1. A forest is defined as an area of land with a minimum size of 0.5 hectares that has a tree canopy cover of more than 10% and trees that can reach a minimum height of 5 meters.
2. Forestry involves the science, art, and practice of managing and conserving trees, forests, and their resources. It aims to obtain maximum outputs from forests through silviculture and management techniques.
3. Key terms in forestry include canopy, species composition, stand, regeneration, logging, rotation, and clear-cutting. Forestry involves the management of forests for purposes like wood production, wildlife conservation, and recreation.
This presentation provides an overview of a field-based practical exercise that allows students in forestry, ecology and natural resources to develop their understanding of forest stand dynamics. The exercise involves measurement of key tree growth parameters in four even-aged, single-species plantation stands of different age but occupying sites with similar soil and environmental characteristics. The selected stands represent key stages in stand development, from establishment to rotation age for fibre production. In the field, students work in small teams to gather data from an equal number of plots within each stand. Tree parameters include top height, crown diameter, live crown ratio and diameter at breast height. In addition, information on stand density and understorey vegetation is collected. Plot size and number can be varied to suit the constraints of class size and available time, though circular plots of 100 m2 are recommended. In the classroom, data are pooled and analysis focuses on presenting tree and vegetation changes through time. The simplest way of interpreting the data is to prepare graphs and charts for each of the parameters, though more advanced statistical interpretations are possible. The project as outlined here can be modified to meet the needs of different groups, and has been successfully used in undergraduate teaching of silviculture and forest ecology, as well as in postgraduate courses in natural resources management.
Download Paper at URL: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/254307252_The_development_of_even-aged_plantation_forests_an_exercise_in_forest_stand_dynamics
It includes:
Harvesting Planning and Practices, Characteristics, structure and use of wood, Defects, Timber Value Chain, Marketing and Policies.
Prepared by the students currently studying Masters in Forestry at Institute of Forestry Pokhara, affiliated to Tribhuvan University.
This presentation provides an overview of a field-based practical exercise that allows students in forestry, ecology and natural resources to develop their understanding of forest stand dynamics. The exercise involves measurement of key tree growth parameters in four even-aged, single-species plantation stands of different age but occupying sites with similar soil and environmental characteristics. The selected stands represent key stages in stand development, from establishment to rotation age for fibre production. In the field, students work in small teams to gather data from an equal number of plots within each stand. Tree parameters include top height, crown diameter, live crown ratio and diameter at breast height. In addition, information on stand density and understorey vegetation is collected. Plot size and number can be varied to suit the constraints of class size and available time, though circular plots of 100 m2 are recommended. In the classroom, data are pooled and analysis focuses on presenting tree and vegetation changes through time. The simplest way of interpreting the data is to prepare graphs and charts for each of the parameters, though more advanced statistical interpretations are possible. The project as outlined here can be modified to meet the needs of different groups, and has been successfully used in undergraduate teaching of silviculture and forest ecology, as well as in postgraduate courses in natural resources management.
Download Paper at URL: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/254307252_The_development_of_even-aged_plantation_forests_an_exercise_in_forest_stand_dynamics
It includes:
Harvesting Planning and Practices, Characteristics, structure and use of wood, Defects, Timber Value Chain, Marketing and Policies.
Prepared by the students currently studying Masters in Forestry at Institute of Forestry Pokhara, affiliated to Tribhuvan University.
Agroforestry: A Comprehensive Analysis of its Importance
Introduction:
Agroforestry is a sustainable land management practice that integrates trees, crops, and/or livestock on the same piece of land. It is a multifunctional approach that combines elements of agriculture and forestry to create a harmonious and productive ecosystem. This essay delves deep into the significance of agroforestry, exploring its ecological, economic, and social importance in the context of modern agriculture and environmental conservation.
Ecological Importance:
1. Biodiversity Conservation: Agroforestry systems promote biodiversity by providing diverse habitats for various species. Trees and crops together create microhabitats that support a wide range of flora and fauna, enhancing ecosystem resilience.
2. Soil Health and Erosion Control: Tree roots stabilize soil, preventing erosion and nutrient loss. Agroforestry improves soil structure, water retention, and nutrient cycling, contributing to long-term agricultural productivity.
3. Climate Change Mitigation: Trees sequester carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas, aiding in climate change mitigation. Agroforestry systems act as carbon sinks, reducing atmospheric carbon levels and mitigating global warming effects.
Economic Importance:
1. Enhanced Crop Yield and Income: Agroforestry systems provide shade, windbreaks, and improved microclimates that boost crop yields. Farmers benefit from diversified income sources through both tree products and agricultural yields.
2. Timber and Non-Timber Forest Products: Incorporating valuable tree species in agroforestry allows for sustainable timber production and non-timber forest products such as fruits, nuts, resins, and medicinal plants, enhancing economic opportunities.
3. Risk Diversification: Agroforestry minimizes risks associated with single-crop dependence. If one crop fails, other crops or tree products can still provide income, reducing vulnerability to market fluctuations.
Social Importance:
1. Livelihood Improvement: Agroforestry empowers local communities by providing employment opportunities in both agriculture and forestry sectors. It supports rural livelihoods and reduces urban migration.
2. Food Security: Diverse crops from agroforestry systems contribute to food security, as they ensure a consistent supply of various food items, even in changing climatic conditions.
3. Cultural and Traditional Values: Agroforestry often integrates traditional knowledge and practices, preserving cultural heritage and fostering a sense of identity among local communities.
Comparison of Agroforestry Practices:
To provide a comprehensive understanding, let's compare different agroforestry practices across various regions and contexts:
1. Alley Cropping: Trees are planted in rows along with crops. This practice is effective in controlling soil erosion, improving soil fertility, and providing sustainable sources of wood and fodder.
2. Silvopasture: Integrates trees and liv
ROLE OF AGROFORESTRY IN MITIGATION OF CLIMATE CHANGEGANDLA MANTHESH
Climate change and climatic variability's are real and their impacts have already been felt in agriculture.
The tree components in agroforestry system can be significant sinks of atmospheric carbon and it will reduce the stress and dependence on natural forest.
Agroforestry: A Comprehensive Analysis of its Importance
Introduction:
Agroforestry is a sustainable land management practice that integrates trees, crops, and/or livestock on the same piece of land. It is a multifunctional approach that combines elements of agriculture and forestry to create a harmonious and productive ecosystem. This essay delves deep into the significance of agroforestry, exploring its ecological, economic, and social importance in the context of modern agriculture and environmental conservation.
Ecological Importance:
1. Biodiversity Conservation: Agroforestry systems promote biodiversity by providing diverse habitats for various species. Trees and crops together create microhabitats that support a wide range of flora and fauna, enhancing ecosystem resilience.
2. Soil Health and Erosion Control: Tree roots stabilize soil, preventing erosion and nutrient loss. Agroforestry improves soil structure, water retention, and nutrient cycling, contributing to long-term agricultural productivity.
3. Climate Change Mitigation: Trees sequester carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas, aiding in climate change mitigation. Agroforestry systems act as carbon sinks, reducing atmospheric carbon levels and mitigating global warming effects.
Economic Importance:
1. Enhanced Crop Yield and Income: Agroforestry systems provide shade, windbreaks, and improved microclimates that boost crop yields. Farmers benefit from diversified income sources through both tree products and agricultural yields.
2. Timber and Non-Timber Forest Products: Incorporating valuable tree species in agroforestry allows for sustainable timber production and non-timber forest products such as fruits, nuts, resins, and medicinal plants, enhancing economic opportunities.
3. Risk Diversification: Agroforestry minimizes risks associated with single-crop dependence. If one crop fails, other crops or tree products can still provide income, reducing vulnerability to market fluctuations.
Social Importance:
1. Livelihood Improvement: Agroforestry empowers local communities by providing employment opportunities in both agriculture and forestry sectors. It supports rural livelihoods and reduces urban migration.
2. Food Security: Diverse crops from agroforestry systems contribute to food security, as they ensure a consistent supply of various food items, even in changing climatic conditions.
3. Cultural and Traditional Values: Agroforestry often integrates traditional knowledge and practices, preserving cultural heritage and fostering a sense of identity among local communities.
Comparison of Agroforestry Practices:
To provide a comprehensive understanding, let's compare different agroforestry practices across various regions and contexts:
1. Alley Cropping: Trees are planted in rows along with crops. This practice is effective in controlling soil erosion, improving soil fertility, and providing sustainable sources of wood and fodder.
2. Silvopasture: Integrates trees and liv
ROLE OF AGROFORESTRY IN MITIGATION OF CLIMATE CHANGEGANDLA MANTHESH
Climate change and climatic variability's are real and their impacts have already been felt in agriculture.
The tree components in agroforestry system can be significant sinks of atmospheric carbon and it will reduce the stress and dependence on natural forest.
A presentation made on forest resources and sustainable forest management, laws and regulations about forests in India, the status of the world and Indian forests.
Presentation by Nancy Patch and Steve Hagenbugh at the Society of American Foresters 2015 Winter Meeting. Details at www.forestadaptation.org/coldhollow
The Keep Forests Healthy scorecard can help you assess how resilient your forest may be to changing climate conditions. Consider the condition of your woods and check the appropriate boxes during a woods walk in your forest. The evaluation can help you identify potential risks and highlight management options that may increase the forest's ability to cope with the pressure of changing conditions. Discuss these topics with a professional as you plan for the future of your forest.
Field visit to Kithulgala Rain forest in Sri lanaka. In the forest we were able to identify canopy layers. Also the adaptations of plants to the forest environment. Its a really nice rain forest.
Forest stands established by planting or/and seeding in the process of afforestation or reforestation. They are either of introduced species (all planted stands), or intensively managed stands of indigenous species, which meet all the following criteria: one or two species at planting, even age class, regular spacing.
Similar to Lec.01_Unit I_Introduction about forest.ppt (20)
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
1. LECTURE – 1
Introduction about Forest
UNIT I: Forest and Forestry
Dr. V.S. Ramachandran
Centre for Environmental Studies
AVVP, ETTIMADAI
Mobile: +91 95855 40134 (call & Whatsapp enabled)
Mail: s_ramachandran@cb.amrita.edu
2. What is a forest?
Simple: A larger area dominated by trees
FAO: A forest is a land area of more than 0.5 ha,
with a tree canopy cover of more than 10%,
which is not primarily under
agricultural or other specific non-forest land
use.
Trees should be able to reach a minimum
height of 5 m at maturity in situ.
4. What is a forest?
Chakravarthy, A. 2016. Lost in definition. Down to Earth, 25 (6): 16-18.
5. Definition of forestry
5
Forestry
The art, science and practice of creating,
conserving and managing trees, forests, and
utilization of their resources
Forestry is an applied science and in favourable
localities, this science is applied to get maximum
return and so it is called intensive forestry
6. Definition of forestry
6
Forestry
Intensive forestry:
Defined as the practice of forestry with the
object of obtaining the maximum output in
volume and quality of products per unit area
through the application of the best techniques of
silviculture and management
8. Definition of forestry
8
Forestry
When forestry is practiced to achieve more than
one purpose, it is called multiple-use forestry
Multiple-use forestry:
Defined as the practice of forestry for the
simultaneous use of a forest area for two or
more purposes, often with conflicting interests
such as wood production, wildlife conservation,
recreation, aesthetics, or clean air
10. Basic terms related to forestry
10
Riparian Forest: Forested areas along a body of
water such as river, stream, pond, lake,
marshland, estuary, canal or reservoir.
Species composition: All species across
genuses that collectively make up the diversity
of trees existing in a forest.
11. Basic terms related to forestry
11
Canopy: The uppermost layer in a forest,
formed collectively by tree crowns.
Crown: The top part of the tree from which
branches grow above them
OR
Branches and foliage at top of an individual tree
12. Basic terms related to forestry
12
Crown closure: The point in forest development
when the lateral branches from adjacent trees
touch, significantly reducing growing space and
the amount of sunlight that reaches the forest
floor.
13. Basic terms related to forestry
13
Closed canopy forest or closed forest: Forest in
which the crowns or canopies of individual trees
overlap to form a virtually continuous layer so
that light can barely penetrate to reach the
forest floor.
Open canopy forests or open forest: forest in
which the individual tree crowns do not overlap
to form a continuous canopy layer but are more
widely spaced, leaving open sunlit areas within
the forest.
14. Basic terms related to forestry
14
Forest Type: Groups of tree species growing in
the same stand because their environmental
requirements are similar.
Stand: An easily defined area of the forest that
is relatively uniform in species composition, age
structure and condition and can be managed as
a single unit.
15. Basic terms related to forestry
15
Forester: Professional with experience in a
broad range of forest-related topics including
forest and wildlife ecology, economics, legal
issues, and the growing and harvesting of forest
products.
16. Basic terms related to forestry
16
Stand structure: The distribution, both vertical
and horizontal, of all living and dead vegetative
components in the forest, including trees, crown
layers, shrubs, snags (standing, dead or dying
trees), downed debris, etc.
17. Basic terms related to forestry
17
Climax species: Also called late-successional,
are plant species that will remain essentially
unchanged in terms of species composition for
as long as a site remains undisturbed. They are
the most shade-tolerant species of tree to
establish in the process of forest succession.
Pioneers: Shade-intolerant species that are the
first plants to colonise a barren land or a freshly
disturbed or abandoned site.
18. Basic terms related to forestry
18
Alien species: Non-native organisms that
become established in a new environment.
Invasive species: Any kind of living organism —
an amphibian, plant, insect, fish, fungus,
bacteria — that is not native to an ecosystem &
which causes harm. It has a tendency to
spread, which is believed to cause damage to
the environment.
19. Basic terms related to forestry
19
Pulpwood: Wood used in the manufacture of
paper, fiberboard, or other wood fiber products.
Non-timber Forest Products: All forest products
except timber, including resins, oils, leaves,
bark, plants other than trees, fungi, and animal
or animal products.
20. Basic terms related to forestry
20
Forest degradation: Changes within the forest
whether natural or human-induced which
negatively affect the structure or function of the
stand or site, and thereby lower the capacity to
supply products and/or services resulting to a
degraded forest.
21. Basic terms related to forestry
21
Forest fragmentation: The breaking up of large
forest areas into smaller units either by natural
processes or through conversion to other land
uses. Natural habitats become separated into
isolated fragments or “islands.”
22. Basic terms related to forestry
22
Stocking: A relative term indicating the amount
of growing space being occupied by trees and
the amount of growing space that is available or
unoccupied.
Overstocked: A stand that is overcrowded,
beyond 100 percent stocking, thus reducing
tree growth and vigour.
23. Basic terms related to forestry
23
Fully stocked: A stand where trees effectively
occupy most of the growing space, yet space
remains for further crown expansion and growth
of developing crop trees. For example, a stand
fully stocked at 70 % can grow suitably until
reaching 100 % stocking.
24. Basic terms related to forestry
24
Forest Management Plan: Written guidelines for
current and future management practices
recommended to meet an owner’s objectives.
Logging: it is the process of cutting trees,
processing them, and moving them to a location
for transport.
25. Basic terms related to forestry
25
Coupe: specific area of land that is scheduled
to be harvested within a specified period of
time, may be in a single operation. Also referred
to as felling coupe or annual coupe.
Rotation: The number of years required to
establish and grow trees to a specified size,
product, or level of maturity.
26. Basic terms related to forestry
26
Growing stock: Volume of all living trees in a
given area of forest or plantation that have
more than a certain diameter at breast height. It
is usually measured in solid cubic metres (m3).
27. Basic terms related to forestry
27
Cull: A tree or log of marketable size but do not
meet the lowest quality standards because of
crookedness, rot, injuries, or damage from
disease or insects and thus is useless for all but
firewood or pulpwood.
28. Basic terms related to forestry
28
Clear-cut harvest: A harvest and regeneration
practice that removes all trees within a given
area. Used most commonly in forests that
require full sunlight to regenerate or areas
where young forests are the preferred habitat.
Improvement cut: An intermediate silvicultural
treatment made to improve the form, quality,
heath, or wildlife potential of the remaining
stand.
29. Basic terms related to forestry
29
Regeneration cut: Any silvicultural practice with
the intent to reestablish a new stand of
seedlings.
Salvage cut: The harvesting of dead or
damaged trees or of trees in danger of being
killed by insects, disease, flooding, or other
factors.
30. Basic terms related to forestry
30
Sanitation cut: A harvest done as a
precautionary mechanism to remove potentially
highly susceptible trees from oncoming insects
or disease before trees become infected by the
pest organism.
