This document discusses kernel modules in FreeBSD. It explains that some modules need to be compiled into the kernel, while others can be loaded dynamically at runtime. It provides instructions for compiling a custom kernel configuration and installing the new kernel. It also describes how to build and load kernel loadable modules (KLDs) dynamically using kldload and kldstat commands. The key steps for creating a basic kernel module are outlined, including using the bsd.kmod.mk makefile and declaring the module with events for load and unload.
Goes into details about the prior knowledge required to design a file system. Concludes with a demo that explains how these concepts are used by Second Extended File System (ext2fs) A demo is also provided.
Presented at Florence, Italy on 6th December 2017
Goes into details about the prior knowledge required to design a file system. Concludes with a demo that explains how these concepts are used by Second Extended File System (ext2fs) A demo is also provided.
Presented at Florence, Italy on 6th December 2017
Some basic knowledges required for beginners in writing linux kernel module - with a description of linux source tree, so that the idea of where and how develops. The working of insmod and rmmod commands are described also.
A brief overview of linux scheduler, context switch , priorities and scheduling classes as well as new features. Also provides an overview of preemption models in linux and how to use each model. all the examples are taken from http://www.discoversdk.com
Some basic knowledges required for beginners in writing linux kernel module - with a description of linux source tree, so that the idea of where and how develops. The working of insmod and rmmod commands are described also.
A brief overview of linux scheduler, context switch , priorities and scheduling classes as well as new features. Also provides an overview of preemption models in linux and how to use each model. all the examples are taken from http://www.discoversdk.com
you know databases, how hard can MySQL be?sarahnovotny
DBAs everywhere are being asked to support MySQL as a less costly alternative in Oracle's portfolio. Rest assured, (almost) everything you know about Oracle can be translated and applied to supporting MySQL with some new vocabulary and some smart starting points.
This talk will touch on 5 things that are helpful to get right from the beginning. Through anecdotes i'll spotlight some common pitfalls, share paths to a fix If you've inherited a running system and offer a vocabulary lesson so those who speak Oracle can start understanding MySQL. I'll be touching on user management and security, backups and replicas, monitoring, storage engine choices, and probably monitoring again (because it is that important).
IGNITE MySQL - Backups Don't Make Me Moneysarahnovotny
Backups aren't exciting or glamorous. They don't make you money and there's no such thing as a valid backup. But, understanding your restores is exciting! Let me draw you a few pictures of database restores at their most ironic, entertaining, and even thrilling.
NGINX is used by more than 130 million websites as a lightweight way to serve web content. Use it to decrease costs, improve performance and open up bottlenecks in web and application server environments without a major architectural overhaul. In this talk, we'll cover the three most basic use cases of static content delivery, application load balancing, and web proxying with caching; and touch on the NGINX maintained Docker container.
MySQL's replication system has been a core feature often touted for scaling (sort of) and redundancy (sort of). I'll describe a client's extensive use of MySQL replication (they have more than 200 MySQL instances replicating to one another) as a reference for the many uses and misuses of replication.
We carried out a survey to see how technology was part of our teaching environment. We also wanted to know what habits teachers have as for technology.
Many new things are available with Google's APIs and services. These slides cover the main APIs: Android, Chrome, Cloud, YouTube, Maps, Google+ and wallet. There are many more APIs and services that you can leverage. Check them on: developers.google.com
Part 02 Linux Kernel Module ProgrammingTushar B Kute
Presentation on "Linux Kernel Module Programming".
Presented at Army Institute of Technology, Pune for FDP on "Basics of Linux Kernel Programming". by Tushar B Kute (http://tusharkute.com).
This is a short introduction to some basic concepts about device drivers on Linux, and does not get into the nuts and bolts of it; uses a serial driver as an example, and how does it fit within the TTY layer. Includes code walk-through.
linux device drivers: Role of Device Drivers, Splitting The Kernel, Classes of
Devices and Modules, Security Issues, Version Numbering, Building and Running Modules
Kernel Modules Vs. Applications, Compiling and Loading, Kernel Symbol Table,
Preliminaries, Interaction and Shutdown, Module Parameters, Doing It in User Space.
Most of this session will focus on Kernel Module Programming. We will briefly talk about the interaction of different layers of operating system from userspace to kernel space. Starting from simple Hello World kernel modules, we will learn the development of more sophisticated modules related to device drivers and interrupt handlers. We will also briefly touch upon the shell scripts and how they can be used to extract system level information. Since, this will be a hands on session, attendees are expected to try the examples on their machines. Basic understanding of operating systems and C programming is expected for the tutorial.
Artificial Intelligence Programming in Art by Mohamed FaragMohammed Farrag
This presentation is an ignite talk for CREATE 2015 event. The talk focused on the revolution from Artificial Intelligence Markup Language (AIML) to Virtual Human Markup Language (VHML)
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
3. When a computer is powered on, there is
nothing running on the CPU. For a program to
be set running, the binary image of the
program must first be loaded into memory
from a storage device.
Bootstrapping: cold start to the point at
which user-mode programs can be run.
In FreeBSD, the binary image is in /vmunix or
/boot/kernel/kernel
5. Some modules should be compiled in the
kernel and can’t be loaded during run time.
Those modules are ones that used before control
turned to the user.
6. Kernel Location
/usr/src/sys/machine_type
Kernel Configuration File
/usr/src/sys/machine_type/conf
By default, Kernel Configuration file is called
GENERIC.
7. Kernel Configuration file consists of set of
modules.
These modules consists of machine
architecture, devices and set of options.
Options are modes of compilation,
communication restrictions, ports
infrastructure, debugging options, .. etc
8. It’s very important to compile the kernel with
the modules which are needed at boot time
since there is no control to the user to load
them manually.
Default Options are stored in DEFAULTS file.
All the available options are located in the
NOTES file in the same directory.
9. 1. One method is using the dmesg(8) utility
and the man(1) commands. Most device
drivers on FreeBSD have a manual page,
listing supported hardware, and during the
boot probe, found hardware will be listed.
10. 2. Another method of finding hardware is by
using the pciconf(8) utility which provides
more verbose output.
Using man ath will return the ath(4) manual
page
11. An include directive is available for use in
configuration files. This allows another
configuration file to be logically included in
the current one, making it easy to maintain
small changes relative to an existing file.
12.
13. Note: To build a file which contains all
available options, as normally done for
testing purposes, run the following command
as root:
# cd /usr/src/sys/i386/conf && make LINT
23. New kernel will be installed in /boot/kernel
For backup issues, old kernel stored in
/boot/kernel.old
You can load the old kernel by using single
user mode at the FreeBSD booting page.
24. Unlike the older approach, this
make buildkernel uses the new compiler residing
in /usr/obj.
This first compiles the new
compiler and a few related tools,
make buildworld then uses the new compiler to
compile the rest of the new world.
The result ends up in /usr/obj.
Place the new kernel and kernel
modules onto the disk, making it
make installkernel
possible to boot with the newly
updated kernel.
Copies the world from /usr/obj.
make installworld You now have a new kernel and
new world on disk.
25. 1. Move to the directory of i386 kernel config files
# cd /usr/src/sys/i386/conf
2. Create a copy of your kernel config file.
# cp GENERIC MYKERNEL
3. Modify MYKERNEL configuration file.
# ee MYKERNEL
26. 4. Change to the /usr/src directory:
# cd /usr/src
5. Compile the kernel:
# make buildkernel KERNCONF=MYKERNEL
6. Install the new kernel:
# make installkernel KERNCONF=MYKERNEL
27. Kernel Loadable Modules result large
flexibility in the kernel size since only needed
KLD’s are loaded.
We can use Binary file for total KLD’s indexing and
make it easier for the user to determine what KLD’s
can be loaded at boot time without the need for
loading each one separately.
32. 1. The bsd.kmod.mk makefile resides
in /usr/src/share/mk/bsd.kmod.mk and
takes all of the pain out of building and
linking kernel modules properly.
33. 2. you simply have to set two variables: the
name of the kernel module itself via the
“KMOD” variable; the source files configured
via the intuitive “SRCS” variable.
3. Then, all you have to do is include
<bsd.kmod.mk> to build the module.
34. The Makefile for our introductory kernel
module looks like this:
# Declare Name of kernel module
KMOD = hello_fsm
# Enumerate Source files for kernel module
SRCS = hello_fsm.c
# Include kernel module makefile
.include <bsd.kmod.mk>
35. Create a new directory called kernel, under
your home directory. Copy and paste the text
in the last presentation into a file
called Makefile. This will be your working
base going forward.
36. A kernel module allows dynamic functionality
to be added to a running kernel. When a
kernel module is inserted, the “load” event is
fired. When a kernel module is removed, the
“unload” event is fired. The kernel module is
responsible for implementing an event
handler that handles these cases.
37. The running kernel will pass in the event in
the form of a symbolic constant defined in
the/usr/include/sys/module.h
(<sys/module.h>) header file.
The two main events you are concerned with
are MOD_LOAD and MOD_UNLOAD.
38. The module is responsible for configuring
that call-back as well by using the
DECLARE_MODULE macro.
The DECLARE_MODULE macro is defined in
the <sys/module.h> header
39. DECLARE_MODULE takes four parameters in the
following order:
1. name: Defines the name.
2. data: Specifies the name of
the moduledata_t structure, which I’ve
named hello_conf in my implementation.
The moduledata_t type is defined at
<sys/module.h>
3. sub: Sets the subsystem interface, which defines
the module type.
4. order: Defines the modules initialization order
within the defined subsystem
40. The moduledata structure contains the name
defined as a char variable and the event
handler routine defined as
a modeventhand_t structure which is defined
at line 50 of <sys/module.h>. Finally,
themoduledata structure has void pointer for
any extra data, which you won’t be using.
42. /* The function called at load/unload. */
static int event_handler(struct module *module, int event, void *arg)
{
int e = 0; /* Error, 0 for normal return status */
switch (event) {
case MOD_LOAD:
uprintf("Hello Free Software Magazine Readers! n");
break;
case MOD_UNLOAD:
uprintf("Bye Bye FSM reader, be sure to check http://www.google.com !n");
break;
default:
e = EOPNOTSUPP; /* Error, Operation Not Supported */
break;
}
return(e);
}
43. This is where you set the name of the module
and expose the event_handler routine to be
called when loaded and unloaded from the
kernel.
/* The second argument of
DECLARE_MODULE. */
static moduledata_t hello_conf = {
"hello_fsm", /* module name */
event_handler, /* event handler */
NULL /* extra data */
};