Lattice energy increases with charge multiplicity and relative size of ions involved.
For those listed, CaO has 2+/- ions and will therefore have the highest lattice energy. LiI, LiF,
and RbI all have 1+/- ions. The combination of ions that have the smallest separation (assuming
the ions touch, we just add ionic radii for this) will have the highest lattice energy in this
group.....this would be LiF; the combination of ions that have the largest separation will have the
smallest lattice energy ..... this would be RbI. Least negative ...........---> most negative RbI, LiI,
LiF, CaO Ions that exist in ionic solids are surrounded by oppositely charged ions in an orderly
way. Metallic ions by themselves would have have such order to them. Atoms are held together
in different types of solids by different types of bonding forces. For example a network solid like
diamond involves localized covalent bonds between the C atoms where as an ionic solid such as
NaClinvolves the attraction of oppositely charged ions , or Coulombic forces of attraction. (This
answer is not meant to be exhaustive my any means.)
Solution
Lattice energy increases with charge multiplicity and relative size of ions involved.
For those listed, CaO has 2+/- ions and will therefore have the highest lattice energy. LiI, LiF,
and RbI all have 1+/- ions. The combination of ions that have the smallest separation (assuming
the ions touch, we just add ionic radii for this) will have the highest lattice energy in this
group.....this would be LiF; the combination of ions that have the largest separation will have the
smallest lattice energy ..... this would be RbI. Least negative ...........---> most negative RbI, LiI,
LiF, CaO Ions that exist in ionic solids are surrounded by oppositely charged ions in an orderly
way. Metallic ions by themselves would have have such order to them. Atoms are held together
in different types of solids by different types of bonding forces. For example a network solid like
diamond involves localized covalent bonds between the C atoms where as an ionic solid such as
NaClinvolves the attraction of oppositely charged ions , or Coulombic forces of attraction. (This
answer is not meant to be exhaustive my any means.).
We will be going over information for Exam 2. Talking a lot about naming of compounds and learning electron domain geometries with molecular geometries.
We will be going over information for Exam 2. Talking a lot about naming of compounds and learning electron domain geometries with molecular geometries.
A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds. The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bond
1-Put the ionic compounds in order of smallest to largest lattice ener.docxcwayne3
1.Put the ionic compounds in order of smallest to largest lattice energy LiCl Al2O3 KCl SrS
2. A____bond is the result of nonmetals having high ionization energies
A_____bond has non-localized electrons
A_____bond results due to decrease in potential energy when opposite charged species come together
Solution
1. Higher charge and smaller size of ions result in compounds with large lattice energy.
Of the given compounds, Al 2 O 3 has Al 3+ and O 2- have largest charge and thus highest lattice energy.
Next SrS has Sr 2+ and S 2- which is the next highest charge present in the list.
Then comes LiCl and KCl. Of these, Li + has smaller size than K + and thus it will have a higher lattice energy.
Thus the final order of lattice energy is,
Al 2 O 3 > SrS > LiCl > KCl (highest to lowest)
2. A covalent bond is a result of non-metals having high ionization energies.
Hence they do not ionize but share electrons.
. A pi bond has non-localized electrons.
The pi-electrons form a diffused cloud in the molecule that can be easily distorted.
A ionic bond results due to decrease in potential energy when oppositely charged ions come together.
Mutual electrostatic attraction is what keeps the molecule together.
.
The side facing the SUN will absorb Infra-red rad.pdfsinghanubhav1234
The side facing the SUN will absorb Infra-red radiation from the sun and thus heat
up. If the asteroid is made of heat conductive material, then the heat will transfer through the
asteroid to the other side
Solution
The side facing the SUN will absorb Infra-red radiation from the sun and thus heat
up. If the asteroid is made of heat conductive material, then the heat will transfer through the
asteroid to the other side.
More Related Content
Similar to Lattice energy increases with charge multiplicity.pdf
A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds. The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bond
1-Put the ionic compounds in order of smallest to largest lattice ener.docxcwayne3
1.Put the ionic compounds in order of smallest to largest lattice energy LiCl Al2O3 KCl SrS
2. A____bond is the result of nonmetals having high ionization energies
A_____bond has non-localized electrons
A_____bond results due to decrease in potential energy when opposite charged species come together
Solution
1. Higher charge and smaller size of ions result in compounds with large lattice energy.
Of the given compounds, Al 2 O 3 has Al 3+ and O 2- have largest charge and thus highest lattice energy.
Next SrS has Sr 2+ and S 2- which is the next highest charge present in the list.
Then comes LiCl and KCl. Of these, Li + has smaller size than K + and thus it will have a higher lattice energy.
Thus the final order of lattice energy is,
Al 2 O 3 > SrS > LiCl > KCl (highest to lowest)
2. A covalent bond is a result of non-metals having high ionization energies.
Hence they do not ionize but share electrons.
. A pi bond has non-localized electrons.
The pi-electrons form a diffused cloud in the molecule that can be easily distorted.
A ionic bond results due to decrease in potential energy when oppositely charged ions come together.
Mutual electrostatic attraction is what keeps the molecule together.
.
The side facing the SUN will absorb Infra-red rad.pdfsinghanubhav1234
The side facing the SUN will absorb Infra-red radiation from the sun and thus heat
up. If the asteroid is made of heat conductive material, then the heat will transfer through the
asteroid to the other side
Solution
The side facing the SUN will absorb Infra-red radiation from the sun and thus heat
up. If the asteroid is made of heat conductive material, then the heat will transfer through the
asteroid to the other side.
Stereoisomers are isomeric molecules that have th.pdfsinghanubhav1234
Stereoisomers are isomeric molecules that have the same molecular formula and
sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but that differ only in the three-dimensional
orientations of their atoms in space. This contrasts with structural isomers, which share the same
molecular formula, but the bond connections and/or their order differ(s) between different
atoms/groups. In stereoisomers, the order and bond connections of the constituent atoms remain
the same, but their orientation in space differ. stereo isomers are classifides in to two types
(1)enantiomers (2)diastereomers Enantiomers are two stereoisomers that are related to each other
by a reflection: They are mirror images of each other, which are non-superimposable. Human
hands are a macroscopic example of stereoisomerism. Every stereogenic center in one has the
opposite configuration in the other. Two compounds that are enantiomers of each other have the
same physical properties, except for the direction in which they rotate polarized light and how
they interact with different optical isomers of other compounds. As a result, different
enantiomers of a compound may have substantially different biological effects. Pure enantiomers
also exhibit the phenomenon of optical activity and can be separated only with the use of a chiral
agent. In nature, only one enantiomer of most chiral biological compounds, such as amino acids
(except glycine, which is achiral), is present. Diastereomers are stereoisomers not related through
a reflection operation. They are not mirror images of each other. These include meso
compounds, cis-trans (E-Z) isomers, and non-enantiomeric optical isomers. Diastereomers
seldom have the same physical properties. In the example shown below, the meso form of
tartaric acid forms a diastereomeric pair with both levo and dextro tartaric acids, which form an
enantiomeric pair.
Solution
Stereoisomers are isomeric molecules that have the same molecular formula and
sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but that differ only in the three-dimensional
orientations of their atoms in space. This contrasts with structural isomers, which share the same
molecular formula, but the bond connections and/or their order differ(s) between different
atoms/groups. In stereoisomers, the order and bond connections of the constituent atoms remain
the same, but their orientation in space differ. stereo isomers are classifides in to two types
(1)enantiomers (2)diastereomers Enantiomers are two stereoisomers that are related to each other
by a reflection: They are mirror images of each other, which are non-superimposable. Human
hands are a macroscopic example of stereoisomerism. Every stereogenic center in one has the
opposite configuration in the other. Two compounds that are enantiomers of each other have the
same physical properties, except for the direction in which they rotate polarized light and how
they interact with different optical isomers of other compounds. As a result, different
enantiomer.
Salt dissolving in water physical or chemical Def.pdfsinghanubhav1234
Salt dissolving in water physical or chemical Definition Salt water - Salt water or
saltwater may refer to: Saline water, water containing dissolved salts; Brine, water saturated or
nearly saturated with salt; Brackish water, water that is saltier ..... Solubility equilibrium -
Solubility equilibrium is any type of chemical equilibrium relationship between solid and
dissolved states of a compound at saturation. Solubility equilibria involve application of
chemical principles and constants to predict solubility of substances under specific conditions
(because solubility is sensitive to the conditions, while the constants are less so). The substance
that is dissolved can be an organic solid such as sugar or an ionic solid such as table salt. The
main difference is that ionic solids dissociate into constituent ions when they dissolve in water.
Most commonly water is the solvent of interest, although the same basic principles apply with
any solvent. In the case of environmental science studies of water quality, the total concentration
of dissolved solids (not necessarily at saturation) is referred to as total dissolved solids.
Dissolution of an organic solid can be described as an equilibrium between the substance in its
solid and dissolved forms:.... Salt water - Saline water, water containing dissolved salts; Brine,
water saturated or nearly saturated with salt; Brackish water, water that is saltier than fresh
water, but not as salty as ..... Ammonium hydrosulfide - Ammonium hydrosulfide is the
chemical compound with the formula (NH 4)SH. It is the salt derived from the ammonium cation
and the hydrosulfide anion. By passing hydrogen sulfide mixed with a slight excess of ammonia
gives the colourless, micaceous crystals. It dissolves readily in water.. Why is the Ocean Salty?
Geography II series, from TMW Media. All water, even rainwater contains dissolved chemicals
which scientists call \'Salts.\' These salts eventually wash down into rivers and streams and
eventually find their way into oceans and seas.Subjects covered include: The origin of the sea.
The sources of salt. The components of sea water. The salinity of the sea and its variability. How
sea life affects sea waters composition. ... Geography Oceans Water Salt Sediments physical
science TMW Media trailer ... Purifying Salt Peter Procedures for purifying chemicals are being
invented and re-invented all the time. Purification depends very much on the chemicals that are
considered the contamination, and their properties compare to the chemical you are trying to
purify. The mixture that you are trying to purify will dictate how easy the purification process
will be. There are no \'one fit all solutions\', and indeed, some chemicals are so hard to purify that
the finished purified product fetch amazing prices. Purifying Potassium Nitrate (KNO3)
Recrystallization is a physical method targeting the purification of compounds. The procedure
involves dissolving a compound in a hot solvent to for.
Not really. Strontium carbonate can only dissolve.pdfsinghanubhav1234
Not really. Strontium carbonate can only dissolve in water at the rate of about
0.1g/L. However, it dissolves more readily in dilute acids (causing a reaction--strontium
carbonate is a base) and in fully-carbonated wate
Solution
Not really. Strontium carbonate can only dissolve in water at the rate of about
0.1g/L. However, it dissolves more readily in dilute acids (causing a reaction--strontium
carbonate is a base) and in fully-carbonated wate.
Lucas Test uses HCl and ZnCl2, it proceeds via Sn.pdfsinghanubhav1234
Lucas Test uses HCl and ZnCl2, it proceeds via Sn1 mechanism tertiary alcohols
will be the most reactive followed by secondary alcohols. Primary alcohols will not be reactive.
Solution
Lucas Test uses HCl and ZnCl2, it proceeds via Sn1 mechanism tertiary alcohols
will be the most reactive followed by secondary alcohols. Primary alcohols will not be reactive..
The answer isD. they are significantly higher than the boiling po.pdfsinghanubhav1234
The answer is:
D. they are significantly higher than the boiling points of other compounds
This is due to the stronger hydrogen bonding present
Solution
The answer is:
D. they are significantly higher than the boiling points of other compounds
This is due to the stronger hydrogen bonding present.
Silica Fume is a very reactive pozzolana because of its chemical and.pdfsinghanubhav1234
Silica Fume is a very reactive pozzolana because of its chemical and physical properties.
Pozzolona reacts with the Calcium Hydroxide which is by product of the hydration reaction to
form compounds having cementitious properties. Hence when silica fume is not used, the
calcium hydroxide (Formed after hydration reaction) remains as it is which does not have any
cementitious properties. By adding Silica fume, calcium hydorxide is converted to cementitious
products.
Solution
Silica Fume is a very reactive pozzolana because of its chemical and physical properties.
Pozzolona reacts with the Calcium Hydroxide which is by product of the hydration reaction to
form compounds having cementitious properties. Hence when silica fume is not used, the
calcium hydroxide (Formed after hydration reaction) remains as it is which does not have any
cementitious properties. By adding Silica fume, calcium hydorxide is converted to cementitious
products..
enzymes active site does not have the exact sha.pdfsinghanubhav1234
enzyme\'s active site does not have the exact shape of substrate, but the substrate
brings about or induces a change in the shape of the active site
Solution
enzyme\'s active site does not have the exact shape of substrate, but the substrate
brings about or induces a change in the shape of the active site.
MulticastingIt is the communication between a single sender and m.pdfsinghanubhav1234
Multicasting:
It is the communication between a single sender and multiple receivers on a network. Typical
uses include the updating of mobile workers from a home office and the episodic issuance of
online newsletters
IGMP works as:
Internet Group Management Protocol is allows a host to promote its multicast group membership
to adjacent switches and routers. IGMP is used by the TCP/IP protocol set to achieve dynamic
multicasting
When a multicast transmission initiates the software creates a multicast group. This multicast
group address consists of an IP address by the first octet in the range 224 – 239 and is particular
in the IP packet as the end address for this traffic. The host initiate the transmission send a
message to the 224.0.0.2 address specify the multicast group address. And the switch receives
this message and adds the multicast group to its table and adds the receiving port as a member of
the group.
PIM works as:
The PIM protocol can be configured to work on IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
Multicast protocols are used to carry multicast packets from one source to multiple receivers.
They ease better bandwidth use and use less host and router processing and ideal for usage in
applications such as video and audio. PIM is a usually used multicast routing protocol.
SDN:
Software Defined Networking is an upcoming architecture that is dynamic, manageable and
adaptable of making it perfect for the dynamic nature of today\'s applications.
Open Flow:
Open Flow is enable for researchers to run experimental protocols in the campus networks we
use every day. Open Flow is added as a feature to saleable Ethernet switches, routers and
wireless access points and provide a regular hook to allow researchers to run experiments
without require vendors to expose the inner workings of their network devices.
Solution
Multicasting:
It is the communication between a single sender and multiple receivers on a network. Typical
uses include the updating of mobile workers from a home office and the episodic issuance of
online newsletters
IGMP works as:
Internet Group Management Protocol is allows a host to promote its multicast group membership
to adjacent switches and routers. IGMP is used by the TCP/IP protocol set to achieve dynamic
multicasting
When a multicast transmission initiates the software creates a multicast group. This multicast
group address consists of an IP address by the first octet in the range 224 – 239 and is particular
in the IP packet as the end address for this traffic. The host initiate the transmission send a
message to the 224.0.0.2 address specify the multicast group address. And the switch receives
this message and adds the multicast group to its table and adds the receiving port as a member of
the group.
PIM works as:
The PIM protocol can be configured to work on IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
Multicast protocols are used to carry multicast packets from one source to multiple receivers.
They ease better bandwidth use and use less host and route.
just moved a new USB 2.0 device from a new system to an older system.pdfsinghanubhav1234
just moved a new USB 2.0 device from a new system to an older system. The new device
worked properly on the new system but doesn’t install properly on the older system. All other
USB devices work properly on the older system.
C. The old system’s BIOS is out-of-date and needs to be upgraded.
Solution
just moved a new USB 2.0 device from a new system to an older system. The new device
worked properly on the new system but doesn’t install properly on the older system. All other
USB devices work properly on the older system.
C. The old system’s BIOS is out-of-date and needs to be upgraded..
IntroductionFew things are more aggravating to produce on a worksi.pdfsinghanubhav1234
Introduction
Few things are more aggravating to produce on a worksite than concrete. Bags of cement, sand,
aggregate (gravel) and possibly other additives must be delivered to the construction area. A
supply of clean water is also necessary, along with a rented concrete mixing hopper. Even after
all the dusty and heavy ingredients have been loaded into the hopper, one small error in the
wet/dry ratio can render an entire batch of concrete unusable. One common solution to this
messy and time-consuming problem is “READY MIX CONCRETE”.
Ready-mix concrete (RMC) is a ready-to-use material, with predetermined mixture of cement,
sand, aggregates and water. RMC is a type of concrete manufactured in a factory according to a
set recipe or as per specifications of the customer, at a centrally located batching plant.
It is delivered to a worksite, often in truck mixers capable of mixing the ingredients of the
concrete en route or just before delivery of the batch. This results in a precise mixture, allowing
specialty concrete mixtures to be developed and implemented on construction sites. The second
option available is to mix the concrete at the batching plant and deliver the mixed concrete to the
site in an agitator truck, which keeps the mixed concrete in correct form.
In the case of the centrally mixed type, the drum carrying the concrete revolves slowly so as to
prevent the mixed concrete from \"segregation\" and prevent its stiffening due to initial set.
However, in the case of the truck-mixed concrete, the batched materials (sand, gravel and
cement) are carried and water is added just at the time of mixing. In this case the cement remains
in contact with the wet or moist material and this phase cannot exceed the permissible period,
which is normally 90 minutes.
The use of the RMC is facilitated through a truck-mounted \'boom placer\' that can pump the
product for ready use at multi-storied construction sites. A boom placer can pump the concrete
up 80 meters.
Objective -
Manufacturing process of ready mix concrete.
Procedure –
Materials required for RMC –
Admixture: A substance added to the basic concrete mixture to alter one or more properties of
the concrete; i.e. fibrous materials for reinforcing, water repellent treatments, and coloring
compounds.
Aggregate: Inert particles (i.e. gravel, sand, and stone) added to cement and water to form
concrete.
Cement: Dry powder that reacts chemically with water to bind the particles of aggregate,
forming concrete. Portland cement is typically used in concrete production.
Fly ash: Fly ash is a by-product from coal-fired electricity generating power plants. The coal
used in these power plants is mainly composed of combustible elements such as carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen (nitrogen and sulfur being minor elements), and non-combustible
impurities (10 to 40%) usually present in the form of clay, shale, quartz, feldspar and limestone.
As the coal travels through the high-temperature zone in the furnace, the combus.
function [M]=trajectory3(x,y,z,pitcher,roll,yaw,scale_factor,step,se.pdfsinghanubhav1234
function [M]=trajectory3(x,y,z,pitcher,roll,yaw,scale_factor,step,selector,varargin);
% operate trajectory2(x,y,z,pitcher,roll,yaw,scale_factor,step,[selector,SoR])
%
%
% x,y,z center mechanical phenomenon (vector) [m]
%
% pitcher,roll,yaw euler\'s angles [rad]
%
% issue|multiplier|multiplier factor} standardisation factor [scalar]
% (related to body craft dimension)
%
% step angle sampling issue [scalar]
% (the points variety between 2 body models)
%
% chooseor select the body model [string]
%
% gripen JAS thirty-nine Gripen heli chopper
% mig Mig ah64 Apache chopper
% Felis catus Tomcat(Default) a10
% jet Generic jet cessna Cessna
% 747 Boeing 747 airplane Generic airplane
% md90 MD90 jet shuttle space vehicle
% dc10 DC-10 jet
%
% elective INPUT:
%
%
% read sets the camera read. Use Matlab\'s \"viewer\" as argument to reprocess this
read.
%
% Note:
%
% Refernce System:
% X body- The axial force on the X body axis is
% positive on forward; the momentum around X body
% is positive roll clockwise as viewered from behind;
% Y body- The facet force on the Y body axis is
% positive on the correct wing; the instant around Y
% body is positive in pitcher up;
% Z body- the conventional force on the Z body axis is
% positive down; the instant around Z body is positive
% roll clockwise as viewered from higher than.
%
% *******************************
% operate Version three.0
% 7/08/2004 (dd/mm/yyyy)
% Valerio Scordamaglia
% v.scordamaglia@tiscali.it
% *******************************
if nargin<9
disp(\' Wrong:\');
disp(\' Wrong: Invalid variety Inputs!\');
M=0;
return;
end
if (len(x)~=len(y))|(len(x)~=len(z))|(len(y)~=len(z))
disp(\' Wrong:\');
disp(\' Uncorrect Dimension of the middle mechanical phenomenon Vectors. Please Check
the size\');
M=0;
return;
end
if ((len(pitcher)~=len(roll))||(len(pitcher)~=len(yaw))||(len(roll)~=len(yaw)))
disp(\' Wrong:\');
disp(\' Uncorrect Dimension of the euler\'\'s angle Vectors. Please Check the size\');
M=0;
return;
end
if len(pitcher)~=len(x)
disp(\' Wrong:\');
disp(\' Size match between euler\'\'s angle vectors and center mechanical phenomenon
vectors\');
M=0;
return
end
if step>=len(x)
disp(\' Wrong:\');
disp(\' angle samplig reckon of vary. scale back step\');
M=0;
return
end
if step<1
step=1;
end
if nargin==10
theViewer=cell2mat(varargin(1));
end
if nargin>10
disp(\'Too several inputs arguments\');
M=0;
return
end
if nargin<10
theViewer=[82.50 2];
end
mov=nargout;
cur_dir=pwd;
if strcmp(selector,\'shuttle\')
load shuttle;
V=[-V(:,2) V(:,1) V(:,3)];
V(:,1)=V(:,1)-round(sum(V(:,1))/size(V,1));
V(:,2)=V(:,2)-round(sum(V(:,2))/size(V,1));
V(:,3)=V(:,3)-round(sum(V(:,3))/size(V,1));
elseif strcmp(selector,\'helicopter\')
load helicopter;
V=[-V(:,2) V(:,1) V(:,3)];
V(:,1)=V(:,1)-round(sum(V(:,1))/size(V,1));
V(:,2)=V(:,2)-round(sum(V(:,2))/size(V,1));
V(:,3)=V(:,3)-round(sum(V(:,3))/size(V,1));
elseif strcmp(selector,\'747\')
load boeing_747;
V=[V(:,2) V(:,1) V(:,3)];
V(:,1)=V(:,1)-round(sum(V(:,1))/size(V,1));
V(:.
Evolution of mitochondria.Mitochondria are believed to have arisen.pdfsinghanubhav1234
Evolution of mitochondria.
Mitochondria are believed to have arisen as prokaryotic cells that got entrapped within a
eukaryotic cell. This event is believed to have occurred 1.4 billion years ago. This theory is the
Endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria. It states that mitochondria were probably
evolved from specialized bacteria which through the phenomenon of endocytosis were
incorporated in to the cytoplasm of an eukaryote. There is no experimental evidence for the
above theory but circumstantial evidence has been put forward by researchers. They are.,
Solution
Evolution of mitochondria.
Mitochondria are believed to have arisen as prokaryotic cells that got entrapped within a
eukaryotic cell. This event is believed to have occurred 1.4 billion years ago. This theory is the
Endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria. It states that mitochondria were probably
evolved from specialized bacteria which through the phenomenon of endocytosis were
incorporated in to the cytoplasm of an eukaryote. There is no experimental evidence for the
above theory but circumstantial evidence has been put forward by researchers. They are.,.
AnswerRecombinant DNA Technology It is the set of techniques tha.pdfsinghanubhav1234
Answer:
Recombinant DNA Technology: It is the set of techniques that enables the DNA from different
sources to be identified, isolated, and recombined so that new characterstics can be introduced
into an organism. One of the main techniques in recombinant DNA technology is DNA cloning.
The DNA cloning produces an unlimited number of copies of a particular DNA segment (from a
single ancestral DNA molecule). The Recombinant DNA Technology was engineered by Stanley
Norman Cohen and Herbert Boyer in 1973.
The cell based DNA cloning involve following 4 steps:
1) Construction of recombinant DNA molecule: The hybrid DNA molecules are constructed by
in-vitro covalant attachment (ligation) of the desired DNA fragments to a replicon.
2) Transformation: The recombinant DNA molecules are transferred into host cells, in which the
chosen replicon can undergo DNA replication.
3) Selective propogation of cell clones: The targeted cells were propogated in the selective liquid
medium.
4) Isolation of recombinant DNA clones: The recombinant DNA clones are selectively isolated.
* The enzymes used in the recombinant DNA technology are basically of 4 types:
DNA polymerase, Nucleases, Restriction Enzymes, Isoschizomers
Restriction enzymes: Most naturally occuring DNA molecules are much larger than can be
readily analysed in the lab. To study individual gene and individual site on DNA, the large DNA
molecules must be broken into small (managable) fragments. This could be done using
restriction enzymes. The restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymess that able to cut double-
stranded DNA molecules (by cleaving the phosphodiester bonds) at a specific nucleotide
sequence, called a restriction site. The term restriction comes from the fact that these enzymes
restrict the entry of foreign DNA in the bacteria. There are some enzymes that cut a three base
pair sequence while others can cut four, six, and even eight base pair target sequence in a DNA
molecule, usually palindromic.
The naturally occurring restriction endonucleases are categorized into four groups (Types I, II
III, and IV) based on their composition and enzyme cofactor requirements, the nature of their
target sequence, and the position of their DNA cleavage site relative to the target sequence.
For example: the one widely used restriction enzyme, EcoRI, named because it was found in
certain strain of Escherichia coli and was the first (I) such enzyme found in that species.
Plasmids: Plasmid are naturally occuring cicular, extrachromosomal, autonomously replicating
DNA, present in many prokaryotic and few eukaryotic organisms. These are range in size from 1
Kbp to over 300 Kbp. The cloning vectors, replicating genetic element used to carry a fragment
of target DNA into a host cell for the purpose of cloning. The important features of a plasmid are
as follows:
Solution
Answer:
Recombinant DNA Technology: It is the set of techniques that enables the DNA from different
sources to be identified, isolated, and recom.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Lattice energy increases with charge multiplicity.pdf
1. Lattice energy increases with charge multiplicity and relative size of ions involved.
For those listed, CaO has 2+/- ions and will therefore have the highest lattice energy. LiI, LiF,
and RbI all have 1+/- ions. The combination of ions that have the smallest separation (assuming
the ions touch, we just add ionic radii for this) will have the highest lattice energy in this
group.....this would be LiF; the combination of ions that have the largest separation will have the
smallest lattice energy ..... this would be RbI. Least negative ...........---> most negative RbI, LiI,
LiF, CaO Ions that exist in ionic solids are surrounded by oppositely charged ions in an orderly
way. Metallic ions by themselves would have have such order to them. Atoms are held together
in different types of solids by different types of bonding forces. For example a network solid like
diamond involves localized covalent bonds between the C atoms where as an ionic solid such as
NaClinvolves the attraction of oppositely charged ions , or Coulombic forces of attraction. (This
answer is not meant to be exhaustive my any means.)
Solution
Lattice energy increases with charge multiplicity and relative size of ions involved.
For those listed, CaO has 2+/- ions and will therefore have the highest lattice energy. LiI, LiF,
and RbI all have 1+/- ions. The combination of ions that have the smallest separation (assuming
the ions touch, we just add ionic radii for this) will have the highest lattice energy in this
group.....this would be LiF; the combination of ions that have the largest separation will have the
smallest lattice energy ..... this would be RbI. Least negative ...........---> most negative RbI, LiI,
LiF, CaO Ions that exist in ionic solids are surrounded by oppositely charged ions in an orderly
way. Metallic ions by themselves would have have such order to them. Atoms are held together
in different types of solids by different types of bonding forces. For example a network solid like
diamond involves localized covalent bonds between the C atoms where as an ionic solid such as
NaClinvolves the attraction of oppositely charged ions , or Coulombic forces of attraction. (This
answer is not meant to be exhaustive my any means.)
