This document discusses various leadership theories and styles that can be applied in a hospital setting. It defines leadership and describes different leadership styles like autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire. It also explains major leadership theories such as trait theory, behavior theory, and contingency theory. Specifically, it outlines Fiedler's contingency theory and its LPC scale, path-goal theory, and Vroom-Yetton-Jago decision-making model. The goal is to help hospital leaders understand different approaches and select the most appropriate leadership style based on the situation.
CHAPTER SIX
LEADING/ DIRECTING FUNCTION
Learning Objectives:
To understand the meaning and nature of direction.
Present leadership theories and styles.
Present motivation theories.
Discuss the meaning and importance of communication.
Understand the types and forms of communication.
Understand the meaning, importance and techniques of coordination
5.1. INTRODUCTION
People are the most important resource in an organization. To achieve organizational objectives HR should be directed towards the accomplishment of goals. Hence, the successful achievement of organizational objectives is greatly the manifestation of the managers’ ability to lead employees.
5.2. MEANING AND NATURE OF DIRECTION
Direction is a vital managerial function, performed by every manager. Whenever decision is taken, it must be converted into action by proper implementation. Otherwise, it is of no use. Effective implementation of a decision is made possible by directions. Planning, organizing and staffing are concerned only with the preparation for work performance and it is the direction which stimulates the organization and its staff to execute the plans. Hence, it is also called ‘management-in-action’. Every manager gives direction to his subordinates as superior and receives directions as subordinate from his superior.
Different authors define leading in different ways, but the general ideas of each definition give the same messages. Therefore, directing is simply defined as;
The process of influencing people so that they will contribute to the organization & group goals or actuating organizational members to work efficiently & effectively for the attainment of organizational goals /objectives. Influencing means motivating people to contribute their maximum efforts for the achievement of organizational goals; but it does not to mean coercing/ forcing, imposing sanctions or pushing people at the behind.
A function of management which is related with instructing, guiding and inspiring human factor in the organization to achieve organizational mission and objectives.
According to Koontz and O’Donnel, “Direction is a complex function that includes all those activities which are designed to encourage subordinates to work effectively and efficiently in both the short and long term”.
Directing is the process of integrating the people with the organization, so as to obtain their willingness and enthusiastic co-operation for the achievement of its goals. It requires the integration of organizational & individual goals. It is the heart of managerial functions because it involves initiating actions.
5.3. ELEMENTS OF DIRECTING
Employees as individual or group members, contribute their efforts & abilities to achieve organizational goals which can result in advancement towards their own individual or group goals. Managers to direct individuals require three basic elements. They are
1. Leadership
2. Motivation &
3. Communication
Leadership is a part of management and one of the most significant elements of direction. Leadership is a driving force that gets the things done by others.
CHAPTER SIX
LEADING/ DIRECTING FUNCTION
Learning Objectives:
To understand the meaning and nature of direction.
Present leadership theories and styles.
Present motivation theories.
Discuss the meaning and importance of communication.
Understand the types and forms of communication.
Understand the meaning, importance and techniques of coordination
5.1. INTRODUCTION
People are the most important resource in an organization. To achieve organizational objectives HR should be directed towards the accomplishment of goals. Hence, the successful achievement of organizational objectives is greatly the manifestation of the managers’ ability to lead employees.
5.2. MEANING AND NATURE OF DIRECTION
Direction is a vital managerial function, performed by every manager. Whenever decision is taken, it must be converted into action by proper implementation. Otherwise, it is of no use. Effective implementation of a decision is made possible by directions. Planning, organizing and staffing are concerned only with the preparation for work performance and it is the direction which stimulates the organization and its staff to execute the plans. Hence, it is also called ‘management-in-action’. Every manager gives direction to his subordinates as superior and receives directions as subordinate from his superior.
Different authors define leading in different ways, but the general ideas of each definition give the same messages. Therefore, directing is simply defined as;
The process of influencing people so that they will contribute to the organization & group goals or actuating organizational members to work efficiently & effectively for the attainment of organizational goals /objectives. Influencing means motivating people to contribute their maximum efforts for the achievement of organizational goals; but it does not to mean coercing/ forcing, imposing sanctions or pushing people at the behind.
A function of management which is related with instructing, guiding and inspiring human factor in the organization to achieve organizational mission and objectives.
According to Koontz and O’Donnel, “Direction is a complex function that includes all those activities which are designed to encourage subordinates to work effectively and efficiently in both the short and long term”.
Directing is the process of integrating the people with the organization, so as to obtain their willingness and enthusiastic co-operation for the achievement of its goals. It requires the integration of organizational & individual goals. It is the heart of managerial functions because it involves initiating actions.
5.3. ELEMENTS OF DIRECTING
Employees as individual or group members, contribute their efforts & abilities to achieve organizational goals which can result in advancement towards their own individual or group goals. Managers to direct individuals require three basic elements. They are
1. Leadership
2. Motivation &
3. Communication
Leadership is a part of management and one of the most significant elements of direction. Leadership is a driving force that gets the things done by others.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
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Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
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2. Objectives
• Learn about the qualities of leadership in
general applicable to any organization.
• Explain the ways and means of applying the
various leadership in relation to hospital.
• Discuss various acceptable theories and use
the same in their decision making process,
evolving policies etc.
• Enlisting the opinions of the associates in the
hospital management.
3. Introduction
• Familiarize with special skills
• Special knowledge in dealing with leadership
• Expected to gain the support, loyalty and
cooperation of all associates.
• Sole purpose to achieve patient comfort and
satisfaction
4. Opinion leadership
• Opinion leadership comes from the theory
of two-step flow of communication propounded
by Paul Lazarsfeld and Elihu Katz
• This theory is one of several models that try to
explain the diffusion of innovations, ideas, or
commercial products.
6. Opinion leadership
• In the article “ Two step flow of
communication” Elihu Katz found opinion
leaders to have more influence on people’s
opinions , actions and behavior than the
media.
• Opinion leaders are seen as trustworthy
7. Definition of Leadership
• Leadership is an art of influencing and
inspiring subordinates to perform their duties
willingly, competently and enthusiastically for
achievement of groups objectives.
8. Features of Leadership
• Leadership is the process of influencing
behavior of individuals of an organization
• Leadership uses non-coercive methods to
direct and coordinate the activities of the
individuals of an oganization.
• Leadership directs the individuals to attain the
tasks assigned to them by following the
instructions of their leaders.
9. Features of Leadership
• A leader possesses qualities to influence others.
• Leadership gives the individuals , a vision for
future.
• Leadership is a group activity. Leader influences
his followers and followers also exercise influence
over his leader.
• Leadership is a continuous process of influencing
behavior . It encourages liveliness in the group.
10. Importance of leadership
• Importance of leadership is a universal
phenomenon.
• Hospital deals with humans – View every
patient with EMPATHY.
• Leader should act as a friend.
• Capacity to recognize the potential of the
individuals
• Leader should have confidence of the
individuals of the organization
11. Importance of leadership
• Leader must be able to unite the people as a team and
build up team spirit.
• A leader should be able to maintain discipline among
his group and develop a sense of responsibility.
• A leader should motivate his people to achieve goals.
• A leader should try to raise the morale of the
individuals and should maintain ethical standards
among the individuals.
• A leader should act as a link between the work groups
and the forces outside the organization, every member
of the group should act in the interest o patient case
only.
17. Types of Leadership
• Autocratic
• Democratic
• Laissez-faire or Free rein
• Bureaucratic
• Manipulative
• Paternalistic
• Expert
18. Autocratic Leadership
• Centralization of authority
• He has all the powers to make decisions.
• Uses coercive measures and adopt negative
method of motivation
• Wants immediate obedience of his orders
• Negligence results in punishment
• No participation from subordinates in decision
making
20. Hard Boiled or strict autocrat
• Leader uses negative influence and expects
that the employees should obey his orders
immediately.
• Non- compliance of his orders results in
punishment.
• He makes all decisions and does not disclose
anything to anyone.
• He is quiet rigid on performance
21. Benevolent autocrat
• Leader uses positive influence and develops
effective human relations.
• He is known as paternalistic leader.
• He praises his employees if they follow his
order and invites them to get the solutions.
• He feels happy in controlling all actions of his
subordinates.
22. Manipulative autocrat
• Creates a feeling in the minds of his
subordinates and workers that they are
participating in decision- making processes.
• But he makes all decisions by himself.
• Non-compliance of his orders also results in
punishment.
23. Democratic Leadership
• Participative leadership
• Group centered or consultative leadership.
• Leader encourages group discussion on problem
and arrives at a decision depending on their
consent
• Leaders give more freedom to their group
members
• It improves the quality of decision
• Demerit: Time consuming
24. Laissez-faire or Free rein
• Virtual absence of direct leadership
• Complete delegation of authority to
subordinates so decisions made by the
subordinates.
• Absence of leadership may have both negative
and positive effects.
• May be effective if members are committed to
their work.
25. Bureaucratic
• Emphasize the rules and regulations of an
organization
• Employees by themselves can not do anything
• Rules determine their performance
26. Manipulative
• Manipulates the employees to attain their
assigned tasks
• Leader is quite selfish
• Exploits the aspirations of the employees for
his gains.
• Hr face hatredof the employees at times
27. Paternalistic
• Happy associates work better and harder
• Develop the team spirit
• Fatherly attitude
• Improves the patients satisfaction
28. Expert Leadership
• It is based on the ability, knowledge and
competence
• Handles situation skillfully with his talent
• Employees feel relieved
29. • Successful leader is the one who assess the
situation, studies the psychology of
subordinates and adopts the most useful type
of leadership to lead the people at work to
accomplish the organizational goals
31. Trait theory
• Analyze the psychological and physical traits of strong
leader
• Assumption in this theory is some set of traits
differentiated leaders from non- leaders.
• Intelligence
• Assertiveness
• Above average height
• Self-confidence
• Initiative and understanding of interpersonal relations.
• Possession of these traits helps the individuals to gain
possession of leadership.
32. Drawbacks of trait theory
• All traits are not identical
• Some may not be inherited but can be acquired
by training
• Does not identify what are most important and
that are least important
• Does not explain the leadership failures
• Many traits are found among followers then why
followers could not become leaders.
• Difficult to define absolute terms
34. • Job centered focuses on performance and
efficient completion of the assigned tasks.
• Employee centered leader behaviour focuses
on high performance by developing cohesive
work group and ensure employees are
satisfied with the job.
• Leader primary concern is the welfare of the
sub-ordinates.
36. Initiating structure behaviour
• Leader clearly defines the leader sub-ordinate
roles so that everyone knows what is
expected. The leader also establishes formal
lines of communication and determines how
tasks will be performed.
37. Consideration behaviour
• Leader shows concern for sub-ordinates
feelings and ideas. He attempts to establish a
warm, friendly and supportive.
38. Contingency Theory
• Fiedler’s contingency theory: The main
assumption of contingency theory is that the
behaviour of an appropriate leader varies from
one situation to another.
• The motive of contingency theory is to identify
key situational factors
• Widely accepted theories:
1.LPC theory
2. Path –goal theory
3.Vroom-Yetton-Jago theory
39. LPC theory
Fielder identified two types of leadership
• Task oriented
• Relationship oriented
• LPC scale to measure the type of leadership
• A leader is asked to describe characteristics of
the person with who he or she is least
comfortable while working,
41. • If your score is 73 or above, you are
considered a “relationship-oriented” leader.
• If your score is 64 or below, you are
considered a “task-oriented” leader.
• If your score is 65 to 72, you are a mixture of
both, and it is up to you to determine which
leadership style is most like yours.
• Good relations, high task structure and strong
position power are very important.
42. Path - Goal theory
• Directive,
• Supportive
• Participative
• Achievement
The assumption is that the clearer the path is
laid out, the higher is the followers' task
motivation and performance.
45. • Autocratic A1 - Leader makes own decision .
• Autocratic A11 - Leader collects required
information from followers, then makes
decision alone.
• Problem or decision may or may not be
informed to followers. Here, followers'
involvement is just providing information.
46. • Consultative Type 1 (CI)
• Leader shares problem to relevant followers
individually and seeks their ideas and
suggestions and makes decision alone. Here
followers do not meet each other.
• Consultative Type 2 (CII)
• Leader shares problem to relevant followers as a
group and seeks their ideas and suggestions and
makes decision alone. Here followers meet each
other
47. • Group-based Type 2 (GII)
• Leader discuss problem and situation with
followers as a group and seeks their ideas and
suggestions through brainstorming. Leader
accepts any decision and does not try to force
his or her idea. Decision accepted by the
group is the final one.