LAW Exam 1. Explain the confidentiality rules of defense attorneys and explain some situations where they may be able to disclose confidential information 2. List and discuss the four types of office policy that influence prosecutors’ decision making according to discussion by Jacoby, Mellon, and Smith 3. Describe and discuss the major ethical issues for judges as presented in your text 4. Discuss the various forms of forensic testimony and why they have been criticized 5. Where do rules of behavior for attorneys come from, and how are they enforced? 6. Discuss the number of innocents who may be imprisoned. What are the sources for the estimates? What are the criticisms of the sources? 7. Discuss the seemingly contradictory ideal that to ensure the natural rights presented by natural law theorists there must be both less government involvement and more government involvement. 8. Define punishment and then discuss the major rationales of punishment. 9. What are Mackie’s three types of retribution? Compare and contrast them 10. Describe how CO’s have discretion similar to police officers and court personnel. 11. List and describe some forms of corruption committed by CO’s. 12. What are some ways to reduce corruption in the prison environment? 13. Describe the discretion of probation and parole officers and provide examples of ethical and unethical applications of discretion 14. Discuss ethical issues for probation and parole officers and differentiate them 15. Describe the types of probation officers and ethical issues for each. 16. Explain how Abu Ghraib can provide us with lessons for managing the ethical prison. 17. List and discuss some management practices that have been found to contribute to an ethical workplace 18. Describe and discuss restorative justice and its potential role in dealing with misconduct and corruption in corrections 19. What are the two justifications for a “just war”? 20. What is the argument in support of torture? What is the argument against it? 21. List and discuss the elements Cohen identifies as justifying police action 22. Compare and contrast the crime control approach and the public service approach of law enforcement. 23. Briefly describe the weaknesses (points of criticism) for both natural and positivist law? 24. Discuss the various ways in which the federal government has responded to terrorism. 25. What are the ways in which prison is harmful? Forensic testimony has become essential in the court system in the 21st Century but because forensics is constanbtly evolving some forensic approaches are not fully accepted by the scientific community. In the past DNA was criticized but is now fully accepted but forensic techniques involving bite marks are highly criticized as well as the actual expert testimony from the forensic expert. Juries beleive in forensic even if the the expert has no experience or the science being introduced is flawed. The rules of beh ...

1. LAW Exam
1.
Explain the confidentiality rules of defense attorneys and
explain some situations where they may be able to disclose
confidential information
2.
List and discuss the four types of office policy that influence
prosecutors’ decision making according to discussion by
Jacoby, Mellon, and Smith
3.
Describe and discuss the major ethical issues for judges as
presented in your text
4.
Discuss the various forms of forensic testimony and why they
have been criticized
5.
Where do rules of behavior for attorneys come from, and how
are they enforced?
6.
Discuss the number of innocents who may be imprisoned. What
are the sources for the estimates? What are the criticisms of the
sources?
7.
Discuss the seemingly contradictory ideal that to ensure the
natural rights presented by natural law theorists there must be
both less government involvement and more government
involvement.

2. 8.
Define punishment and then discuss the major rationales of
punishment.
9.
What are Mackie’s three types of retribution? Compare and
contrast them
10.
Describe how CO’s have discretion similar to police officers
and court personnel.
11.
List and describe some forms of corruption committed by CO’s.
12.
What are some ways to reduce corruption in the prison
environment?
13.
Describe the discretion of probation and parole officers and
provide examples of ethical and unethical applications of
discretion
14.
Discuss ethical issues for probation and parole officers and
differentiate them
15.
Describe the types of probation officers and ethical issues for
each.
16.
Explain how Abu Ghraib can provide us with lessons for
managing the ethical prison.

3. 17.
List and discuss some management practices that have been
found to contribute to an ethical workplace
18.
Describe and discuss restorative justice and its potential role in
dealing with misconduct and corruption in corrections
19.
What are the two justifications for a “just war”?
20.
What is the argument in support of torture? What is the
argument against it?
21.
List and discuss the elements Cohen identifies as justifying
police action
22.
Compare and contrast the crime control approach and the public
service approach of law enforcement.
23.
Briefly describe the weaknesses (points of criticism) for both
natural and positivist law?
24.
Discuss the various ways in which the federal government has
responded to terrorism.
25.
What are the ways in which prison is harmful?

4. Forensic testimony has become essential in the court system in
the 21st Century but because forensics
is constanbtly evolving some forensic approaches are not fully
accepted by the scientific community.
In the past DNA was criticized but is now fully accepted but
forensic techniques involving bite marks are
highly criticized as well as the actual expert testimony from the
forensic expert. Juries beleive in forensic
even if the the expert has no experience or the science being
introduced is flawed.
The rules of behavior for attornies are found in the Model Rules
of Professional Conduct created by the
American Bar Association. the American Bar Association is
responsible for governing the behavior of
lawyers and ensuring they adhere to the rules established.
When lawyers enage in misconduct or fail to
follow professional standards they risk loosing their right to
practice law.
The most common number discussed concerning the wrongfully
convicted is 3 to 5 percent.
According to the Sentencing Project there are currently tens of
thousands of innocent people
sitting in jail. Many of the people wrongfully convicted are
pressured into plea deals by prosecutors to
avoid the cost of a high trial.
According to natrual law the government has a responsbility to
ensure criminals are punsihed but the
government does not have the right to intrude upon the natural

5. rights of the citizen. In other words
while a government is necessary to ensure orderly conduct but
they cannot become oppressive or
inpose their moral judgement.
Punishment is a response to crime to ensure the person
committing the crime receives their just
desert. Punishment ensures criminals pay for the crime they
commit. this is known as the
retributive approach. Punishment is the justifiable response to a
crime which creates a vicim or
causes damage to society. When a person commits a crime
punsihment is an eye for an eye. It is
what the criminal deserves.
Mackie's three types of retribtuion are negative retribution,
postive retribution, and permissive retribution.
Negative retribution refers to not punsihing the innocent while
postivie retribution is making sure the
guilty are punsihed for the crimes they commit. Postive
retribution is most commonly applied in the
criminal justice system. Permissive retribution is finding the
criminal may be punsihed or may not be
punished dependant on the crime.
Correctional officers are responsbile for the day to day care of
prison ninmates. each day, as with the
police officers, new situations arise. In order to ensure the
situation is handled adequtely the CO is
given a great deal of latitude. Discretion is the ability to act or
having auhority over the decision making
process. Correctional officers have the discretion to punsih
criminal inmates are to reward good

6. behavior. They can search cells or reward the inmate with
privelages. Similar to police and court person
this discretion gives the correctional officer the ablity to act.
The types of corruption that can be committed by a corrections
officer include bribery, inapproptiate
sexual contact, excessive force, and dealing in contraband.
Prisoners are under the authority of their
correctional officers who are usally the only people they see all
day as a result misconduct can occur
especailly sexual misconduct. Correctional officers will sell
inmates goods from the outside, including illic
drugs, in order to make money of inmates. Correctional officers
have power over inmates and can apply
excessive force or sucumb to bribes.
In order to reduce corruption in the correctional enviornment
there needs to be cameras monitoring
the actions of the corectional staff. the cameras should be
monitored by an outside security staff tasked
with watching for susipicous behavior amongst the cO's and
inmates. this will deter the correctionl
staff from enaging in corruption as well as ensure if they do
they will be caught.
Probation and parole officers have complete discetion over the
criminal offenders under their authority.
At any time a probation or parole officer can revoide the
probationer or parolee probation or parole and
have them put into jail. The probation and parole officer can
require the offender to complete program or
complete community service as well as detrmine how times the
offender should contact the probation

7. or parole officer every week or month. If a parole offiecer
revokded the parole of a criminal becuase
they would not pay him $100 dollars, this would be unethical.
One ethical issues for probation officers would involve failing
to keep in touch with the probationer
or parolee. Failing to properly supervise the offender is
unethical and could result in danger to the
public. Another ethical issue is to large caeloads. when
caseloads are to large offenders are not
adequately supervised. Lastly it is unethical for the probation
officer to fail to ensure the offender has
access to community rehabiliation programs.
There are adult probation officer, juveine probation officers,
and corrections probation officers.
Adult probation officers monitor the actions of adult offenders.
Ethical issues arise when the probation o
fails to protect the interest of the offender due to a large
caseload or a lack of interest. Correctional
probation officers have an ethical duty not to cause inmates any
undue harm or to a abuse their
authority. Juvenile probation officers must be compassionate
and kind and be dedicated to ensuring
positive change in the juvenile. Their actions must not cause the
juvenile harm.
Abu Ghraib showed the world how correctional officers should
never act in the prison enviornment.
The cruel and unethical behavior of the CO's horrifed the world
despite the fact these prisoners are
members of terrorist groups. An ethical prison ensure inmate
are removed rom society but are not

8. designed to inflict horrible pain and sufferring. America had an
obligation to ensure prisoners were treate
humanely but failed. The prisoner held at Abu Ghraib sufferred
unspeakble torture showing the world
the cruelty of the American military officer charged with their
care.
In order to establish an ethical workplace their needs to be a
clear ethical code of conduct and the
management must display ethical behavior. When the leaders in
an organization are ethical the
employees will follow suit. Ethical leaders always choose the
right path and encourage employees to
embrace the organizations ethical code.
Restorative justice is an approach where the goal is to repair the
damage done to the victim
and community when a crime was committed. If a correctional
officer causes harm to a prison inmate
they should take steps to repair their bad behavior but more
importnatly should be removed from the
priosn enviornment. Correctinal officers must be ethical to
ensure they do not abuse their authority or
engage in corrupt behavior.
A defense attorney, similair to any other type of lawyer, has a
legal and ethicla oblibation, to keep
the communications they have with their client private. The
confidentality rules of the defense attorney
is simple. Lawyers cannot reveal or disclose the confidence of
their client without first getting
their permission. The only way a lawyer could or should reveal
the confidence of their client is if they

9. were going to harm themselves or someone else. If a client
revelas he has intentions of killing his wife,
the defense attorney has a legla obligation to call the police.
A just war is in retribution to a major harm caused to one
country to another. A just war is the war
fought to save the lives of the innocent and to stop a dangerous
global threat. for example the War on T
was fought to stop terrorists threatening everyone in Western
society but also send a message that if
you kill American citizens you will pay for your crime.
The only argument in support of torture is to save the life of the
innocent. Torture is never a good thing
but if torturing a terrorist will stop the death of tens of
thousands of innocent victims it may be necesary
On the other hand torture is inhumane and wrong. While it is
tempting to use torture to get instant results
it is wrong and cruel.
Cohen identifies justifying police action as being any action
taken in order to prevent crime and
deter crime in the community. When their is a high crime rate it
is improtant to address disorder or the
routine activites leading to crime in the community. Police
action is a necessary response to a growing
crime rate or for postive social change.
The crime control approach refers to the obligation of police to
control crime in the community.
Police control crime by identifying criminal offenders in the
community, investigating crimes,

10. and arresting the perpretrator. Based on the public service
model police officer are responsible for
establishing relationships with members of community and
providing assistance whenever possible.
Natural law is a universal morla law or the inherent rights of
citizens while positivist law refers to the
rule of law or hat is illegal or illegal. The weaknesses of natural
law is it does not take in the different
cultural views of right and wrong or different religous
viewpoints. The weakness of positivist law is
just becuase it is law does not always make it ethical and laws
can be created to oppress certain
members of society.
Since the attacks on 9/11 their has been a comprehensive
response to terrorism by the government.
The government created Homeland Security an agency tasked
with gathering intelligence and stopping
any further terrorist attacks. legislation, known as the Patriot
Act, has been enactd increasing the author
of police in terorist investigations. As a result many terrorist
attacks have been thwarted.
Prison can be harmful if the prisoner is made to live in
inhumane or dangerous conditions. Prisons
are dangerous places when their is inadequate prison staff to
protect the inmates from abuse from
other inmates. Prisons are dangerous when the CO's are
unethical and engage in corruptive
behaviors. This includes torturing prisoners or subjecting them
to cruel or unusual punishment. When pris
are not safe or do not provide an ethical and structured

11. enviornment they can be harmful.
system sufficency, defendant rehabiliation, and trial sufficency.
Legal sufficency is a type of office
policy where the prosecutor finds if there is enough legal
evidence to charge they should charge the
criminal defendant. System sufficency refers to getting cases
through the system as quickly and
efficiently as possible while defendant rehabiliaton is the
approach where the goal is to change the
criminal behavior through treatment and avoiding the criminal
defendant going to court and the
corretional system.
Judges are public officals held to a very high standard by the
criminal justice system and the public.
Judges face all types of ethical issues including work
allocations, relationships with members
of the court, application of the law,and political goals.
Determining how many hours to apply
to each case is an ethical concern along with avoiding
favoritism due to prior relationships with members
of the court. How judges apply the law is an ethical concern
especially if the judge has a political goals.
Music 004: Film Music, Analysis Assignment #2
Due Friday, November 21 at 4pm (upload documents to
ANGEL)
1. Select a feature-length film to analyze. It might be best to
use the same film you used for Analysis Assignment #1, since
you already know the film synopsis and have a general idea of
the image and sound track style. If you don’t own the film you

12. want to analyze, keep in mind that the library holds hundreds of
DVDs. If our library does not have your DVD, you can request
it from another PSU library.
2. Analyze the film form. Segment the film hierarchically into
acts, sequences, and scenes as you deem appropriate. Your
segmentation may be based on changes in place, time, narrative
events, etc. Formal articulations in the image track (fades to
black) and sound track (musical closure/cadences) may help you
locate section boundaries. Note: it is your analysis. You are
free to segment the film based on the narrative elements that
you feel are most salient or significant to the structure of the
film. In your essay, you will have the opportunity to explain
why you segmented the film the way you did, and how the
soundtrack/music and image track emphasized or deemphasized
the segmentation you chose.
3. Make a formal diagram. Using the examples in chapter 5 as a
model (Table 5-4 on pp. 148-150 and Table 5-6 on pp. 154-
155), make a form timeline and cue list. Name and classify
each sequence (i.e., main title, establishing, musical
performance, montage, dialogue, action, love, flashback,
climax, conclusion, end-credit, etc.) and list/describe each
music cue that occurs in each sequence. Give each cue a
unique/descriptive title and/or classify each as a particular
theme, leitmotif, recurring popular song, etc. In your essay,
you will need to explain the role of the music in each sequence
(for example, the music typically unifies disjunct shots in a
montage sequence) and trace the development of thematic
musical material throughout the film. Review chapters 6-9 on
sequence types, and remember to include main-title and end-
credit sequences.
4. Written analysis. Write a three to five page (double spaced)
analytical paper.
1. Include a SHORT synopsis of the film. Please, no more than
4 sentences!
2. Be sure to mention the title of the film and the names of the
director and composer.

13. 3. Describe the form of the film as you segmented it in your
formal diagram, and explain why you segmented it the way you
did, and how the soundtrack/music and image track did or did
not reinforce the segmentation you chose.
4. Describe your overall impression of the music, including:
1. Instrumentation/orchestration (was it primarily orchestral,
electronic, a mixture?)
2. Musical content (was it primarily diegetic or nondiegetic,
composed score or popular songs, style topics?)
3. Themes (were people, places, things, or ideas assigned
musical themes, and if so, were those themes developed over the
course of the film, reflecting the changing contexts in which
they appeared, and how were they developed - which musical
parameters changed?)
5. Chose two sequences and explain in detail the role the music
played.
6. Note any other interesting music characteristics you feel are
worth mentioning (unique sound bridges, diegetic/nondiegetic
dissolves, diegetic dialogue underscoring, sound effect/music
interactions, etc.)
PLEAE NOTE: Your written analysis should address the
technical aspects of the film. It should NOT be a plot summary.
You will not receive credit for a plot summary. Use this
opportunity to show that you have learned the concepts and
terminology outlined in chapters 5-9 (music in film form; music
in main-title and end-credit sequences, music in performance
and montage scenes, film style and the sound track, music in
character and action scenes).