The document provides steps for operating and maintaining oil and gas facilities. It outlines 11 steps including checking safety equipment, the wellhead, heater, separators, tanks, and taking readings. Key parts of the wellhead, heater, and separators are described along with their functions. Safety practices like PPE and communication are emphasized. Troubleshooting tips are provided for issues like low pressure readings and water in condensate tanks.
This document describes the operating principles and components of an ESP rectifier transformer. It discusses:
1) How the SCR controller varies the conduction angle to control voltage and current output.
2) Key components like the transformer, rectifier bridge, resistance board and insulating oil.
3) Operating modes like uni-pulse and semi-pulse that control sparking and dust collection efficiency.
4) Factors that affect performance like dust properties, temperature and moisture content.
This document provides information about post-graduate programs offered at Mehran University of Engineering & Technology in Pakistan, including:
- An overview of the university's vision, mission, and quality policy for post-graduate education.
- Details about various institutes and departments that offer post-graduate degrees, such as the Institute of Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineering and Institute of Information & Communication Technologies.
- Regulations and requirements for master's and PhD degree programs.
- Support facilities available to post-graduate students.
- Information on fees and financial assistance.
This document provides an overview and descriptions of the key components of an air preheater used at the Mongduong 2 560 MW Coal Fired Power Plant. It describes the rotor assembly, rotor seals, rotor drive unit, support and guide bearings, lube oil circulation unit, retractable sootblowers, water washing device, and fire fighting system. The air preheater transfers heat from flue gas to incoming combustion air using rotating heat transfer elements to increase the air temperature prior to combustion.
The document discusses coal mill/pulverizers used in thermal power plants. It describes how pulverized coal is dried, ground, circulated, and classified within the mill to produce a fine powder that is then transported to the boiler burners. The main types of pulverizers discussed are ball tube mills, bowl mills, ball and race mills, and hammer mills. Key components like classifiers and grinding rolls are also explained. Condition monitoring, inspection, and test procedures help ensure the pulverizers operate efficiently to grind coal into a fine powder to fuel the boilers.
This document provides information about air compressors. It begins with an introduction that defines an air compressor as a device that converts power into potential energy by compressing air into a smaller volume and increasing its pressure. It then classifies air compressors based on their working principle, number of stages, piston action, number of cylinders, pressure ratio, cooling method, and cylinder arrangement. Some key terms related to air compressors like single acting, double acting, single stage, and compression ratio are also defined. The document then describes reciprocating compressors in more detail, including their components and working principle involving intake, compression, and discharge of air via pistons driven by a crankshaft. Finally, some common applications of air compress
The document discusses condition monitoring techniques used in thermal power plants. The objective of condition monitoring is to identify potential failures in machines to avoid damages and downtime. Key techniques discussed include vibration monitoring, lubricant analysis, noise analysis, wear debris analysis, and thermography. Specific machine components that can be monitored include turbines, generators, pumps, motors and more. The document also provides schedules for regularly monitoring critical equipment using different techniques like vibration analysis, oil analysis, thermography and dissolved gas analysis. Standards for condition monitoring are also mentioned.
This document provides information about the boiler drum and its functions:
1. The boiler drum separates steam and water mixtures, stores water, and reduces dissolved solids in steam through blowdown. It contains internals like turbo separators and screen dryers for separation.
2. The drum connects to downcomers, risers, feed lines, and superheater lines. Auxiliary lines include blowdown, chemical dosing, and instrumentation.
3. Proper fitting and alignment of internals is important for efficient steam separation and prevention of impurity carryover into steam.
This document describes the operating principles and components of an ESP rectifier transformer. It discusses:
1) How the SCR controller varies the conduction angle to control voltage and current output.
2) Key components like the transformer, rectifier bridge, resistance board and insulating oil.
3) Operating modes like uni-pulse and semi-pulse that control sparking and dust collection efficiency.
4) Factors that affect performance like dust properties, temperature and moisture content.
This document provides information about post-graduate programs offered at Mehran University of Engineering & Technology in Pakistan, including:
- An overview of the university's vision, mission, and quality policy for post-graduate education.
- Details about various institutes and departments that offer post-graduate degrees, such as the Institute of Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineering and Institute of Information & Communication Technologies.
- Regulations and requirements for master's and PhD degree programs.
- Support facilities available to post-graduate students.
- Information on fees and financial assistance.
This document provides an overview and descriptions of the key components of an air preheater used at the Mongduong 2 560 MW Coal Fired Power Plant. It describes the rotor assembly, rotor seals, rotor drive unit, support and guide bearings, lube oil circulation unit, retractable sootblowers, water washing device, and fire fighting system. The air preheater transfers heat from flue gas to incoming combustion air using rotating heat transfer elements to increase the air temperature prior to combustion.
The document discusses coal mill/pulverizers used in thermal power plants. It describes how pulverized coal is dried, ground, circulated, and classified within the mill to produce a fine powder that is then transported to the boiler burners. The main types of pulverizers discussed are ball tube mills, bowl mills, ball and race mills, and hammer mills. Key components like classifiers and grinding rolls are also explained. Condition monitoring, inspection, and test procedures help ensure the pulverizers operate efficiently to grind coal into a fine powder to fuel the boilers.
This document provides information about air compressors. It begins with an introduction that defines an air compressor as a device that converts power into potential energy by compressing air into a smaller volume and increasing its pressure. It then classifies air compressors based on their working principle, number of stages, piston action, number of cylinders, pressure ratio, cooling method, and cylinder arrangement. Some key terms related to air compressors like single acting, double acting, single stage, and compression ratio are also defined. The document then describes reciprocating compressors in more detail, including their components and working principle involving intake, compression, and discharge of air via pistons driven by a crankshaft. Finally, some common applications of air compress
The document discusses condition monitoring techniques used in thermal power plants. The objective of condition monitoring is to identify potential failures in machines to avoid damages and downtime. Key techniques discussed include vibration monitoring, lubricant analysis, noise analysis, wear debris analysis, and thermography. Specific machine components that can be monitored include turbines, generators, pumps, motors and more. The document also provides schedules for regularly monitoring critical equipment using different techniques like vibration analysis, oil analysis, thermography and dissolved gas analysis. Standards for condition monitoring are also mentioned.
This document provides information about the boiler drum and its functions:
1. The boiler drum separates steam and water mixtures, stores water, and reduces dissolved solids in steam through blowdown. It contains internals like turbo separators and screen dryers for separation.
2. The drum connects to downcomers, risers, feed lines, and superheater lines. Auxiliary lines include blowdown, chemical dosing, and instrumentation.
3. Proper fitting and alignment of internals is important for efficient steam separation and prevention of impurity carryover into steam.
Temperature is the most important variable in industrial processing, primarily because it is the fundamental condition characteristic of the thermal state of the body. Consequently it is most important that the various ways of measuring temperature be well mastered and the advantages and disadvantages of each method we well understood and the operating limitation in terms of time of response, temperature range distance of operation and compatibility with other control etc. should be considered for each installation and measurement. There are two types of measurement 1. Non-electrical method (e.g. Glass thermometer) and 2. electrical method (e.g. Digital thermometer, thermo couples and RTDs)
This document discusses flame failure protection systems and measures to safeguard against flame loss in coal-fired power plants. It describes the typical arrangement of flame scanners in the furnace windbox and the logic used to detect a flame failure. If 3 out of 4 scanners in an elevation do not detect flame above certain intensity and frequency thresholds, the corresponding coal feeder will trip off. It also outlines operational measures like ensuring sufficient airflow and turbulence, avoiding frequent mill changes, and checking operation of combustion air dampers and burners to prevent flame losses.
The document describes the turbine protection system logic. It includes logic for multiple turbine overspeed trips, axial displacement trips, lube oil pressure trips, exhaust temperature trips, condenser vacuum trips, manual trips, transformer and generator protection trips, vibration trips, and other parameters. The logic uses AND and OR gates to monitor sensor readings and issue trip outputs as needed to protect the turbine system.
This document describes a student project to create a portable panic alarm circuit. The circuit uses a 555 timer IC to generate an audible alarm from a buzzer when a push button is pressed. When activated, the circuit will sound for approximately 0.845 seconds and be silent for 0.152 seconds, repeating in a 1 second cycle. The project aims to develop a simple, low-cost panic alarm that can be easily carried or placed in public areas to alert others during emergencies. Future extensions could integrate GPS tracking or connect to emergency services for enhanced safety and mobility.
training reportON Thermal power plantt (nashik tps)pdfSagar Mehta
This document provides a practical training report submitted by Sagar Mehta to Rajasthan Technical University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. The report details Mehta's summer training at the Nashik Thermal Power Station in Maharashtra, India. It includes sections on the history of the power sector and thermal power generation in India, an overview of the Nashik Thermal Power Station, descriptions of the various systems and processes within a thermal power plant including the steam power plant, coal handling plant, water treatment plant, boilers, turbines, generators, condensers and ash handling plant. The report concludes with discussions on energy conservation, auditing, and suggestions.
How to Improve Steam Turbine Head Rate and Increase OutputMargaret Harrison
As the steam path degrades in mature steam turbines performance loss often occurs. Reducing heat rate while increasing output can have a significant impact on earning potential within the current market and today’s regulatory conditions. Improvements of 3% or more have been seen by users who have installed the full package of steam turbine seals in their units. EthosEnergy has been developing advanced turbine sealing technologies that improve efficiency and performance of steam turbines for over 30 years.
The operations carried out to Light up the Boiler, from Air Cycle Establishment, Oil Handling Plant, Scanner air fans and Igniter Air Fans, Boiler Purging.
The document describes the working principle and components of a scoop coupling. A scoop coupling transmits power between a motor and load by circulating oil between an impeller and runner. It allows variable speed control by adjusting the scoop tube position to change the oil level and slip between components. The oil is circulated in a closed loop system from a sump through a pump, cooler, and back to the coupling working circuit before returning to the sump.
There are two basic types of steam turbines: impulse turbines and reaction turbines. Impulse turbines have fixed nozzles that expand steam at constant pressure, while reaction turbines have expanding nozzles in both fixed and moving components, allowing continuous expansion of steam as it flows over blades. Impulse turbines work by directing high velocity steam from stationary nozzles against rotating buckets, while reaction turbines generate rotation from the reaction force of steam pressure decreasing as it passes through shaped, moving blades.
The document provides information about diesel generators, including what they are, how they work, their main components and functions. Some key points:
- A diesel generator is a combination of a diesel engine and an electric generator that generates electrical energy. The diesel engine powers the generator through the motion of its crankshaft.
- In a diesel engine, fuel is injected into compressed hot air in the combustion chamber, where it ignites due to the high temperature from compression. This powers the crankshaft across 4 strokes: intake, compression, power, and exhaust.
- The main components of a diesel generator are the engine, alternator, fuel system, governor, voltage regulator, cooling/exhaust
Design and Development of Child Rescue Mechanism from Open Bore WellIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a child rescue mechanism for extracting children trapped in open bore wells. Open bore wells that are abandoned pose safety risks for children who can fall in. Current rescue methods using parallel wells are time-consuming and complex. The proposed mechanism aims to rescue children in a simplified and low-cost manner. It consists of links connected by threaded shafts and nuts that can extend and retract via a motor and battery to reach and support a trapped child for extraction. A camera allows visualizing the child's position. The lightweight mechanism was tested under varying loads and successfully extracted loads up to 20kg simulating a child's weight. The design provides a safer and faster alternative to traditional rescue methods.
The document discusses boiler safety, including necessary safety apparatuses, safety valves, their purpose and requirements. It provides definitions of key terms, markings required on safety valves, number of safety valves needed, and summarizes a case study of a boiler explosion highlighting causes and recommended measures.
The document discusses the components and operation of condensate extraction pumps, boiler feed pumps, and turbine driven boiler feed pumps. It describes how condensate extraction pumps extract condensate from the condenser hotwell and pump it to the deaerator. It outlines the multi-stage design and sealing of boiler feed pumps used to pressurize feedwater before entering the boiler. It also provides details on the oil, feedwater, gland seal steam, and extraction steam systems involved in starting up a turbine driven boiler feed pump.
This document discusses the electrical systems and procedures for a power plant during a failure of the 220V DC system. It outlines how various components like breakers, protections, and trips will be affected and need to be operated manually. It describes the actions to take like tripping the turbine, pulverizers, and fans manually and transferring the unit to another bus. It also discusses the healthiness checks for the DC system.
The presentation is for the simulator for the operation of Thermal Power Plant from starting. It describes the Electrical Charging and Water Cycle Establishment. The simultaneous operations on Turbine sides are also described for the First Part.
This document discusses meter-in flow-control circuits. It explains that meter-in circuits allow fluid to enter an actuator, like a cylinder, at a controlled rate to provide smooth movement. However, meter-in circuits may not work for overrunning loads, as a vacuum can form and cause the cylinder to free fall until filled. The document provides diagrams of meter-in circuits and explains how they regulate cylinder speed by metering fluid into the blind end.
Pressure Safety Valve Sizing - API 520/521/526Vijay Sarathy
No chemical process facility is immune to the risk of overpressure to avoid dictating the necessity for overpressure protection. For every situation that demands safe containment of process gas, it becomes an obligation for engineers to equally provide pressure relieving and flaring provisions wherever necessary. The levels of protection are hierarchical, starting with designing an inherently safe process to avoid overpressure followed by providing alarms for operators to intervene and Emergency Shutdown provisions through ESD and SIL rated instrumentation. Beyond these design and instrument based protection measures, the philosophy of containment and abatement steps such as pressure relieving devices, flares, physical dikes and Emergency Response Services is employed
1) Steam turbines are important prime movers that convert the thermal energy of steam into useful work. They operate using the principle that steam flowing over curved turbine blades imparts a force and causes the blades to rotate.
2) Steam turbines can be classified as impulse or reaction turbines depending on where the pressure drop of steam occurs. Impulse turbines only cause a pressure drop in nozzles, while reaction turbines cause a pressure drop both in nozzles and over rotor blades.
3) Steam condensers are heat transfer devices that condense exhaust steam from turbines using cooling water. The condensed steam, or condensate, is returned to boilers to be reused, saving water costs.
This document discusses the performance calculation and monitoring of feedwater heaters in thermal power plants. There are three key variables used to monitor feedwater heater efficiency: terminal temperature difference (TTD), drain cooler approach (DCA), and feedwater temperature rise (TR). The TTD measures how close the outlet water temperature is to the saturation temperature, and a higher TTD indicates poorer performance. The DCA measures how close the drain outlet temperature is to the inlet water temperature, and a higher DCA can cause damage. These variables are calculated and trended monthly to monitor heater performance and identify any issues.
Leasing activity in the Chicago industrial market decreased in Q4 but was up to over 10.5 million square feet for the year. Notable sales transactions included industrial properties in Bridgeview, Burr Ridge, Romeoville, and Woodridge. Construction completions were low at only 1.3 million square feet still underway.
The document is a professional portfolio for Danielle Samuels that outlines her education and experience in craft brewing. It details her Craft Brewing, Packaging and Service Operations Certificate program at Grand Rapids Community College which includes hands-on courses and an internship at Harmony Brewing Company. It provides a summary of her skills, certificates in areas like beer serving and alcohol safety, work experience at Harmony Brewing, and education at Grand Rapids Community College while pursuing her craft brewing certificate. References from her mentors in the brewing industry are also included.
Temperature is the most important variable in industrial processing, primarily because it is the fundamental condition characteristic of the thermal state of the body. Consequently it is most important that the various ways of measuring temperature be well mastered and the advantages and disadvantages of each method we well understood and the operating limitation in terms of time of response, temperature range distance of operation and compatibility with other control etc. should be considered for each installation and measurement. There are two types of measurement 1. Non-electrical method (e.g. Glass thermometer) and 2. electrical method (e.g. Digital thermometer, thermo couples and RTDs)
This document discusses flame failure protection systems and measures to safeguard against flame loss in coal-fired power plants. It describes the typical arrangement of flame scanners in the furnace windbox and the logic used to detect a flame failure. If 3 out of 4 scanners in an elevation do not detect flame above certain intensity and frequency thresholds, the corresponding coal feeder will trip off. It also outlines operational measures like ensuring sufficient airflow and turbulence, avoiding frequent mill changes, and checking operation of combustion air dampers and burners to prevent flame losses.
The document describes the turbine protection system logic. It includes logic for multiple turbine overspeed trips, axial displacement trips, lube oil pressure trips, exhaust temperature trips, condenser vacuum trips, manual trips, transformer and generator protection trips, vibration trips, and other parameters. The logic uses AND and OR gates to monitor sensor readings and issue trip outputs as needed to protect the turbine system.
This document describes a student project to create a portable panic alarm circuit. The circuit uses a 555 timer IC to generate an audible alarm from a buzzer when a push button is pressed. When activated, the circuit will sound for approximately 0.845 seconds and be silent for 0.152 seconds, repeating in a 1 second cycle. The project aims to develop a simple, low-cost panic alarm that can be easily carried or placed in public areas to alert others during emergencies. Future extensions could integrate GPS tracking or connect to emergency services for enhanced safety and mobility.
training reportON Thermal power plantt (nashik tps)pdfSagar Mehta
This document provides a practical training report submitted by Sagar Mehta to Rajasthan Technical University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. The report details Mehta's summer training at the Nashik Thermal Power Station in Maharashtra, India. It includes sections on the history of the power sector and thermal power generation in India, an overview of the Nashik Thermal Power Station, descriptions of the various systems and processes within a thermal power plant including the steam power plant, coal handling plant, water treatment plant, boilers, turbines, generators, condensers and ash handling plant. The report concludes with discussions on energy conservation, auditing, and suggestions.
How to Improve Steam Turbine Head Rate and Increase OutputMargaret Harrison
As the steam path degrades in mature steam turbines performance loss often occurs. Reducing heat rate while increasing output can have a significant impact on earning potential within the current market and today’s regulatory conditions. Improvements of 3% or more have been seen by users who have installed the full package of steam turbine seals in their units. EthosEnergy has been developing advanced turbine sealing technologies that improve efficiency and performance of steam turbines for over 30 years.
The operations carried out to Light up the Boiler, from Air Cycle Establishment, Oil Handling Plant, Scanner air fans and Igniter Air Fans, Boiler Purging.
The document describes the working principle and components of a scoop coupling. A scoop coupling transmits power between a motor and load by circulating oil between an impeller and runner. It allows variable speed control by adjusting the scoop tube position to change the oil level and slip between components. The oil is circulated in a closed loop system from a sump through a pump, cooler, and back to the coupling working circuit before returning to the sump.
There are two basic types of steam turbines: impulse turbines and reaction turbines. Impulse turbines have fixed nozzles that expand steam at constant pressure, while reaction turbines have expanding nozzles in both fixed and moving components, allowing continuous expansion of steam as it flows over blades. Impulse turbines work by directing high velocity steam from stationary nozzles against rotating buckets, while reaction turbines generate rotation from the reaction force of steam pressure decreasing as it passes through shaped, moving blades.
The document provides information about diesel generators, including what they are, how they work, their main components and functions. Some key points:
- A diesel generator is a combination of a diesel engine and an electric generator that generates electrical energy. The diesel engine powers the generator through the motion of its crankshaft.
- In a diesel engine, fuel is injected into compressed hot air in the combustion chamber, where it ignites due to the high temperature from compression. This powers the crankshaft across 4 strokes: intake, compression, power, and exhaust.
- The main components of a diesel generator are the engine, alternator, fuel system, governor, voltage regulator, cooling/exhaust
Design and Development of Child Rescue Mechanism from Open Bore WellIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a child rescue mechanism for extracting children trapped in open bore wells. Open bore wells that are abandoned pose safety risks for children who can fall in. Current rescue methods using parallel wells are time-consuming and complex. The proposed mechanism aims to rescue children in a simplified and low-cost manner. It consists of links connected by threaded shafts and nuts that can extend and retract via a motor and battery to reach and support a trapped child for extraction. A camera allows visualizing the child's position. The lightweight mechanism was tested under varying loads and successfully extracted loads up to 20kg simulating a child's weight. The design provides a safer and faster alternative to traditional rescue methods.
The document discusses boiler safety, including necessary safety apparatuses, safety valves, their purpose and requirements. It provides definitions of key terms, markings required on safety valves, number of safety valves needed, and summarizes a case study of a boiler explosion highlighting causes and recommended measures.
The document discusses the components and operation of condensate extraction pumps, boiler feed pumps, and turbine driven boiler feed pumps. It describes how condensate extraction pumps extract condensate from the condenser hotwell and pump it to the deaerator. It outlines the multi-stage design and sealing of boiler feed pumps used to pressurize feedwater before entering the boiler. It also provides details on the oil, feedwater, gland seal steam, and extraction steam systems involved in starting up a turbine driven boiler feed pump.
This document discusses the electrical systems and procedures for a power plant during a failure of the 220V DC system. It outlines how various components like breakers, protections, and trips will be affected and need to be operated manually. It describes the actions to take like tripping the turbine, pulverizers, and fans manually and transferring the unit to another bus. It also discusses the healthiness checks for the DC system.
The presentation is for the simulator for the operation of Thermal Power Plant from starting. It describes the Electrical Charging and Water Cycle Establishment. The simultaneous operations on Turbine sides are also described for the First Part.
This document discusses meter-in flow-control circuits. It explains that meter-in circuits allow fluid to enter an actuator, like a cylinder, at a controlled rate to provide smooth movement. However, meter-in circuits may not work for overrunning loads, as a vacuum can form and cause the cylinder to free fall until filled. The document provides diagrams of meter-in circuits and explains how they regulate cylinder speed by metering fluid into the blind end.
Pressure Safety Valve Sizing - API 520/521/526Vijay Sarathy
No chemical process facility is immune to the risk of overpressure to avoid dictating the necessity for overpressure protection. For every situation that demands safe containment of process gas, it becomes an obligation for engineers to equally provide pressure relieving and flaring provisions wherever necessary. The levels of protection are hierarchical, starting with designing an inherently safe process to avoid overpressure followed by providing alarms for operators to intervene and Emergency Shutdown provisions through ESD and SIL rated instrumentation. Beyond these design and instrument based protection measures, the philosophy of containment and abatement steps such as pressure relieving devices, flares, physical dikes and Emergency Response Services is employed
1) Steam turbines are important prime movers that convert the thermal energy of steam into useful work. They operate using the principle that steam flowing over curved turbine blades imparts a force and causes the blades to rotate.
2) Steam turbines can be classified as impulse or reaction turbines depending on where the pressure drop of steam occurs. Impulse turbines only cause a pressure drop in nozzles, while reaction turbines cause a pressure drop both in nozzles and over rotor blades.
3) Steam condensers are heat transfer devices that condense exhaust steam from turbines using cooling water. The condensed steam, or condensate, is returned to boilers to be reused, saving water costs.
This document discusses the performance calculation and monitoring of feedwater heaters in thermal power plants. There are three key variables used to monitor feedwater heater efficiency: terminal temperature difference (TTD), drain cooler approach (DCA), and feedwater temperature rise (TR). The TTD measures how close the outlet water temperature is to the saturation temperature, and a higher TTD indicates poorer performance. The DCA measures how close the drain outlet temperature is to the inlet water temperature, and a higher DCA can cause damage. These variables are calculated and trended monthly to monitor heater performance and identify any issues.
Leasing activity in the Chicago industrial market decreased in Q4 but was up to over 10.5 million square feet for the year. Notable sales transactions included industrial properties in Bridgeview, Burr Ridge, Romeoville, and Woodridge. Construction completions were low at only 1.3 million square feet still underway.
The document is a professional portfolio for Danielle Samuels that outlines her education and experience in craft brewing. It details her Craft Brewing, Packaging and Service Operations Certificate program at Grand Rapids Community College which includes hands-on courses and an internship at Harmony Brewing Company. It provides a summary of her skills, certificates in areas like beer serving and alcohol safety, work experience at Harmony Brewing, and education at Grand Rapids Community College while pursuing her craft brewing certificate. References from her mentors in the brewing industry are also included.
O documento discute os principais tipos de tecidos do corpo humano e suas funções. Ele explica que as células se unem para formar tecidos, que os tecidos se unem para formar órgãos e que os órgãos trabalham juntos em sistemas para formar um organismo vivo. Alguns tecidos mencionados incluem o epitelial, que protege e reveste, o conjuntivo, que contém sangue e nervos, e o muscular, que permite o movimento.
This document discusses macro processors and macro expansion. It defines macro expansion as replacing a macro call with the sequence of assembly statements defined by the macro. It describes the tasks of identifying macro calls, formal parameters, maintaining expansion variables, and organizing control flow. It also discusses nested macro calls, recursive macros, and the design of macro assemblers as having three passes - definition processing, expansion, and target code generation.
Economic &financial determinants of oil and gasNikhil Singh
This document discusses factors that influence oil and gas exploration activity. It notes that exploration spending declined from $55.7 billion in 1981 to $26.6 billion in 1986 due to world events that increased oil prices. As prices rose, exploration increased, but later declined as prices softened. The areas most affected were Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado and Alaska. It also examines how oil and gas firms finance exploration projects through debt contracts with investors and financial institutions. Debt contracts aim to address agency problems and limit operator discretion through covenants.
A bill introduced into the 129th General Assembly in Ohio by Rep. Mark Okey (D-Carrollton) in July 2012. The bill is supposed to fix "predatory" practices by oil and gas companies. But it also introduces new drilling rules aside from leasing practices. This is anti-drilling legislation.
Bayshore develops conventional and unconventional oil/gas prospects in North America and International via Exploration and Development, Joint venture with local energy companies and Potential Merger & Acquisitions.
Oil and Gas Case Law Update: Recent Decisions Impacting Oil and Gas PracticeLisa McManus
Pennsylvania oil and gas jurisprudence continues to evolve. On April 2, 2015, PBI's panel of energy law practitioners provided a webinar update on the latest appellate decisions that are shaping energy law practice. Included is an overview of Sabella v. Appalachian Dev. Corp.; Citizens for Pennsylvania’s Future v. Ultra Resources, Inc.; Sisson v. Stanley; Harrison v. Cabot Oil & Gas; Pennsylvania Environmental Defense Foundation v. Commonwealth.
This document provides an overview of the oil, gas, and energy law solutions available through LexisNexis. It highlights several authoritative treatises, analytical works, news sources, forms and model documents, case law, administrative materials, and blogs and articles related to emerging issues in energy law. The document emphasizes the comprehensive coverage LexisNexis offers across federal and state primary law, regulations, and secondary sources to support legal research and transactions in the energy sector.
Oil & Gas Programs
This session is a follow up to the introduction to private oil and gas investments given last October. The focus will be on recent Reg. D activity in leases, drilling, and royalty acquisitions. Discussion will also include opinions as to how this asset class differs from other alternatives and how it continues to deliver competitive economic benefits for investors. Additional topics include: Recent trends/opportunities, how to separate the excellent companies from the chaff, how to evaluate opportunities and implement due diligence best practices, liquidity considerations and exit plan strategies.
Moderator: Brad Updike, Mick & Associates
Panelists: Brett Evans, Hull, Evans, Kob LLP; Shawn Smith, FactRight LLC; Gail Schneck, Buttonwood Investment Services
The document provides guidance on accounting for costs incurred in oil and gas exploration and production activities. It defines key terms and outlines the major activities in the upstream petroleum industry - acquisition of rights, exploration, development and production. For each activity, it describes the nature of costs incurred and how they are treated under Indian GAAP. The major accounting methods covered are successful efforts and full cost methods.
Grant Thornton provided corporate finance advisory services to Advanced Insulation plc, a leading supplier of high performance insulation and fireproofing services to the offshore oil and gas industry. They helped the company find a private equity partner, Growth Capital Partners, to take the business to its next phase of growth and achieve the company's objectives of incentivizing management and securing value for shareholders. Grant Thornton managed a three stage bidding process that generated significant interest and secured an outcome that was beneficial for all involved parties.
Allocation Wells and What Makes Them DifferentBailey LeRoux
This document summarizes key information about oil and gas permitting and regulation in Texas, including:
- The Texas Railroad Commission permits wells if the applicant has a good faith claim to the property, even if title is disputed.
- Horizontal wells are permitted to drill across multiple tracts of land without clear pooling authority from lessors.
- The rule of capture historically led to issues like excessive drilling that pooling requirements and Railroad Commission regulations were designed to address.
- Browning Oil Co. v. Luecke established that for horizontal wells, each tract penetrated is considered a drillsite tract entitled to a share of production attributable to that tract.
Law firm Harrington, Hoppe & Mitchell have issued a memo with some great tips for landowners--things to mull over as you think about whether or not to re-lease, and if you do, under what conditions.
This document contains a presentation by Ledger Partnerships about investing in oil and gas production. It discusses the company's strategy of purchasing producing oil and gas leases and consolidating them into portfolios to generate predictable cash flows. It notes the risks involved in oil and gas investments and that past performance is not indicative of future results. The presentation provides examples of production assets generating monthly revenues ranging from $9,000 to $110,000 and argues that current low oil and gas prices create opportunities to purchase production assets.
This document provides information and instructions for a practical task involving pneumatic circuits for a Mechanical Engineering diploma program. It includes the objectives, theory, problems, equipment, procedures, and assessment criteria for the task. Specifically, it covers direct and indirect control of pneumatic cylinders using various valves. The task requires students to design and implement pneumatic circuits that directly or indirectly control double-acting cylinders using buttons or pilot-operated valves to meet specified objectives. Circuits are assessed based on setup, task completion, component knowledge, and time management. Safety measures for working with compressed air are also outlined.
S&A CW-5000 is refrigeration type industrial water chiller of 800W cooling capacity.S&A CW-5200 is refrigeration type industrial water chiller of 1400W cooling capacity.S&A CW-5000 and CW-5200 developed and produced by S&A company of China
Specification
One-stop automatic intelligent temperature control: in different environment, user does not need to change setting due to it will automatically switch
to appropriate operating temperature.
CW-5000AG: applied to cool a single 80W CO2 laser tube
Hướng dẫn sử dụng máy đo đa năng Testo 550 KIT
https://testostore.vn/san-pham/testo-550-kit/
https://testostore.vn/danh-muc/do-ap-suat/may-do-ap-suat-chan-khong/
This document describes a pneumatic cup sealer machine. The machine uses compressed air to power a pneumatic cylinder. When the foot pedal is pressed, the cylinder moves a heating disc down to apply heat and pressure to seal a plastic cup. The machine is made up of commonly used pneumatic components like cylinders, valves, filters and a compressor. It provides an economical and efficient way to seal plastic cups for small to medium production needs. The document discusses the components, construction, working and advantages of the pneumatic cup sealer.
IRJET- Design Modifications in Cryogenic Pressure Relief Valve to Elimina...IRJET Journal
This document discusses modifications made to cryogenic pressure relief valves to eliminate seat leakage. Cryogenic liquids experience large volumetric expansion at low temperatures, requiring safety valves. Traditional metal-to-metal seated valves cannot achieve zero leakage due to surface limitations. The researchers modified the valves to use a soft PCTFE seal instead of a metal seal to eliminate leakage. They calculated force balances, seating stresses, lifting pressures, and leakage flows of the modified design. Experimental testing with liquid nitrogen showed the soft-seated valves achieved zero leakage at 90% of the set pressure, addressing safety issues with cryogenic applications.
This document provides instructions for installing and maintaining a Ferroli DOMIcondens HE 26 C condensing boiler. It outlines important safety warnings and contains details on the boiler's control panel functions, operating modes, temperature adjustments, and installation requirements. The installation section specifies that qualified professionals must perform installation according to current regulations and the manufacturer's specifications.
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Caterpillar cat 322 l excavator (prefix 8cl) service repair manual (8cl00001 ...fjjskekfkskemf
This document provides instructions for servicing the air conditioning system on a Caterpillar 322L excavator. It describes safety precautions that must be followed when working on refrigerant systems, which can be hazardous if guidelines are not properly followed. The document outlines procedures for preparing the machine for service, recovering refrigerant, replacing components, adding new refrigerant and oil, and evacuating and charging the system. Technicians are instructed to keep the system clean and plug all openings to prevent contamination.
Caterpillar cat 322 l excavator (prefix 8cl) service repair manual (8cl00001 ...ifksjejdkemm
This document provides instructions for servicing the air conditioning system on a Caterpillar 322L excavator. It describes safety precautions that must be followed when working on refrigerant systems, which can be hazardous if guidelines are not properly followed. The document outlines procedures for preparing the machine, recovering refrigerant, replacing components, and recharging the system. Technicians are instructed to keep the system clean and free of contamination during service and to use protective plugs on open lines.
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Replacement Parts Industries (RPI) Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About S...
Lease Operator
1. 1
Yeriel Mangin
Oil and Gas Technician
yerielmangin@hotmail.com
(956)701-5102
Lease Operator
11 Steps to follow
2. 2
Yeriel Mangin
Oil and Gas Technician
yerielmangin@hotmail.com
(956)701-5102
Content
Objective………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
Step to follow in a facility …………………………………………………………………………………… 4, 5
Safety……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6
Equipment and function “The Wellhead”………………….……………………………………………. 7
Equipment and function “Heater”…………………………………………………………………………. 8
Safety Equipment…………………………………………………………………………………………………...9
High and Low Pressure Separator…………………………………………………………………………… 10
Chemical Tank………………………………………………………………………………………………………….11
Clean Facility…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….11
Stock Tanks…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12
The Rock…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 12
Data………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12
Troubleshooting…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…13
Reference.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14
3. 3
Yeriel Mangin
Oil and Gas Technician
yerielmangin@hotmail.com
(956)701-5102
Objective
The subject of this presentation is to show and tell what is like to be out in the field.
The overall goal of the presentation is to involve or bring the attention of the youth into
the oil industry.
Introduction
First of all, thank you Lewis Energy for giving me this opportunity to do my internship
with you. This presentation describes some of the things I did and learned out in the
field using the knowledge I learned in the Oil and Gas program.
4. 4
Yeriel Mangin
Oil and Gas Technician
yerielmangin@hotmail.com
(956)701-5102
Steps to Follow in a Facility
1. Safety
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Equipment maintenance or repairs
Proper Communication
2. While arriving to a Facility the first thing to do is check the wellhead.
Inspect the gauges
All the valves should have a plug in it (OSHA Regulation)
There must be a “Set Up” in the Surface, Intermediate, Casing and tubing parts.
Check for leaks in the pipes
3. Check to the Heater
The heater should be ON (Specially in cold weather)
The Heater should to be around 120 Fahrenheit
Check the Heater’s gauges to see if the Big and Small Joe are functional.
The big Joe pressure is around 75-90 Psi
The Small Joe pressure is around 15-22 Psi
Use Special tape to prevent the freeze in the Joes
4. Check the Safety Equipment
Depending on the pressure of the well, adjust the arrows in the E-stick
The safety equipment can shut down the wellhead in case of emergency.
5. Examine the High and Low Pressure Separators
Revise the dump valve
Control boxes (adjust the spring)
Back Pressure Regulator (pressure inside the regulator)
Glass tube (The levels of water and oil)
Any closed valves
The weather cap
6. The rocket bottle is an important equipment
It is the one that supplies pressure to the entire facility
Bleed out the water inside
5. 5
Yeriel Mangin
Oil and Gas Technician
yerielmangin@hotmail.com
(956)701-5102
7. Chemical tanks
Check the pumping time of the chemical added
Adjust the timer on the chemical pump
8. Clean the facility
KEEP IT CLEAN
9. Stock tanks
Use the Color Cut (If the tank is oil and water)
Wait 5-8 sec then pull out the steel tape so the chemical can
change color
If it is just water or oil, just measure with the steel tape
The tank’s levels should stay low at all times
Clean the measuring tape afterwards
10. Reading of the Rock
Take readings such as:
Wellhead Pressure
Static Pressure
Differential pressure
Temperature
Spot (Predict the amount of MCF the
Wellhead is going to make that day)
11. Data
All the collected data should be uploaded into a special program
6. 6
Yeriel Mangin
Oil and Gas Technician
yerielmangin@hotmail.com
(956)701-5102
Safety
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) include:
Hard Hat
Steel-toed boots
Safety glasses
Flame-Resistant (FR) Clothing
H2S Personal Monitor
Goggles
Earplugs
Communication
Poor communication is a contributing factor in many accidents.
Workers are often injured because safe work practices have not been effectively communicated.
Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) published by OSHA.
Also known as the Right to Know Law: This law gives the workers the right to know certain things
about the chemicals they work with or are exposed to.
The most effective way of reducing industry injuries and incidents is to understand the risks involve
with all the hazards and work activities.
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
Highly toxic, colorless gas that is formed by the decay of organic materials.
It is one of the leading causes of sudden dead in the oil industry.
It can be fatal at levels 750-1000 ppm.
Specific training is required to work or enter an H2S environment.
The fatality rate among oil and gas workers is now nearly
eight times higher than the all-industry rate of 3.2 deaths
for every 100,000 workers.
7. 7
Yeriel Mangin
Oil and Gas Technician
yerielmangin@hotmail.com
(956)701-5102
Equipment and function “The Wellhead”
Wing Valve- is the first mechanism used to close manually the well.
Actuator- A safety system to shut-down the well automatically.
Choke- An equipment used to decrease the pressure coming from the
Well. (The pressure passing through the choke should be
The same, ALWAYS)
The Isolation Valve- The last part of the well before the pressure
(Oil/gas) goes to the facility
Soap launcher- An old method of “Helping” the well to increase the
Pressure or dissolve water inside the well
Plunger- The modern method of “Helping” the well to increase the
Pressure. (Release a rod into the well to accumulate pressure
Thus when it has enough pressure it can lift the rod and
Pressure up the well.
All the parts of the Christmas tree should have a "set up"
For example the surface set up, intermediate set up,
Casing set up, tubing set
up.
A proper “Set UP” has
Seven parts:
Bushing, Nipple, 'T" pipe,
(2) Needle Valve, plugs
and Gauge.
Incomplete casing Set Up Complete casing Set Up
8. 8
Yeriel Mangin
Oil and Gas Technician
yerielmangin@hotmail.com
(956)701-5102
Equipment and Function “Heater”
Heater- it heats the fluids that comes from the well.
The reason why some wells need a heater and others don’t
depends in some factors for example: the fluids are already
Warm/hot or the difference in pressure does not exceed
300 psi.
Some parts of the heater are:
Big Joe- The pressure should always be between 75-90 psi
lower the pressure that comes from the well.
Small Joe-The pressure should always be around 15-22 psi
Lower the pressure even more from the well to the Big Joe to the Small Joe (From here
there are two gas pipes 1) for the Pilot 2) to keep the heater’s flame ON).
Gauges- to read the temp of the Heater
Heater’s Regulator- To maintain a certain temperature (If the temp exceeds the
adjusted temp, it will shut down the gas line).
One way to prevent equipment from freezing is to wrap up the equipment with
special tape.
Without insulate tape in cold weather With insulate tape in cold weather
9. 9
Yeriel Mangin
Oil and Gas Technician
yerielmangin@hotmail.com
(956)701-5102
Safety Equipment
The safety equipment in the facility can shut down the well head automatically:
1. E-stick" boxes (2)
Adjusted a max and min pressure in the box, thus if the pressure reaches the needles, it
automatically shuts down the
wellhead.
There are two boxes:
2. Actuator:
When the "wheel" is outside
(First picture) and it has
pressure the actuator will let
pass the pressure to the next
phase (Heater/High-low
Separator).
When the "wheel" is outside
(First picture) and it does not
have pressure the actuator will shut down the wellhead.
When the "wheel" is inside (Second picture) the actuator is in by-pass, thus you can make any
arrangements you need to make.
"The purpose of the wheel is to adjust a plate inside the actuator so you can put it on by-pass or shut
down the wellhead."
3. Versa Valve
Controls the pressure that helps the actuator to stay open; you can manually or remotely close it from
the Office.
4. Pineapple
A third (floater/check) in the low pressure separator. The pineapple does not let the
(water/condensate) to get to a certain level inside the separator (It is like your back up) if the
water reaches the pineapple level it immediately shuts down the well thus the
(water/condensate) do not reaches the flare tower.
Normally right next to the
Heater or Header
Right next to the High Pressure
separator
First Picture Second Picture
10. 10
Yeriel Mangin
Oil and Gas Technician
yerielmangin@hotmail.com
(956)701-5102
Figure 1
High and low Pressure Separator
Control Valve (Dumper) – is a valve used to control conditions such as flow, pressure, temperature, and
liquid level by fully or partially opening or closing the valve. Figure 1
Control box- Controls the level of fluids inside the separators.
Figure 2
Glass tube- is outside the low pressure separator and shows you
the levels of water/oil inside the separator. Looking at the
glass-tube the person can adjust the spring (inside the control
box) to level up the water and oil.
Back pressure regulator- Figure 3 and Figure 4
This equipment has two functions:
1) To bleed out the extra pressure in the separator; if there is
any excess pressure from the high to low separator, the
regulator sends the extra pressure to flare it.
2) To keep a certain amount of pressure inside the low separator
thus the pressure can take the water/condensate to the tanks.
Weather cap- There should always be a “cap” at the top of all the separators. The purpose of the
weather “cap” is when there is an extra pressure (that exceeds the limits of the separator’s capacity)
release the pressure and the cap pops out of the separator. What this mean sometimes is that maybe
the levels of pressure need to be adjusted.
Pineapple- A third (floater/check) in the low pressure separator. The pineapple does not
let the (water/condensate) get to a certain level inside the separator (it is like your back
up) if the water reaches the pineapple level it immediately shuts down the well thus the
(water/condensate) do not reaches the flare tower. Figure 5
Check Valve- Is a type of valve that allows fluids to flow in one direction but closes
automatically to prevent flow in the opposite direction (backflow). Figure 6
In the image on the right, you can
see some of the equipment
describe above.
Figure 2
Figure 3 Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
11. 11
Yeriel Mangin
Oil and Gas Technician
yerielmangin@hotmail.com
(956)701-5102
Chemical Tank
Some facilities and wellheads have more than one tank, the reason for
having several tanks is because the facility needs different chemical
substances for example:
Scavenger: to control the H2S in the wellhead, facility, tanks, etc.
Corrosion Inhibitor: To prevent the corrosion in the wellhead and
other parts in the facility.
Outside the tank there is a small pump with timer, this pump constantly
sends a certain amount of chemical to the well, but it all depends in the
amount of H2S the well contains. (The more H2S the more scavenger are
needed)
The lease operator needs to measure the time length of all the chemical tanks thus when the tanks are
almost empty, he must have a new tank ready.
Clean facility
Keeping clean all the wellheads, heaters, separators, tanks, etc. is a vital thing do.
There should not be any grass/weed near the equipment. (Use a shovel to cut off or weed killer spray)
There should not be any tools left out. (Wrench, screws, metal pipes, etc.)
KEEP IT CLEAN!!!
12. 12
Yeriel Mangin
Oil and Gas Technician
yerielmangin@hotmail.com
(956)701-5102
Stock tanks
Onshore tanks usually store 3-7 days of oil/water production.
Before gauging a tank pay careful attention to the H2S apparatus. (It may save your life)
An “Old Method” of measuring the amount of oil in a tank is shown below:
A gauger lowers a steel tape that has been carefully grounded with a weight on the end, into the
tank until it touches the bottom.
The highest point at which oil wets the tape shows the level or height of oil/water in the tank.
Note: Some small facilities have only one storage tank, for oil and water of a well.
Some types of sampling methods are:
Thief sampling or something called Core Sampling. The sampler lowers a thief to
obtain an oil/water sample from a storage tanks. Figure 7
Bottle Sampling- A better but more difficult method of manual
sampling. Because of the difficult nature of this method, it is rarely
used for lease tanks. Figure 8
A “Modern Method” is using radar to get the measures inside the tanks.
The tank’s levels of oil/water should always stay low.
The Rock
The rock is an electronic equipment that shows you different readings such as:
a) Wellhead pressure
b) Static Pressure
c) Differential Pressure
d) Temperature
e) Spot (Predict amount of MCF the wellhead is going to make that day)
Data
At the end of the day the lease operator needs to upload the daily data from the
wells into a program.
Most of the companies have specializes program to upload the daily
readings of the wells.
Figure 7
Figure 8
13. 13
Yeriel Mangin
Oil and Gas Technician
yerielmangin@hotmail.com
(956)701-5102
Troubleshooting
The spot reading is ZERO. What can cause the problem? (Always start from the wellhead)
One of the wheels is closed.
There is an Ice Block in the Choke of the wellhead
The "Safety Equipment" shuts down the actuator from the wellhead. (Low pressure or high pressure
inside the pipelines)
There is an Ice Block in the Choke of the Heater.
Gas Control Shuts down the actuator.
The pineapple (Separator) is full with liquids
A tank with condensate has water inside. Why?
Too much water passing from the wellhead to the separators.
The "springs" (Control Box) are stuck (Bad function).
The Control Valve (Dumper) are calibrated incorrectly (depends on the well).
The "Check" Valve is broken.
Why shut down a wellhead?
To increase the pressure in the well, because the pressure is too low.
Make a repair in some parts of the Christmas tree.
To make sure the readings from the Rock and Gauge are the same.
Reasons why the Heater can be OFF?
No gas passing to the Heater.
The weather (too cold).
The fluids from the wellhead are warm/hot.
Obstruction inside the choke
The Big Joe and Small Joe are frozen.
The Temp exceeds the adjusted temp.
The adjusted temp and the actual temp are not calibrated correctly.
The gas valve is closed.
The pilot is off.
The low pressure separator is full with liquids. Why?
The pipes are closed. (Someone forgot to open them).
The control boxes are not adjusted correctly.
The floaters are broken.
The pineapple is not working.
The "Back pressure Regulator" is not working properly. (Not enough pressure to send the water to the
tanks)
The Control Valve (Dumper) is not working correctly.
The "Check" valve is broken.
The Glass tube is dirty; thus the person cannot have an actual reading between water and condensate.
14. 14
Yeriel Mangin
Oil and Gas Technician
yerielmangin@hotmail.com
(956)701-5102
Reference
http://www.npr.org/2013/12/27/250807226/on-the-job-deaths-spiking-as-oil-drilling-quickly-expands
http://www.post-gazette.com/business/2013/12/01/Oil-and-gas-fatalities-spike-with-
boom/stories/201312010086