This document outlines Sören Köpke's M.A. thesis presentation on the political ecology of climate change, food insecurity, and social conflict. The presentation covers the hypothesis that climate change can trigger social conflicts through food insecurity when certain intervening variables are present. It provides an overview of literature on climate and conflict, explanations of food crises and social conflict, and the theoretical framework of political ecology. The presentation then outlines the case study method and provides brief overviews of the Darfur conflict in Sudan, the Somali civil war, and conflict in Northern Mali to examine how climate-change-induced food insecurity has led to conflict under different socio-economic, political, and ecological factors. In
Why Geographic Factors are Necessary in Development StudiesClint Ballinger
This paper proposes that the resurgence of geographic factors in the study of uneven
development is not due simply to the recurrent nature of intellectual fashions, nor
necessarily because arguments that rely on geographic factors are less simplistic than
before, nor because they avoid racialist, imperialistic, and deterministic forms they
sometimes took in the past. Rather, this paper argues that geographic factors have
been turned to once again because they are an indispensable part of explanation,
playing a special role that has not been properly understood, a role especially crucial
for the explanation of the inherently spatial questions that development studies seek to
address.
The paper is made up of two sections and an appendix.
The first section discusses why geographic factors are necessary for explanations of
uneven development with a brief example from the ‘institutions versus geography’
debate. The second section discusses why the reflexive rejection by social scientists of
geographic and environmental factors is misguided, with a separate note on
geography and geographers.
The ideas in this paper were in part arrived at inductively while surveying instances
where social scientists in some way attempt to account for real-world
locations/distributions of social phenomena (as opposed to discussing a social theory
or process aspatially or with its distribution taken as a starting point). A number of
these are included with discussion as an appendix.
Research Handbook on Climate Change, Migration and the Law - IntroductionGraciela Mariani
Synopsis
This comprehensive Research Handbook provides an overview of the debates on how the law does, and could, relate to migration exacerbated by climate change. It contains conceptual chapters on the relationship between climate change, migration and the law, as well as doctrinal and prospective discussions regarding legal developments in different domestic contexts and in international governance.
CRITICISMS OF THE FUTURE AVAILABILITY IN SUSTAINABLE GENDER GOAL, ACCESS TO L...csijjournal
This paper begins with the understanding that criticizes in one of the Sustainable development gender goal, “Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property ” under the Populations growth and Climate Change. Because an increasing population generates a number of challenges for today and also in the future world. According to the results of World Population Prospect 2015, world population reached 7.3 billion as of mid-2015 and continually increasing to 11.2 billion in 2100, In the meanwhile world tempter anticipated to increase between 2.6 RCP and 8.6 RCP, therefore, world average sea level increase in between from 0.4m and 0.9 m in 2010 (IPCC,2014).as a reason world need to face negative demographical change send of this century. According to gender goals, UN wants to increase the women's new land access. but it generates the number of unsustainable results in future, because climate change and population growth affected to huge density and land ownership problems. Therefore in this paper criticized this Sustainable Development Goal and gender indicators, as same as discussed technological and sustainable suggestions under the Populations growth and Climate Change.
Why Geographic Factors are Necessary in Development StudiesClint Ballinger
This paper proposes that the resurgence of geographic factors in the study of uneven
development is not due simply to the recurrent nature of intellectual fashions, nor
necessarily because arguments that rely on geographic factors are less simplistic than
before, nor because they avoid racialist, imperialistic, and deterministic forms they
sometimes took in the past. Rather, this paper argues that geographic factors have
been turned to once again because they are an indispensable part of explanation,
playing a special role that has not been properly understood, a role especially crucial
for the explanation of the inherently spatial questions that development studies seek to
address.
The paper is made up of two sections and an appendix.
The first section discusses why geographic factors are necessary for explanations of
uneven development with a brief example from the ‘institutions versus geography’
debate. The second section discusses why the reflexive rejection by social scientists of
geographic and environmental factors is misguided, with a separate note on
geography and geographers.
The ideas in this paper were in part arrived at inductively while surveying instances
where social scientists in some way attempt to account for real-world
locations/distributions of social phenomena (as opposed to discussing a social theory
or process aspatially or with its distribution taken as a starting point). A number of
these are included with discussion as an appendix.
Research Handbook on Climate Change, Migration and the Law - IntroductionGraciela Mariani
Synopsis
This comprehensive Research Handbook provides an overview of the debates on how the law does, and could, relate to migration exacerbated by climate change. It contains conceptual chapters on the relationship between climate change, migration and the law, as well as doctrinal and prospective discussions regarding legal developments in different domestic contexts and in international governance.
CRITICISMS OF THE FUTURE AVAILABILITY IN SUSTAINABLE GENDER GOAL, ACCESS TO L...csijjournal
This paper begins with the understanding that criticizes in one of the Sustainable development gender goal, “Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property ” under the Populations growth and Climate Change. Because an increasing population generates a number of challenges for today and also in the future world. According to the results of World Population Prospect 2015, world population reached 7.3 billion as of mid-2015 and continually increasing to 11.2 billion in 2100, In the meanwhile world tempter anticipated to increase between 2.6 RCP and 8.6 RCP, therefore, world average sea level increase in between from 0.4m and 0.9 m in 2010 (IPCC,2014).as a reason world need to face negative demographical change send of this century. According to gender goals, UN wants to increase the women's new land access. but it generates the number of unsustainable results in future, because climate change and population growth affected to huge density and land ownership problems. Therefore in this paper criticized this Sustainable Development Goal and gender indicators, as same as discussed technological and sustainable suggestions under the Populations growth and Climate Change.
The main purpose of this paper is to draw the nexus between environment and conflict with the concept of redefining security. This paper is aimed to answer the question whether environmental degradation or environment as a broad concept can lead to a conflict directly, if it can do so then how this will be the central question of this Paper. To do so, some relevant case studies will be framed to show the nexus between environment and conflict. Finally, there will be concluding remarks which will draw the critical perspective behind Environmental Conflict. Fatema-Tuj-Juhra "Environmental Conflict: Myth or Reality?" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42451.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhumanities-and-the-arts/political-science/42451/environmental-conflict-myth-or-reality/fatematujjuhra
The adverse impact of ecosystem degradation and poor governance on marginaliz...NAAR Journal
Bangladesh has been achieving remarkable success in economic growth in the last two decades. Does this economic success bring a sustainable and positive result for marginalized people? This study aims to investigate whether the local economic activity positively changes their socioeconomic position. The study reveals that cropland lost on an average of 0.2636 Bigha per household and disappeared 2.59 local fish species in local water bodies. Moreover, more than three-fourth respondents perceived that their access to local ecosystem services is decreasing and the services are degraded. However, more than half of the respondents paid $6.82 each time as a bribe in accessing to local ecosystem services. Combine of these issues is negatively influencing their income, employment opportunity, and household expenditure so that the marginal community becomes more marginalized and wealthier become wealthier. This study may help to find out a new trajectory of sustainable economic activity in the coastal areas with reducing ecosystem services degradation and vulnerability of marginalized people.
Human Adaptation in Socio Hydrological Cycle A Review in Geographical Perspec...ijtsrd
This article discusses the new socio hydrological cycle in geography perspective and issues arising from human intervention in the hydrological cycle. Hydrology is considered as a field of water sciences, whether natural or disturbed by the use of various environmental science techniques. However, its emphasis on the impact of human adaptation and its co evolution to the hydrological cycle are sometimes left unexplored. This article traces the development of multi dimensional and interdisciplinary hydrological geography that ultimately involves the human component as an endogenous factor that alters its natural cycle. Subsequently, its discuss and analysis of importance of the new socio hydrological perspective to geography, especially in Malaysian context. Noorazuan Md Hashim "Human Adaptation in Socio-Hydrological Cycle: A Review in Geographical Perspective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31625.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/31625/human-adaptation-in-sociohydrological-cycle-a-review-in-geographical-perspective/noorazuan-md-hashim
Life-support: The Political Ecology of Urban Air (Presentation)Stephen Graham
Humans, increasingly, manufacturer their own air. In and around the three-dimensional aerial environments within and above urban regions, this manufacture of air reaches particular levels of intensity. For a species which expires without air in two or three minutes, this anthropogenic manufacture of air is of incalculable importance. Curiously, however, urban air remains remarkably neglected within the political-ecological literatures. Accordingly, this paper suggests a range of key themes which a political ecology of urban air needs to address. These address, in turn, the links between global warming, urban heart-island effects and killer urban heat-waves; urban pollution crises; the paradoxes of urban pollution; horizontal movements of polluted air; the vertical politics of urban air; the construction of vertical condominiums structures for elites; the vicious circles that characterised air-conditioned urbanism; heat-related deaths of workers building air-conditioned structures in increasingly hot climates; and, finally, the growth of large-scale air-conditioned environments.
The festival is a celebration of a specific theme to which the public is invited for a given season. This event could be done every year or less than one year (Grappi and Montanari, 2011). In this article we will present the different variables to measure the attractiveness of festivals. The result of this investigation will be: summarizing the variables of the festival variable measure from different authors in one paper.
Fiinovation Webinar on Poverty, Climate Change & Affirmative ActionFiinovation
Eradication of poverty has been the major focus of the UN member countries from past three decades. Despite significant efforts, a large segment of the world population still lives below the UN poverty line of $1.25 per day. One major threat to the efforts of poverty eradication is the growing concerns of global warming. Already the consequences of climate change can be seen with unpredictable weather changes, insufficient rains, severe droughts and the fast melting galciers. India is probably facing the worst water crisis in its history after two successive years of less monsoons. Marathawada in Maharashtra, North Karnataka and parts of Telangana are living at the mercy of the state and central government with no water left to drink or irrigate. Dams in Marathwada has only 3% water left in them. This water crisis is affecting not only the people and economy but also livestock and cattle which are valuable assets for the poor farmers. Understanding the gravity of the situation it can be said that India needs to focus not only on mitigating risks of climate change but also ensure development of opportunities to reduce vulnerability of the poor.
DEVELOPMENT VS ENVIRONMENT IN GEOGRAPHICAL FRAMEWORKProf Ashis Sarkar
Development is a big word and is often related to environmental degradation. But how and why? What should be the way out are the issues in which it is based on.
The main purpose of this paper is to draw the nexus between environment and conflict with the concept of redefining security. This paper is aimed to answer the question whether environmental degradation or environment as a broad concept can lead to a conflict directly, if it can do so then how this will be the central question of this Paper. To do so, some relevant case studies will be framed to show the nexus between environment and conflict. Finally, there will be concluding remarks which will draw the critical perspective behind Environmental Conflict. Fatema-Tuj-Juhra "Environmental Conflict: Myth or Reality?" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42451.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhumanities-and-the-arts/political-science/42451/environmental-conflict-myth-or-reality/fatematujjuhra
The adverse impact of ecosystem degradation and poor governance on marginaliz...NAAR Journal
Bangladesh has been achieving remarkable success in economic growth in the last two decades. Does this economic success bring a sustainable and positive result for marginalized people? This study aims to investigate whether the local economic activity positively changes their socioeconomic position. The study reveals that cropland lost on an average of 0.2636 Bigha per household and disappeared 2.59 local fish species in local water bodies. Moreover, more than three-fourth respondents perceived that their access to local ecosystem services is decreasing and the services are degraded. However, more than half of the respondents paid $6.82 each time as a bribe in accessing to local ecosystem services. Combine of these issues is negatively influencing their income, employment opportunity, and household expenditure so that the marginal community becomes more marginalized and wealthier become wealthier. This study may help to find out a new trajectory of sustainable economic activity in the coastal areas with reducing ecosystem services degradation and vulnerability of marginalized people.
Human Adaptation in Socio Hydrological Cycle A Review in Geographical Perspec...ijtsrd
This article discusses the new socio hydrological cycle in geography perspective and issues arising from human intervention in the hydrological cycle. Hydrology is considered as a field of water sciences, whether natural or disturbed by the use of various environmental science techniques. However, its emphasis on the impact of human adaptation and its co evolution to the hydrological cycle are sometimes left unexplored. This article traces the development of multi dimensional and interdisciplinary hydrological geography that ultimately involves the human component as an endogenous factor that alters its natural cycle. Subsequently, its discuss and analysis of importance of the new socio hydrological perspective to geography, especially in Malaysian context. Noorazuan Md Hashim "Human Adaptation in Socio-Hydrological Cycle: A Review in Geographical Perspective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31625.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/31625/human-adaptation-in-sociohydrological-cycle-a-review-in-geographical-perspective/noorazuan-md-hashim
Life-support: The Political Ecology of Urban Air (Presentation)Stephen Graham
Humans, increasingly, manufacturer their own air. In and around the three-dimensional aerial environments within and above urban regions, this manufacture of air reaches particular levels of intensity. For a species which expires without air in two or three minutes, this anthropogenic manufacture of air is of incalculable importance. Curiously, however, urban air remains remarkably neglected within the political-ecological literatures. Accordingly, this paper suggests a range of key themes which a political ecology of urban air needs to address. These address, in turn, the links between global warming, urban heart-island effects and killer urban heat-waves; urban pollution crises; the paradoxes of urban pollution; horizontal movements of polluted air; the vertical politics of urban air; the construction of vertical condominiums structures for elites; the vicious circles that characterised air-conditioned urbanism; heat-related deaths of workers building air-conditioned structures in increasingly hot climates; and, finally, the growth of large-scale air-conditioned environments.
The festival is a celebration of a specific theme to which the public is invited for a given season. This event could be done every year or less than one year (Grappi and Montanari, 2011). In this article we will present the different variables to measure the attractiveness of festivals. The result of this investigation will be: summarizing the variables of the festival variable measure from different authors in one paper.
Fiinovation Webinar on Poverty, Climate Change & Affirmative ActionFiinovation
Eradication of poverty has been the major focus of the UN member countries from past three decades. Despite significant efforts, a large segment of the world population still lives below the UN poverty line of $1.25 per day. One major threat to the efforts of poverty eradication is the growing concerns of global warming. Already the consequences of climate change can be seen with unpredictable weather changes, insufficient rains, severe droughts and the fast melting galciers. India is probably facing the worst water crisis in its history after two successive years of less monsoons. Marathawada in Maharashtra, North Karnataka and parts of Telangana are living at the mercy of the state and central government with no water left to drink or irrigate. Dams in Marathwada has only 3% water left in them. This water crisis is affecting not only the people and economy but also livestock and cattle which are valuable assets for the poor farmers. Understanding the gravity of the situation it can be said that India needs to focus not only on mitigating risks of climate change but also ensure development of opportunities to reduce vulnerability of the poor.
DEVELOPMENT VS ENVIRONMENT IN GEOGRAPHICAL FRAMEWORKProf Ashis Sarkar
Development is a big word and is often related to environmental degradation. But how and why? What should be the way out are the issues in which it is based on.
Sustainable economics without fossil fuels, a thriving postgrowth economyDeirdre Kent
Changing from income and sales tax to land and resources tax is a challenge. At the same time we need to reform the money system. This presentation presents a possible method of doing the two together without shocking the economy. We also now have a method for introducing a Citizens Dividend and for reforming the way local authorities are funded. We remove the growth imperative thereby setting in place the possibility of reversing climate change. We are proposing a post growth economic system where investment is naturally channelled into enterprises with a low carbon footprint.
This paper argues that, despite considerable rhetoric to the contrary, privileged populations have long undermined “development”, in several ways and scales. The degree of this erosion of development has arguably increased in recent decades, although there are countering trends, especially the spread and declining cost of communication technologies including mobile phones, the internet and more recently social media.
Aid from high to low-income countries, in an attempt to reduce international inequality, has become unfashionable, and many attempts to increase fairness have instead been denigrated, with language such as the “politics of envy”.
Arguments that it is in the rational self-interest of societies and indeed of the whole world to become more equal have also had little effect, despite phenomena such as the September 11 attacks and the rise of the Islamic State, which now attracts violent idealists from many countries. Instead, high-income populations favour attempts to suppress dissidents and practice increasingly intensive and pervasive surveillance.
Finally, this paper argues that anthropogenic climate change is a manifestation of global inequality, which, unless addressed, is likely to not only make other forms of inequality worse, but even to threaten the fabric of global civilization, in combination with other stresses that reflect aspects of “planetary overload”.
References
Butler C.D. (forthcoming) Revised method makes the MDG hunger reduction goal within reach Global Food Security
Butler C.D., editor. 2014, Climate Change and Global Health. CABI, Wallingford, UK
Campbell, M., Cleland, J., Ezeh, A. and Prata, N., 2007. Return of the population growth factor. Science 315, 1501-1502.
Kelley, A.C., 2001. The population debate in historical perspective : revisionism revised. In: N. Birdsall, A.C. Kelley and S.W. Sinding (eds.), Population Matters : Demographic Change, Economic Growth, and Poverty in the Developing World. Oxford University Press, Oxford ; New York, pp. 24-54.
McMichael, A.J. 1993, Planetary Overload, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK
Freire, P. 2006, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, 30th Anniversary edition, Continuum, New York, USA.
Presentation by Lord Nicholas Stern at the World Resources Institute and International Monetary Fund event "Fostering Growth and Poverty Reduction in a World of Immense Risk" on April 2, 2013.
Political ecology of environmental management; a critical review of some rele...caxtonk2008
Introduction
The tremendous increase in the scale of human impact on earth together with our increased although imperfect understanding of ecological processes means that the environment can no longer viewed as a relatively stable background factor. Rather the interaction between economic development and complex and often fragile ecosystems on which that development depends has become a major political issue both locally and globally (Maigua & Musyimi, n.d.).
It is no longer possible to treat ecology and politics as separate spheres. The institutions that matter most are no longer specifically environmental but rather are the core institutions that govern or at least seek to govern the workings of the world politics and economy. A major focus is actually the integration of environmental concerns into the sphere of economic planning and policy making rather than the development of an entirely separate thus peripheral sphere (Maigua & Musyimi, n.d.).
This study therefore aims to make a critical analysis of some important aspects regarding the political ecology of environmental management. Political ecology informs political makers and organizations about the complexities surrounding environment and development thereby contributing to better environmental governance. It helps understand the decisions that communities make about the natural environment in the context of their political environment, economic pressures and societal regulations. Political ecology also looks at how unequal relations in and among societies affects the environment especially in the context of government policy (Grieber, 2009).
The study therefore at various political aspects and their influence on environmental management. Firstly it looks at the issue of environmental democracy and how it influences environmental management. This includes the aspects of participation, environmental justice and information access. It then elaborates environmental governance including global environmental governance and implications on environmental management.
The study then looks at other political aspects of relevance to environmental management including: the global commons, geopolitics, environmental movements and the conduct of politicians. It then looks at trends in the political ecology of Africa and then Kenya specifically. Policy making and how it influences environmental management is then explained. The study then winds up with a review of. The legal and policy frameworks for environmental management in Kenya.
Presentation from a Cary Institute of Ecosystems Studies public forum on climate change by Eban Goodstein, Director, Bard Center for Environmental Policy.
Environmental Sociology deals with the interactions between societies and their environments. It focuses on the social dimensions of either the natural environment or the human built environment with the aim to investigate the human, economic, and political causes of climate change, as well as the effects climate change has on many aspects of social life, like behavior, culture, values, and the economic health of populations experiencing its effects. The environmental problems caused by social factors which negatively impacts the society need all efforts to solve, and as well as the consideration for environmental ethics, which will border on moral and ethical relationship of human beings to the environment. This paper provides an introduction on environmental sociology, and discusses its impact on humanity and solutions. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Sarhan M. Musa "Environmental Sociology: An Introduction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-6 , December 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd61270.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/61270/environmental-sociology-an-introduction/paul-a-adekunte
Article Review #2The author states that history can be explain.docxfredharris32
Article Review #2
The author states that history can be explained using ecology. This idea was the genesis of Aldo Leopold who was a conservationist and a biologist. He suggested that how the past developed could be explained by ecological research and ideas. This suggestion was borne of the events that took place at the Kentucky frontier where the Americans along with agriculture won against the native Indians and colonialists and settled there. Since agriculture was an important part of the Americans lives, plants contribution to history is assessed to determine whether they aided the settlement of Americans in the frontier (Worster, 1990).
Development of the Ideas
Donald Worster, the author, supports this suggestion using the presence of the plants on the Kentucky frontier and the impact they hard on the war as well as the settlement of Americans on the frontier. The pioneers who were agrarian would look for a patch of blue grass on the frontier land and they would make homesteads there. The reason for this was that blue grass provided pasture to their livestock and was also an indicator of good arable land. The agricultural settlers did not win over their competition based on their prowess as fighters only. They were helped by along by their plant counterparts in what is called ecological imperialism (Thommen, 2012).
The frontier bottomlands were the most accessible to the Americans. Unfortunately, there were high cane brakes that grew on the land and could not be surpassed by the plow. They razed the cane brakes and grass grew in its place. When the blue grass was seen they would settle there. Ecologists describe the growth of grass after the original vegetation has been burned secondary ecological succession (Worster, 1990).
Grass was the new species that replaced the vegetation before and this encouraged settlement. What would have happened f the new species was a shrub. This may have discouraged settlement or not. At the end of the day, the Kentucky frontier may or may not have become American land if it was not conducive to agriculture depending on the vegetation. Environmental history then becomes a study of the natural environment has affected man over time. It deepens the understanding of history from the environmental perspective as well as man’s impact on the environment and how this will shape history (Smout, 2009).
An Evaluation of the Persuasiveness of the Argument
Environmental history then looks at weather and climate as these had an impact on the harvest and prices of agricultural products epidemics and ultimately affected the population. All these are factors that have influenced history over time. Environmental history is studied in three levels as the Worster puts it. The first level being the basic understanding of the history of nature, its structure and distribution. The second level is a study of how man has used technology to convert nature into a system that produces for his consumption. Human ecological rel ...
CLIMATE CHANGE AND CRITICAL GEOPOLITICS: WHITHER GLOBAL LEADERSHIP FOR MITIGA...TANKO AHMED fwc
This case study deliberates on the need for world governments, corporations and activists to form a united front against impending climate change catastrophes. It discusses causes, consequences and alleviation of mega disasters and inquires on common and shared responsibilities, predicaments, and smart utilization of global human and material resources. Theories of human response to sudden mass disruption and displacement often reckon with principles and practices in aid of managing mega disasters and critical geopolitics. A literature survey extracts serious concern and trends on traditional fixations of spatial imaginations hindering workable resolutions. The case study therefore elicits response to the need for global policies and strategies as nations would chaotically flow into one another in tragic mishandling of disasters. A stakeholders’ triangle of salvation with governments, corporations and activists may confront an impending Climageddon to provide feasible resolution to an end time Toba Event Hypothesis consistent with the climate change debacle.
UNST 138E GlobalizationAlex SagerJust War Theory Research P.docxdickonsondorris
UNST 138E: Globalization
Alex Sager
Just War Theory: Research Project
This term’s major assignment is an in-depth moral analysis of a war using the tools of just war theory. This assignment has multiple goals:
1) To acquire a detailed knowledge of a war in its historical and cultural context and – as far as this can be established – the factors that led to its initiation.
2) To learn and apply the conditions for jus ad bellum (justice before war) and to think ethically about the decision to go to war.
3) To develop research and critical thinking skills.
Step 1: Research your war
Visit the university library and locate sources on the war you have chosen. Your sources must include at least one monograph (scholarly book) and at least two articles published in peer reviewed journals. This requirement places limits on the wars you can investigate: you cannot examine very recent wars or wars that are poorly documented.
Once you have your sources, submit your annotated bibliography to the D2L dropbox. This is due Wednesday, January 14 and is worth 5% of your grade for the assignment.
Wikipedia has a useful list of wars: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_wars I encourage you to explore conflicts from earlier époques.
Step 2: Document the causes of the war.
Drawing on your research and citing your sources, briefly describe the factors that led to the war. Provide sufficient historical context so a reader unfamiliar with these sources will understand your claims. Your analysis of the causes of war should be approximately two to three double-spaced pages.
Step 3: Analyze each country or party’s decision to go to war using the framework of jus ad bellum
Brian Orend’s Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy useful (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/war/) is a useful discussion of just war theory to supplement Michael Walzer’s classic Just and Unjust Wars. Orend gives a standard set of conditions that justify going to war:
1) Just Cause
2) Right intention
3) Proper authority and public declaration
4) Last resort
5) Probability of success
6) Proportionality
According to just war theory, all of these conditions must be met to justify going to war. A war is not just if, for example, it is undertaken as a last resort for a just cause with the right intention but is unlikely to be successful. For the purposes of this assignment, determine as far as you are able whether each party met each of these conditions. Be sure to explain why the party met or failed to meet the criteria. If you are unable to determine compliance or lack of compliance with any of the criteria, explain why.
You may want to carefully reflect on whether you agree with this stringent requirement for war to be justified. This part of your assignment should be approximately three to four double-spaced pages.
Step 4: Summarize your conclusions
In no more than three normal length (4-6 sentences) paragraphs, summarize your findings.
Please do not hesitate to contact me with questions about sourc ...
The Human and Physical Causes of Climate Change - A-Level Geography .... How we can stop climate change Free Essay Example. Climate Change Essay by MrDimich | TPT.
The theoretical basis of higher education in disaster risk reduction and resilience studies. A survey of the field in the light of teaching and learning needs.
With a new paper by the Center for American Progress as the guide, the slides evaluate how climate change created economic, demographic and political conditions that hastened the popular uprisings in the Arab world in 2010-2013. The Arab Spring was like a spark on very dry wood, and this presentation hopes to show just how dry it was due to climate change.
Climate change denial and its effect on the scientific community (levandowsky...Ecologistas en Accion
Climate change denial and its effect on the scientific community (levandowsky, global environmental change, 05.2015). Lecturas recomendadas Ferran Puig V.
04062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
1. Platzhalter für Bild, Bild auf Titelfolie hinter das Logo einsetzen
Political Ecology of Climate Change, Food Insecurity and Social
Conflict
Warsaw University – Sören Köpke M.A. November 20, 2013
2. Structure
1 Introduction/Background
2 Hypothesis
3 Literature
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3.1 Climate and Conflict
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3.2 Theories on Food Insecurity
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3.3 Theories on Social Conflict
4 Political Ecology as a Theoretical Framework
5 Methods
6 Case Overview
• Darfur/Sudan
• Somalia
• North Mali
7 Outlook
Sören Köpke M.A.| University Warsaw November 20, 2013
3. 1. Introduction/Background
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Climate Change is a phenomenon largely explored by the natural sciences. Wenzel (2010)
demands to improve the understanding of the social science perspective on the consequences of
climate change on human societies.
The most severe dangers of climate change are sudden-onset events like flooding, extreme
storms, prolonged droughts. Slow-onset events like rising sea levels create different problems
that can be addressed within other frameworks.
Agriculture-based societies are most vulnerable.
Rising food prices and heightened probabilities of yield failure create scenarios that make social
conflicts much more likely than in conditions without climate change (Brown 2011).
Conflicts while handing out Bread, Egypt 2008, Source: The Telegraph Website
Sören Köpke M.A.| University Warsaw November 20, 2013
4. 2 Hypothesis
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I am trying to find out whether climate change is likely to trigger social conflicts through food
insecurity.
Climate Change
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→ Social Conflict
I suggest that food insecurity triggered by climate change only leads to social conflict under a
set of intervening variables, which I describe as following:
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→ Food Insecurity
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Neglect of grievances of food-insecure populations
Overreliance on market solutions vs. emergency handouts
Militarization/ violent suppression of protest
→ Loss of Government Legitimacy
Sören Köpke M.A.| University Warsaw November 20, 2013
5. Research Question:
How does climate-change-induced food insecurity create conflict
in vulnerable societies? Which socio-economic, political and
ecological factors influence conflict genesis under this condition?
Sören Köpke M.A.| University Warsaw November 20, 2013
6. 3 Literature Overview
3.1 Climate and Conflict
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Welzer (2010), Dyer (2010) etc. see environmental depletion and overexploitation of ressources
as fundamental causes for future conflict. Empirical evidence is weak (Gledditsch & Nordås 2007)
There seems to be a significant causal link between a warming climate (even minor temperature
variability), more extreme rainfall, and the likelihood of different scales of conflict (Hsiang, Burke
& Miguel 2013). This does not explain the mechanisms relevant to the question at hand.
Homer-Dixon (1999) is an often-cited and controversial author who tried to establish the greater
connections between ressource scarcity and conflict genesis. Although his mode of explanation is
ideational, he is often seen as a neo-malthusian.
Malawian Women waiting for water. Source: NY Times
Website
Sören Köpke M.A.| University Warsaw November 20, 2013
7. 3 Literature Overview
„Each case of environmentally induced conflict is complex
and unique: each has a specific ecosystem, history, culture,
economy, set of actors, and set of power relations among
these actors.“
– (Homer-Dixon 1999)
Sören Köpke M.A.| University Warsaw November 20, 2013
8. 3 Literature Overview
3.2 Explanations of Food Crises
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Food security crises are a constant factor in human societies (Arnold 1991). Materialist approaches
emphasize the importance of basic economic needs to human survival. Fraser & Rimas (2010)
find that food production is the spine of civilizations. A functioning human-nature-relationship
enabling food production is the basis for social well-being.
In his Essay on the Principles of Population Thomas R. Malthus first established the relation
between population growth and scarcity. He postulates that exponential growth of populations
cannot be met by the development of food resources. Hunger and conflict are the consequences.
His „Food Availability Decline (FAD)“-thesis is supported by („neo-malthusian“) theoreticians
until today, but is critizised by others (e.g. Amartya Sen).
Mike Davis (2002) in his study of late victorian drought-famines in Asia and elsewhere portrays
the relations between climate events, colonial violence, yield failure and socio-economic
grievances.
Armed conflict is a major cause of food insecurity in itself. This creates the problem of possible
vicious circles (see Somalian Civil War)
Sören Köpke M.A.| University Warsaw November 20, 2013
9. 3 Literature Overview
3.3 Explanations of Social Conflict
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The question of economic causes to social conflict where addressed by Karl Marx and Friedrich
Engels. Their Historical Materialism, which was mainly concerned with the history of class
conflict, was understood to be too economistic and reductionist in the course ot the 20th century.
Rational-Choice-based analyses have become important especially in the field of International
Relations. On this basis, Collier & Hoeffler (2000) bring forth the thesis that individual profit
interests are more likely to influence conflict genesis than collective grievances („Greed vs.
Grievances“). This thesis is problematic in regards to the research question at hand.
Johan Galtung (1958) theorizes conflict from a structuralist perspective. He emphasizes the socioeconomic and power structures that give birth to violent conflict.
Sören Köpke M.A.| University Warsaw November 20, 2013
10. 4 Political Ecology
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Political Ecology is a broad theoretical approach that looks at the political character of
ecologogical conflicts and the social construction of „nature“, as well as economic dynamics of
resource use
It especially focusses on the distribution of costs and profits in the use of natural ressources
(Bryant & Bailey 1997; Robbins 2004; Peet et.al. 2010).
Political Ecology was originally a materialist approach and was influenced by neo-marxist
readings of political economy in the 1970s. Later a critical turn away from overtly deterministic
positions led to more pluralistic and local-based research. At the same time, post-structuralist
theory influenced Political Ecology. Demarkations against neo-malthusian models and
environmental determinism continue to characterize the approach („apolitical ecology“: Robbins
2004)
My own approach is based solely on structuralist assumptions; hegemonic discourse strategies
do not feature in the analysis.
Sören Köpke M.A.| University Warsaw November 20, 2013
11. 5 Method
Case Study Method
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The comparative case study method allows for a theoretically sound, controlled comparison of
the phenomenon under research in different varieties. Findings can be put into context and offer
high construct validity (Bennet 2004).
Case study research allows for a mix of data collection methods and sources. Data is found in
press clippings, historical records, meteorological and economic data provided by governmental
and intergovernmental organisations , conflict data bases,etc.
Fieldwork including semi-structured interviews and participant observation would be extremely
helpful in rounding up findings and securing the depthness of case analysis. Security
considerations, however, present a huge obstacle to conducting fieldwork. In similar studies,
researchers interviewed people from the diasporas dwelling in refugee camps (Warner et al.
2012)
Sören Köpke M.A.| University Warsaw November 20, 2013
12. 6 Case Overview
6.1 Darfur-Conflict (2003-2010)
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Prolonged droughts in the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s led to the deterioation of livelihood in
the Darfur states of Western Sudan. The population of Darfur looked back at a long history of
socio-economic and political marginalization. Recurrent clashes between nomadic pastoralists
(„Arabs“) and smallholding farmers („Africans“) occur over meadow ground and water resources.
In 2003 rebel militias of the „African“ ethnies of Zaghawa, Masalit und Fur start an uprising The
Sudanese central government answers by arming „Arabian“ militias on horseback („Janjaweed“).
Atrocities and massacres as well as mass displacement escalate the conflict.
The conflict has colonial roots in the history of the marginalization of Darfur. Geopolitical
impacts are visible (Conflict in Chad; Lybian politics under Ghadaffi; Sudanese Civil War)
The first „Climate War“? (Moon 2007)
Sören Köpke M.A.| University Warsaw November 20, 2013
13. 6 Case Overview
6.2 Somalian Civil War (2009-)
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Somalia is a „failed state“ par excellence. Since the downfall of the dictatorship of Siad Barre
1991, the country is in a state of constant strife of varyiing intensity. Interventions by US and UN
forces (1992-93) in the face of hunger catastrophe ended as military catastrophes.
2006 Ethiopia intervenes as ally of the USA. Somalia become a theatre of war in the „War on
Terror“. Parts of the country are ruled by the Islamic Court Union (ICU) which are framed as
Jihadists and allies of Al-Qaeda.
New Phase of conflict from 2009; Al-Shabaab-Militias are the leading enemies against
Transitional Government and UN Troups; a militant successor organisation of the ICU with overt
connections to jihadist networks
June 2011 sees a peak in drought-related famine. Mass displacement of weakened and starving
Somalians swell refugee camps in Kenya. Al-Shabaab blocks migration and aid convoys in areas
under their control.
Sören Köpke M.A.| University Warsaw November 20, 2013
14. 6 Case Overview
6.3 Northern Mali (2012-2013)
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The ongoing deterioation of livelihoods of the Tuareg population in arid Northern Mali was
caused by recurring droughts. This led to a series of uprisings in the region. In January 2013 the
Tuareg militia MLNA starts and insurgency and calls for an independent AZAWAD. The
insurgency is followed by a government crisis and a coup d‘etat in Mali‘s capital Bamako.
Jihadist groups (AQMI, MUJAO, Ansar Dine), who are former allies, defeat the MLNA. Adherents
of Political Islam establish their rule in Northern Mali on the base of an extremely strict
intrepretation of Islam
Mail and other parts of Western Africa play an important role in transcontinental drug trafficking.
Opponents on both sides profit from the trade.
In January 2013, the intervention of an international military alliance under the leadership of
former colonial power France begins. Fast military successes lead to a defeat of Jihadist forces.
Sören Köpke M.A.| University Warsaw November 20, 2013
15. 7 Outlook/ Policy Recommendations
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Stop the militarization of conflicts that are caused and supported by neglect of basic human
needs. Adress basic human needs first and foremost and make them part of every peace-building
effort.
Increase resilience of local communities against climate change by establishing sustainable food
chains, access to safe water, and adequate distribution of land ressources.
Implement social policies that increase equity. Work on capacity-building. Secure finance to adapt
to climate change also in regards to food security.
Re-direct adaptation policies away from the overemphasis on technological and market solutions
Mitigate the most severe dangers of climate change by de-carbonizing industries and
households.
Sören Köpke M.A.| University Warsaw November 20, 2013
16. Thank you for your attention!
Arrival at Daadab Refugee Camp. Source :WFP.org, 2012
Sören Köpke M.A.| University Warsaw November 20, 2013