This document summarizes theories of how humans learn languages. It discusses behaviorist theories from Pavlov and Skinner, cognitive theories from Ausubel about meaningful vs rote learning, and constructivist theories from Rogers about empowering learners. It also outlines eight types of language learning, including signal, stimulus-response, and concept learning. Factors like transfer, interference, overgeneralization, inductive/deductive reasoning, aptitude, intelligence and methods like audiolingualism and total physical response are summarized in relation to second language acquisition. The conclusion states that comprehensible input at the right level is key to language learning.

1. ENGLISH TEACHING PRACTICUM
HOW HUMANS LEARN IN GENERAL AND HOW THEY LEARN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
TEACHER: MSC. ROCIO ORTEGA
STUDENT: LORENA PRUNA

2. HUMAN LEARNING
INTRODUCTION: The cognitive domain of humans
behavior is of key importance in the acquisition of
both: a first and a second language.
* The processes of perceiving, attending, storing
and recalling are central to the task of
internalizing a language.

3. BEHAVIORISTI
C
Classical
Operant
(Pavlov) * Respondent
conditioning
*
(Skinner) *Govermed by
consequences
*Emitted Response
* R-->S( reward)
*No punishment
*Programmed
Instruction
COGNITIVE
(Ausubel)
* Meaningful= powerful
*Rote= Weak
* Subsumption
• Association
• Systematic forgeting
• Cogntive”Pruning”
CONSTRUCTIVI
ST
(Rogers)
• Fully functioning person
• Learn how to learn
• Community of learners
• Empowerment

4. THEORIES OF
LEARNING:
• AUSUBEL´S MEANINGFUL LEARNING THEORY
• Ausubel also stresses the importance of reception rather than
discovery learning, and meaningful rather than rote learning.

5. • Ausubel's believes that learning of new knowledge relies on
what is already known. That is, construction of knowledge
begins with our observation and recognition of events and
objects through concepts we already have. We learn by
constructing a network of concepts and adding to them.

6. ROGER`S HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
• Roger is not as concerned about the actual cognitive process
of learning because he feels if the context for learning is
properly created, then human beings will, in fact, learn
everything they need to.

7. TYPES OF LEARNING
• 1. Signal learning
• 2. Stimulus-Response
learning
• 3. chaining
• 4. Verbal asociation
• 5. Multiple Descrimination
• 6. Concept learning
• 7.Principle learning
• 8. Problem solving

8. SECONG LANGUAGE LEARNING
*The Second Language learning in general
occurs in the total language process that can
be further efficiently categorized and
sequenced in cognitive terms by means of the
eight types of learning

9. TRANSFER, INTERFERENCE AND
OVERGENERALIZATION
• Transfer: It has to do with the carryover of previous knowledge
to subsequent learning. Ex: positive and negative transfer
• Interference: A previous ítem is incorrectly transfered or
associated with an ítem to be learned
• Overgeneralization: Meaningful learning is generalization. It is
a process this occurs as the second language learner acts
within the target language, generalizing a particular rule or
item in the second language.

10. • Overgeneralization: Meaningful learning is generalization. It is
a process thas occurs as the second language learner acts
within the target language, generalizing a particular rule or
item in the second language.

11. INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING
• Inductive reasoning: one stores a number of specific instances
and induces a general law that governs the specific instances.
• Deductive reasoning: is a movement from a generalization to
specific instances.
Classroom learning tends to rely more tan it should in
deductive reasoning

12. Aptitude and Intelligence
• Aptitude: some people have a better aptitude to learn a
second language. Risk-taking, behavior, memory efficiency,
intelligent guessing, and ambiguity tolerance are some
aptitudes cited.
• Intelligence: according you Howard Gardner (1983) there
are seven forms of intelligence:
• 1. Linguistic
• 2. Loggia-mathematical
• 3. Spatial
• 4. Musical
• Bodily-kinesthetic
• 6. Interpersonal
• 7. Intrapersonal

13. According to Robert Sternberg
• There are three types of smartness:
1. componantial ability for analytical thinking.
2. Experiential ability to engage in creative thinking,
combining disparate experiences in insightful ways.
3. Contextual ability: “Street smartness” that enables
people to “play the game” of manipulating their
environment.

14. Methods of Learning
1.Audiolingualism
2. Suggestopedia
3. The silent way
4. Total physical response
5. The natural approach

15. Conclusion
We acquire language when the
comprehensible input is at the right level for
the learner. Comprehensible input is the
exposure to interesting and understandable
listening and reading material. We acquire
language when we understand messages