Adaptationism
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This document discusses adaptationism and debates around it. It distinguishes between adaptive traits and adaptations, and evaluates empirical adaptationism by comparing comparative monism and pluralism. It addresses criticisms of adaptationist arguments by noting the importance of recognizing constraints. Methodological adaptationism is discussed, comparing the intentional, design, and physical stances. The document also discusses falsifiability of theories and evaluating research heuristics based on their fecundity rather than falsifiability.
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Copyright © 1998 hy JAI Press Inc.
All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
ISBN: 0-7623-0366-2
1
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Research inOrganizational Behavior, Volume 20, pages 1-37.
Copyright © 1998 hy JAI Press Inc.
All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
ISBN: 0-7623-0366-2
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HOW ORGANIZATIONAL PRACTICESCAN
COMPENSATEFOR
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ABSTRACT
The literaturein cognitive psychology has described a varietyof shortcomings that
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examplesofa numberoforganizational practices that may effectivelyrepairthecog-
nitive shortcomingsof individuals. We call these practicescognitiverepairs. We
then discusssix tradeoffs that affect the success of cognitive repairs.We close by
consideringhow a cognitive perspective might benefitthosewho studyorganiza-
tional learning and those who manageit.
Research inOrganizational Behavior, Volume 20, pages 1-37.
Copyright © 1998 hy JAI Press Inc.
All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
ISBN: 0-7623-0366-2
1
CHIP HEATH, RICHARD P. LARRICK, andJOSHUA KLAYMAN CognitiveRepairs 3
INTRODUCTION
In afamous speech, Hamletdeclares,“What a pieceof work is man.How noble in
reason,how infinite in faculties” (Hamlet, II, 2). An observer whosummarizedthe
psychologyof the late twentiethcenturywould probably choose very different
phrases to describe the humancondition—perhaps,“What fools these mortals be”
(Midsummer Night’sDream, III, 2).
Are people“infinite in faculties” and “noble inreason”?HerbertSimon won a
Nobel prize for arguingthat social science mustunderstandthe waysthat human
facultiesare limited. Instead of being infinite in faculties,Simon’s humans could
be only “boundedlyrational” because theircognitive abilities—their ability to
perceive,remember,andprocessinformation—were restricted. Well, then, ifpeo-
ple arenot infinite in faculties,a.re they “noble inreason”?Cognitive psycholo-
gists havespent30 years examining the actualprocessesthat people usewhen
they collect information, combineit, anddraw inferences about their world(Nis-
bett & Ross, 1980; Kahneman,Slovic, & Tversky, 1982; Holland,Holyoak,Nis-
bett, & Thagard,1986).Insteadof depicting people as “noble” (or magnificent) in
reason, this researchhas arguedthat peoplereasonin ways that producesystem-
atic errors. A pessimistic modern Hamlet might combine the observations of these
two research streams and describe humans as equipped with primitive hardwnre
andbuggy software.
However, outsidershave not alwaysacceptedthe pessimistic description of
human faculties and reason that is found in the research literature.As one skeptic
put it, “If we are so stupid,how did we get to the moon?” (Nisbett & Ross,1980).
How should we resolve the apparent discrepancy betweenthe pessimisticliter-
atureon human shortcomings and the optimistic evidence of humanaccomplish-
ment? One way is todismiss the laboratory research. Someresearchershave
argued that the shortcomings that have beendocumentedin the lab areso minor
that they do not constitute mistakes ofany real consequence(Funder, 1987;
Cohen,1981).Others havearguedthat individuals areless likely to make errors in
natural environ ...
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