Leadership is defined as the ability to influence people to achieve group goals. It is a process of social influence where a leader influences subordinates. Effective leadership requires certain qualities and traits like good personality, communication skills, courage and initiative. Leadership styles may change based on circumstances. Transactional leadership relies on rewards and punishments to motivate followers, while transformational leadership inspires followers towards a common goal and changes their perceptions. Different theories explain leadership from traits, behaviors, situations and relationships between leaders and followers.

2. leadership
• Koontz and O’Donnell,
“Leadership is the ability of a manager to induce subordinates to work
with confidence and zeal.”
George R. Terry,
Leadership is the activity of influencing people to strive willingly for
group objectives.

3. Nature and Characteristics of Leadership:
• Leadership is a personal quality.
• . It exists only with followers.
• Leadership is a process of influence. A leader must be able to
influence the behaviour, attitude and beliefs of his subordinates.
• It involves readiness to accept complete responsibility in all
situations.
• Leadership styles do change under different circumstances.
• Leadership is not synonym for bossism

4. Leadership Functions:
• Setting Goals: laying out goals and policies to persuade the
subordinates
• Organizing: assigning roles appropriate to individual abilities
• Initiating Action: He should not depend upon others for decision and
judgment.
• Co-Ordination:A leader has to reconcile the interests of the individual
members of the group with that of the organization
• Direction and Motivation:
• Link between Management and Workers:

5. Qualities of a leader
• Good personality.
• Emotional stability.
• Sound education and professional competence.
• Communicating skill.
• Sociable.
• Objective and flexible approach.
• Courage to accept responsibility
• Initiatives and creative thinking.

28. TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP
• Transactional leadership, also known as managerial leadership,
is a leadership style where the executive relies on rewards and
punishments to achieve optimal job performance from his or her
subordinates.
• As such, transactional leadership is based on an exchange, or
transaction: The leader rewards workers who perform their
tasks to the specified levels and punishes workers who do not
perform to those set standards.

31. GREAT MEN THEORY
• leadership is an inherent trait of a person who is destined to become
a great leader by birth and they prove themselves when the great
need arises
• Criticism
• It was a male-centric approach
• This theory explains that leadership cannot be LEARNED
• There is no scientific validation to support this theory.
• It neglected the environmental and situational factors

32. The Trait Theory
The theory states that the individual must possess the key personality traits and
characteristics to be an effective leader and these traits are inherent by birth.
• Physiological traits: Height, weight, structure, colour, appearance and so forth.
• Socioeconomic characteristics: Gender, religion, marital status, age, occupation,
literacy and earnings.
• Personality traits: Extraversion, self-confidence, patience, agreeable, reliable,
honesty and leadership motivation.
• Intellectual traits: Decisiveness, intelligence, judgemental ability, knowledge and
emotional attribute.
• Task-related traits: Attainment drive, dedication, initiative, determination and
business expertise.
• Social characteristics: Socially active, cordiality and cooperation.

33. Behavioural Theory
• focussed on the leader’s behaviour rather than traits.

34. Contingency Theory
• Contingency theories of leadership state that effective leadership
comprises of all the three factors, i.e. traits, behaviour and situation.
A leader’s behaviour varies as per the situation

35. Charismatic Leadership Theory
• Envisioning/Foreseeing: Leaders foresees future possibilities and
create a vision accordingly, usually having high expectations and
dreams.
• Energizing/Empowering: Leaders are highly enthusiastic, proactive,
energetic and confidently aiming towards success.
• Enabling/Guiding: Leaders provide complete support and guidance
and show compassion and trust in followers.

37. Transactional Leadership Theory
• Transactional Leadership Theory emphasises the realisation of a
desired outcome and result. The leaders motivate the followers by
way of a reward system
• the theory emphasises maintaining a cordial relationship with the
followers, leaders and followers must work mutually to meet
organisational goals.

38. Transformational Leadership Theory:
• The transformational theory states that a leader is effective only if he
can transform or change the perceptions, behaviour and expectations
of the followers and direct them towards a common goal