Lec 7 Rhythms
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The document discusses several topics related to biological rhythms and circadian clocks including: 1) Reproductive character displacement and sympatric speciation, which can restrict gene flow within a population through mechanisms like female discrimination and male character divergence over time. 2) Geomagnetism and how some animals like pigeons are able to navigate using the Earth's magnetic field. The field is generated in the Earth's core and is changing over time. 3) Circadian rhythms and clocks, which can be affected by environmental cues but also have endogenous properties allowing free-running cycles. Clocks are organized chemically and send signals to control behaviors.
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Biological rhythms are normal fluctuations in organisms that occur in response to periodic changes in the internal environment. There are several types of rhythms including ultradian (less than 24 hours), circadian (24 hours), infradian (longer than 24 hours), and circannual (annual). Endogenous pacemakers like the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate rhythms, while exogenous zeitgebers like sunlight help keep rhythms in sync with the external environment. Examples of rhythms include the circadian sleep-wake cycle, menstrual cycle, and seasonal behaviors of migratory birds.
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3. Methods for studying and recording animal behavior.
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Three scientists namely Jeffrey Hall , Michael Rosbash and Michael Young of Rockfeller University were awarded Nobel prize for the discovery of the “biological clock” in 2017.
Each organisms try to adapt to their environment. Regular 24hr cycle of day and night on earth led to the evolution of biological clock that reside within our cells. These clocks help us unconsciously pick the best time to rest, search for food, or anticipate danger or predation.
In 1980s , the three scientists isolated “period gene” which had been theorized to control the biological clock or the circadian rhythm , in fruit flies. Hall and Rosbash then discovered a protein called PER that is encoded by the period gene and fluctuates over 24hr cycle, PER level build up at night and drops during day.
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The present slides discusses about one of the exciting process in life- the biological rhythm. The 2017 Nobel Prize in physiology/medicine was shared by Michael Rosbach, Jeffrey C Hall and Michael W Young for their discovery of mechanisms controlling circadian rhythm. A humble attempt has been done by myself to explain the whole concept. Hope you enjoy and feel free to make clarifications.
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Circadian rhythms are driven by an internal
biological clock that anticipates day/night cycles to
optimize the physiology and behavior of organisms.
The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is
awarded to Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and
Michael W. Young for their Discoveries of Molecular Mechanisms Controlling the Circadian Rhythm.
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The circadian cycle is regulated by the body's biological clocks, including a master clock in the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The SCN coordinates circadian rhythms throughout the body and is entrained to the day/night cycle by light signals from the retina. Disruption of the SCN, such as in blindness, can cause irregular circadian rhythms and sleep disorders. Recent research has identified intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells that also help set the circadian clock independent of vision.
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This document provides an overview of chapters 16 & 17 which cover the evolution of populations, the history of life, and key figures and concepts in evolutionary theory. It discusses how genes make evolution possible through genetic variation from mutations and gene recombination. Natural selection and genetic drift are described as causes of a population's gene pool changing over time, which can lead to the formation of new species through reproductive isolation. Fossils are examined as evidence for evolution and mass extinctions. Patterns in the fossil record show most species have become extinct, fossils are found in a particular order, and organisms have changed over time. Evolution occurs through both gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.
An Introduction To Zoology
The document provides an introduction to zoology, discussing several key topics:
- Theories of evolution from scientists like Lamarck and Cuvier are summarized, with Darwin's theory of natural selection identified as the most accurate.
- The complex life cycle of the monarch butterfly is used as an example to illustrate different life cycle stages like egg, larva, pupa, and adult.
- Adaptation strategies animals use to survive harsh environments like the desert and polar regions are outlined.
- The process of mitosis and key differences in replication between prokaryotes and eukaryotes are summarized.
- Homeostatic mechanisms that allow animals to maintain stable body conditions are briefly
Microbial Diversity Part 6: Life on Mars?
This document discusses the possibility of life on Mars, both in the past and present. It outlines some of the key challenges to life existing on Mars currently due to the lack of a protective magnetic field and atmosphere. However, evidence suggests Mars was once more hospitable. The document then discusses NASA's Mars 2020 mission which aims to return samples to Earth that could provide evidence of past or present Martian life through biomarkers, isotopic experiments with labeled substrates, or potentially DNA analysis if Mars and Earth life share a common ancestor. Contamination detection is a key challenge that must be addressed.
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Discusses the Cycle of Air, the three squares from the Step Diagram that apply to Air—Invertebrates, Vertebrates, Man. The Evolutionary Timeline. Extinction Events. Darwin’s Theory. Ecosystem Roles. Nature’s Eccentricity and Conundrums. Evolution by Ecosystem. Emotions and the Body Kesdjan
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Rhythms in Marine Invertebrates: Managing Intertidal Life alongside Daily Program by Neelu Jain Gupta in Examines in Marine Biology and OceanographyBiology - Chp 17 - History Of Life - PowerPoint
This chapter discusses the history of life on Earth based on evidence from the fossil record. It covers how fossils are formed and dated, as well as how paleontologists interpret and classify fossils to understand past life forms and environments. The fossil record shows that life has changed over time, with more than 99% of all species becoming extinct. It also reveals patterns of evolution such as extinction events, adaptive radiation, convergent and coevolution. The chapter discusses theories of punctuated equilibrium and the role of developmental genes in transformations of body plans over long periods of evolutionary time.
Ch. 14 Evolution
1. There are different types of mutations that can occur in DNA, including point mutations such as substitutions, insertions, or deletions of single nucleotides, and block mutations that change segments of chromosomes such as deletions, duplications, inversions, or translocations.
2. Point mutations can have varying effects depending on whether they change the codon, from a minimal effect if the same amino acid is coded for, to more dramatic effects if a different amino acid or a shift in the reading frame occurs.
3. Block mutations and aneuploidy where the number of chromosomes changes can have far more significant phenotypic consequences than single nucleotide changes.
Diel vertical migration (DVM)
This document discusses diel vertical migration (DVM) of zooplankton. It defines DVM as the daily pattern of zooplankton migrating up to surface waters at night to feed and returning to deeper waters during the day. The document explores the importance of DVM, stimuli that trigger migrations like light and predators, reasons for migration like predator avoidance and metabolic advantages, and different types of migration patterns.
Evolution lectures 5&6 - Week3 - September 2013
Queen Mary U London
SBC174/SBS110 Evolution lectures from October 7th.
All images are © their respective owners.
Life beyond Universe: Are We Alone in this Planet Earth?
Life in the Universe, this presentation contains information with regards to extraterrestrial Life beyond the Planet Earth. With the great effort of the scientists, astronomers and explorer beyond Earth, they have provided us with data's and relevant information that there's a probability of life beyond stars.
Antarctic Marine Biology
1. Reproductive interference occurs when the mating signals or behaviors of one species interfere with those of another species, preventing individuals from finding and reproducing with members of their own species.
2. There are many documented examples of reproductive interference occurring in closely related and invasive species that share habitats. Reproductive interference can influence species interactions, habitat use, and drive evolutionary changes in mating behaviors.
3. While some reported cases of reproductive interference may seem to have minor ecological effects, interference from invasive species can contribute to native species displacement. There is also evidence that reproductive interference plays a role in driving reproductive character displacement between co-occurring species.
4. Adaptations
This document covers plant and animal adaptations for maintaining water balance. It discusses how plants transport water and regulate transpiration through structures like stomata. It also examines the challenges of osmoregulation for freshwater and saltwater fish, and the adaptations of salmon, eels, and desert mammals to balance water in their environments. Adaptations include physiological processes, structural features, and behavioral responses that help organisms survive where they live.
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Unit 8 evolution for moodle
Evolution is the scientific theory that organisms gradually change over generations through natural selection acting on genetic variation. The evidence for evolution includes fossil records showing gradual changes in organisms over time, anatomical similarities between different species, and molecular biological evidence from DNA and protein comparisons. Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection proposed that variations arise in populations, and individuals with traits more suited to their environment will survive and pass on those traits, gradually changing the species over many generations.
Patterns of Evolution
The document discusses several key concepts relating to evolution and the fossil record, including:
- Microevolution involves small changes within a species over short time periods, while macroevolution describes large changes over millions of years that result in new species through speciation events.
- The geologic column provides evidence of evolution through its layered fossil and rock formations arranged from oldest to youngest, though it has gaps and inconsistencies that are puzzling.
- The Cambrian explosion saw a sudden appearance of many animal phyla without clear precursor fossils, challenging gradual evolution theories.
- Comparative anatomy and embryology provide evidence of common ancestry through homologous structures, though their interpretation differs between evolutionary and creationist viewpoints.
Macroevolution
This document summarizes key concepts in macroevolution, including how macroevolutionary changes occur through both gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. It discusses evidence from fossils and comparisons between living organisms. It also covers plate tectonics, morphological divergence and convergence, developmental patterns, comparative biochemistry, molecular clocks, and taxonomy.
Unit 9 evolution
The document discusses the origins and evolution of life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to present day. It describes early scientific theories on how life began, including spontaneous generation and biogenesis. Miller and Urey's experiment provided evidence that simple organic molecules could form from chemical reactions, and these molecules became the building blocks of cells. Fossil and geological evidence show that early life was prokaryotic and anaerobic, and evolved over billions of years from simple to more complex multicellular forms through natural selection and genetic changes within populations. The fossil record and comparative anatomy provide multiple lines of evidence that all life on Earth shares a common ancestor.
6a macroevolution
Macroevolution refers to evolutionary changes at or above the species level over large timescales. Speciation, the evolution of new species, occurs as reproductive barriers arise between populations, isolating them from interbreeding. Speciation can happen in isolated populations through allopatric speciation or within populations through sympatric speciation mechanisms like polyploidy. Mass extinctions, driven by events like meteorite impacts and continental drift, have punctuated the evolutionary history of life on Earth as revealed through the fossil record and phylogenetic analysis of anatomical and genetic similarities.
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Lecture 2 : Evolutionary Patterns, Rates And Trends
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Lec 7 Rhythms
- 10. Geomagnetism: Earth's Magnetic Field Gary A. Glatzmaier
- 23. How is a clock made
- 25. Cycles/Rhythms
- 29. Lunar Cycles - tides
- 32. Which cycle is the cue?
- 33. Which cycle is the cue?
- 34. Which cycle is the cue?
- 35. Which cycle is the cue?
- 39. Multiple Years
- 41. Multiple Years
- 45. Relative vs. absolute time