Recommended
More Related Content
Similar to Lecture 1 and 2 Renewable enrgy resources.pptx
Similar to Lecture 1 and 2 Renewable enrgy resources.pptx (20)
More from 19MEB302SahilAli
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
Lecture 1 and 2 Renewable enrgy resources.pptx
- 1. 1 Introduction to Renewable Energy Technology: A sustainable solution of energy generation Dr. Khaliqur Rahman Department of Electrical Engineering Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
- 2. Layout of the Presentation 2 • Definition of renewable • Definition of non-renewable • World energy outlook • Renewable energy – Hydropower – Biomass – Wind Energy – Solar Energy – Geothermal Energy – Tidal Energy – Wave Energy • Need to switch over to Renewable Sources • Problems and limitations associated with Renewable energy • Present Trends • Forecast • Conclusion
- 3. Renewable Energy • Renewable energy cover those energy flows that occur naturally and repeatedly in the naturally and environment and can be harnessed for human benefit. The ultimate sources of most of this energy are the sun, gravity and the earth’s rotation. 3
- 4. Non-renewable Energy • Nonrenewable energy is the energy obtained from static stores of energy that remain bound unless released by human interaction. • Examples : nuclear fuels and fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas). • The energy is initially an isolated energy potential and external action is required to initiate the supply of energy for practical purposes. • Nonrenewable energy supplies are also called finite supplies. 4
- 5. 5 World Energy consumption Scenario
- 6. 6 World Energy Consumption by Source, Based on Vaclav Smil estimates from Energy Transitions: History, Requirements and Prospects together with BP Statistical Data for 1965 and subsequent Predomination of fossil fuels by about 80%
- 7. 7 Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, biofuels and waste, and heat Source: IEA (2011) World key energy statistics
- 8. Primary energy source • The power mix is being reshaped by the rise of renewables and natural gas. In 2040, renewables account for nearly half of total electricity generation. 9
- 9. 10
- 11. Millions of people without access to electricity 12
- 13. Why Should we use Renewable Energy • Resources are limited • Security of Supply • Increase in the world energy consumption Increase in the world energy consumption • Sustainability • Energy • Environment • Economy 14
- 15. Security of supply - oil 16
- 16. Security of supply–natural gas 17
- 17. 18
- 18. 19
- 19. 20
- 20. 21 Adverse effects of indiscriminate use of fossil fuels • Stratospheric ozone depletion • Greenhouse gas emissions • Global warming • Acid rain • Unsafe drinking water • Hazardous/solid waste disposal • Loss of plant and animal species, and human health and well-being.
- 21. Pollution 22 Global warming, rise in Sea Level Oil spill, destruction of marine life Depletion of Ozone Layer Environmental Impact
- 22. Historical Incidents 23 • First Oil Crisis ( October 1973) and Second Oil Crisis(1979).
- 23. 24 • Chernobyl Accident: Nuclear Disaster(26 April 1986) Fukushima Nuclear Disaster (11 March 2011)
- 25. CO2 concentration in the atmosphere 26
- 31. 32 Moving to Renewable Sources of Energy
- 33. Renewable Sources of Energy 34 1. Hydropower 2. Wind 3. Solar 4. Biomass 5. Geothermal • Free • Inexhaustible • Availability in a large part of the world • No or Low Pollution • Low Maintenance (Especially in Solar PV- there is no moving part)
- 34. Hydropower 35
- 36. Wind Energy 37
- 37. Introduction about historical usage of windmills • Wind energy, one amongst the world's fastest growing energy source, is a clean and renewable source of energy that has been in use for centuries in Europe and more recently in different parts of the world. • And todays world wind energy is one of the cheapest and cleanest energy source. • Over 5,000 years ago, the ancient Egyptians used wind power to sail their ships on the Nile River. • Later people built windmills to grind their grain. The earliest known windmills were in Persia (the area now occupied by Iran). The early windmills looked like large paddle wheels. • Centuries later, the people in Holland improved the windmill. They gave it propeller- type blades and made it so it could be turned to face the wind. Windmills helped Holland become one of the world's most industrialized countries by the 17th century. 38
- 38. 39 • American colonists used windmills to grind wheat and corn, to pump water, and to cut wood at sawmills. • Last century, people used windmills to generate electricity in rural areas that did not have electric service. When power lines began to transport electricity to rural areas in the 1930s, the electric windmills were used less and less. • Then in the early 1970s, oil shortages created an environment eager for alternative energy sources, paving the way for the re-entry of the electric windmill on the world landscape. Fig. 1 Windmill
- 39. Resources • All renewable energy (except tidal and geothermal power), and even the energy in fossil fuels, ultimately comes from the sun. The sun radiates of 1.74 x 1017 watts energy to the earth per hour. • About 1 to 2 per cent of the energy coming from the sun is converted into wind energy. That is about 50 to 100 times more than the energy converted into biomass by all plants on earth. • Wind is caused by the uneven heating of the earth's surface by the sun. Since the earth's surface is made up of land, desert, water, and forest areas, the surface absorbs the sun's radiation differently. 40
- 40. Technology-wise share in India’s installed capacity, December 2018 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_India https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=wind+power+by+country 41
- 41. Installed capacity in India Total Installed till 2018-19: 35616.65 MW https://www.google.com/search?q=wind+installed+capacity+in+india+state-wise+2018 42
- 43. Energy consumption growth https://www.google.com/search?q=targeting+of+wind+energy+by+2022+india 44
- 44. Cut in speed: Minimum wind speed at which the blades will turn. 3.5 m/s to 13 m/s. Rated speed: The wind speed at which the windmill generates its rated power. Usually it levels off in power beyond this speed. 13 to 27 m/s. Cut out speed: Usually at wind speeds above 27 m/s, the windmill is stopped to prevent damage. Principals of wind power Examples for 3 MW turbine Area of generated power 45
- 45. Solar Energy 46
- 46. Solar Energy 47 • Solar Thermal • Solar Photovoltaic
- 47. Grid Application Street Lighting and Traffic Agriculture Residential and health Transportation Solar PV Application Space Application 48
- 48. 49 Solar Potential in India
- 49. Power scenario in India As on 30.11.2017 Total Installed Capacity 330.86 GW Coal Gas Diesel Nuclear Hydro RES 50
- 50. 51
- 51. Solar Potential (GWp) 52 38.44 8.65 13.76 11.2 18.27 2.05 0.88 35.77 4.56 33.84 111.05 18.18 24.7 6.11 61.66 64.32 10.63 5.86 9.09 7.29 25.78 2.81 142.31 4.94 17.67 20.41 2.08 22.83 16.8 6.26 0.79 Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujrat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerela Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal UT Jammu and Kashmir 111.05 GWp
- 52. Initiatives by Indian Government 53 • Ministry of new and renewable energy under government of India is dedicated to planning, development, research and implementation in the area of renewable energy • National Solar Mission is an ambitious project to generate 100 GW of electricity from solar energy. 70% of it through Solar PV alone both by grid and off grid applications by 2021.
- 53. National Solar Mission Government has revised the target of Grid Connected Solar Power Projects from 20,000 MW by the year 2021-22 to 100,000 MW by the year 2021-22 under the National Solar Mission and it was approved by Cabinet on 17th June 2015. 54
- 55. 56
- 56. Charanka Solar Park ( Gujrat) 57 Recently Madhya Pradesh Cabinet has approved construction of 750MW solar PV plant in Rewa
- 57. Global Solar PV installed (2015) 58
- 58. 59
- 59. 60
- 60. Global increase in solar PV installed capacity 61
- 61. 62
- 62. Challenges in solar PV technology 63
- 63. Challenges in solar PV technology • Efficiency • Initial Investment • Dependence Atmospheric condition Location (Altitude and Longitude) • Nonlinearity 64
- 64. 65 Solar PV- Challenges 1. Efficiency
- 65. 66
- 66. Solar Cell Technology Options 67 • Crystalline Silicon solar cells - Single, Multi, Ribbon • Thin Film solar cells - Silicon, a-Si, m-Si, CdTe, CIGS
- 67. Solar Cell Technology Options 68 • Concentrating solar cells - Si, GaAs • Dye, Organic, Nano-materials & other emerging solar cells
- 68. Best Research Cell Efficiency 69
- 69. 70 Solar PV- Challenges 2. Cost
- 70. 71 Swanson Effect-Price of Solar PV
- 71. Solar PV- Indian Market 72 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Rs Per Watt
- 72. 73 Solar PV- Challenges 3. Intermittent nature
- 73. I pv V pv Effect of insolation 74 V oc I sc
- 74. I pv V pv Effect of temperature Snowfall 75
- 75. P-V characteristics (Partial Shading) 76 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Voltage (Volts) Power(Watts) 1000,200 1000, 350 1000,400 1000, 600 1000,300 Insolation level on two Panels in Watts/m2 Maximum Power Points Local Maxima Global Maxima
- 76. With Complex shading pattern no. of Peaks increases 77 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Voltage (volts) Power (W) Ir1=1000,Ir2=800,Ir3=200 Ir1=1000,Ir2=800,Ir3=400 Ir1=1000,Ir2=800,Ir3=600 Three Local Maxima
- 77. MPPT Algorithms for Partial Shading Methods Advantages Disadvantages System characteristic curve method Good tracking speed Requirement of open or short circuits can cause power loss or safety concerns, method fails in some cases Two stage searching method Its implementation is easy and it can be integrated into traditional PGS It can fail to track GMPP in some cases Direct method Based on a solid mathematical foundation and good tracking speed Cannot be directly integrated into traditional PGS Fibonacci methods Based on a solid mathematical foundation Fail to track GMPP in some cases and cannot be directly integrated into traditional PGS Fuzzy logic control No need of precise mathematical model, it is very suitable for use in non-linear, time-varying and systems without complete models high hardware cost 78
- 78. MPPT Algorithms for Partial Shading Genetic Algorithm Can optimize parameters of other algorithms such as FLC Its implementation is complex and difficult to achieve using low cost microcontroller Current sweeping method Fast tracking speed Requires periodical tracking of the MPP Ant colony optimization Fast convergence and convergence independent of the initial condition Implementation is difficult Differential Evolution Fast convergence and convergence independent of the initial condition, easy to use Some parameters may not guarantee optimal solution Particle swarm optimization Simpler structure than other EA techniques Optimization performance depends on parameter selection Chaos search method Improved search efficiency, precision, and system robustness High complexity Electrical PV array Reconfiguration Compensate the power losses caused by PSC Expensive and the controller design is also complex, fail to track GMPP in some shading patterns 79
- 79. 80 Solar PV- Challenges in Applications
- 80. Stand alone application PV Panel 81
- 81. Hybrid output Converter for Micro grid Applications 82 AC Load S1 S3 S4 S2 DC-DC Buck Converter with MPPT PV Array DC Load Digital Signal Controller From load and PV L C
- 82. Grid application Many Issues with Grid integration. 1. Poor THD 2. Synchronization 3. Islanding Problem Hot areas of Research 83
- 84. Solar PV for Happy and Safe Future 85 • With a lot of investment in solar PV area by the world governments, it is going to be one of the major player in power industry. • As People are becoming more Conscious and Concerned about environmental degradation, they are turning towards clean and cost effective solution to power requirement. • In Germany, one can find almost all the commercial and residential buildings with solar PV rooftops.
- 85. 86
- 86. Biomass Energy • What is it? – Biomass energy is the use of living and recently dead biological material as an energy source – Ultimately dependent on the capture of solar energy and conversion to a chemical (carbohydrate) fuel – Theoretically it is a carbon neutral and renewable source of energy • How it works? – Traditional: forest management, using wood as fuel – Use of biodegradable waste • Examples: manure, crop residue, sewage, municipal solid waste – Recent interest in agricultural production of energy crops • Should be high yield and low maintenance • Examples: corn, sugarcane, switchgrass, hemp, willow, palm oil, rapeseed, and many others • Does not have to be a food crop • Recent interest in bioengineered (GM) plants as fuel sources – Production of a liquid or gaseous biofuel • Biogas due to the breakdown of biomass in the absence of O2 – Includes capture of landfill methane • Bioethanol from fermentation, often from corn. Cellulosic bioethanol is usually from a grass (switchgrass) • Biodiesel from rapeseed and other sources
- 87. Biomass Energy • Carbon neutral – CO2 ultimately released in energy generation is recently captured and so ideally does not change total atmospheric levels – Carbon leaks can result in a net increase in CO2 levels – Sequestration in soil can result in a net decrease in CO2 levels
- 88. Biomass Energy • Advantages – Versatile – Renewable – No net CO2 emissions (ideally) – Emits less SO2 and NOx than fossil fuels • Disadvantages – Low energy density/yield • In some cases (eg, corn-derived bioethanol) may yield no net energy – Land conversion • Biodiversity loss • Possible decrease in agricultural food productivity – Usual problems associated with intensive agriculture • Nutrient pollution • Soil depletion • Soil erosion • Other water pollution problems
- 89. Geothermal Energy • How it works – Geothermal power plants • Use earth’s heat to power steam turbines – Geothermal direct use • Use hot springs (etc) as heat source – Geothermal heat pumps • Advantages – Renewable – Easy to exploit in some cases – CO2 production less than with fossil fuels – High net energy yield • Disadvantages – Not available everywhere – H2S pollution – Produces some water pollution (somewhat similar to mining)
- 90. Conclusion 91 • Among renewable energy sources, Solar PV is proving to be the major source of energy generation globally along with the wind. • There is an ample opportunities in the area of solar PV both in terms of employment and R & D. • Sustainable development around the world.
- 91. Thanks 92