obtaining higher levels
of output.
• Various versions of improved systems of
production include Dairying, ranching and
feedlot operation.

10. Ranching
• Ranching usually involves rearing large numbers of
animals on an area of land that is fenced or has a
fixed boundary.
• In terms of its global location, ranching is peripheral
to the sedentary agricultural resource use systems.
• Ranching is often the last form of resource use
before the uninhabited wasteland of the arid core.
• Usually ranches are located in arid or semi arid
areas, where the annual rainfall is marginal for any
other farming activity.

11. • In places where the aridity is such that, the
nutrition of the animals is inadequate to support
meat production, wool production can be
economical, as wool, unlike meat and fat, continues
to grow even when sheep are losing weight.
• In ranching systems there is a scope for controlling
the grazing of the flock.
• Grazing could be restricted to limited parts of the
ranch so that other parts remain ungrazed for a
certain period of time.
• Such method of pasture management is defined as
rotational grazing.

12. • In rotational grazing, young stock may be given
access to better pasture than older stock.
• This system of pasture management is referred
to as creep grazing.
• Ranching is being encouraged in many African
countries in areas that have traditionally been
used by migratory herds.
• This encouragement is with the supposition that
ownership title to a given area will improve the
conservation of natural range resources, and also
the desire by policy makers and governments to
have more structured production activity

13. Feedlot operations
• Feedlot operations are specialized finishing units
that raise a large number of animals on improved
grazing and feed supplements, or in feedlots
using agro- industrial by-products.
• Therefore, fattening units are located in close
proximity to adequate and economical feed
supplies, such as irrigated valleys and oil and
flour mill centers.
• In addition to this, the fattening units need to be
located in population centers to facilitate the
marketing of the output.

14. • Animal fattening schemes in the tropics use feed
rations that vary tremendously, depending on
the agricultural and agro-industrial by- products
available. Adult animals are used for fattening,
since young animals are scarce on the market.
• When animals are maintained on pasture with
supplement feeding using supplements such as
cottonseed cake or molasses-urea block, the risk
of dry season weight losses is reduced and
weight gains may be recorded.

15. • This system provides good slaughter animals at a
time of year when traditional systems provide
the market with stock that has lost condition.
• However, animals that have lost weight on
pasture during the dry season can cheaply put
on weight in finishing units as a result of the
effects of compensatory growth.
• Improved grasses like P. maximum can stimulate
daily live weight gains of 400 g, energy and
protein rich supplements can stimulate gains of
around 1 kg daily, and feeding on young legumes
can enable gains of 0.8 -1kg.

16. • Dairy calves not used for veal production have
progressively been reared for young bull beef
production, and they are the major source of beef
in most countries.
• Culled dairy cows and heifers are an important
source of beef contributing to 30 – 65 % of
production in countries with no beef suckler herd.
The quality of this dairy cow beef is very variable.
F
• irst calves culled for low milk yield have good
quality beef and these declines with maturity,
particularly for tenderness beyond the age of
four.

17. SOURCES OF PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH
• Productivity growth in developed regions mainly
occurs through further technological progress.
• Farmers can raise many more animals per unit of
land by using capital- intensive mechanization
that reduces labor requirements by increasing per
animal feed use and feed quality, and by in vesting
in improved animal genetics and health.

18. • Industrial livestock production is knowledge and
management- intensive, especially when delivering
products for an increasingly quality- conscious
urban population.
• Industrial livestock production maximizes the use of
scarce resources, notably land, labor, feed, and it
involves the - development of genotypes,
application of Biotechnology, general improvement
in animal husbandry and veterinary care, and
advances in the back ward and forward linkages of
livestock output (such as meat marketing systems,
feed mills).