The document provides a detailed overview of various countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, including their capitals, populations, governments, climates, and historical contexts. It discusses each country's colonial past, independence struggles, and current political situations. Key highlights include Cuba's communist government, the Dominican Republic's democratic system, and historical events such as the Haitian Revolution and Bolivia's ongoing political instability.

1. Latin America
More Than You Think

2. The Caribbean

3. The Caribbean
❏ Cuba
❏ Dominica
❏ Dominican Republic
❏ Grenada
❏ Haiti
❏ Puerto Rico

4. Central America

5. Central America
❏ Belize
❏ Costa Rica
❏ El Salvador
❏ Guatemala
❏ Honduras
❏ Nicaragua
❏ Panama

6. South America

7. South America
❏ Argentina
❏ Bolivia
❏ Brazil
❏ Chile
❏ Colombia
❏ Ecuador
❏ Falkland Islands
❏ French Guiana
❏ Guyana
❏ Paraguay
❏ Peru
❏ Suriname
❏ Uruguay
❏ Venezuela

8. The Caribbean
The Part People Don’t know
About

9. Cuba
● The capital of Cuba is Havana
● The population is 11, 047, 251
● The government of Cuba is
Communist
● The climate is tropical as the
country is located in the
Caribbean Sea
● The geography is mostly flat to
rolling plains, with rugged hills
and mountains in the southeast

10. Cuba
● The native Amerindian population of Cuba began to decline after the European discovery of the
island by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1492 and following its development as a Spanish colony
during the next several centuries.
● Large numbers of African slaves were imported to work the coffee and sugar plantations, and
Havana became the launching point for the annual treasure fleets bound for Spain from Mexico
and Peru.
● Spanish rule eventually provoked an independence movement and occasional rebellions that
were harshly suppressed. US intervention during the Spanish-American War in 1898 assisted the
Cubans in overthrowing Spanish rule.
● Fidel CASTRO led a rebel army to victory in 1959; his iron rule held the subsequent regime
together for nearly five decades. He stepped down as president in February 2008 in favor of his
younger brother Raul CASTRO.
● As a communist nation it has no trade with the U.S. Cuba at times portrays the US embargo, in
place since 1961, as the source if its difficulties.

11. Dominica
● The capital of Dominica is Roseau
● The population is 73, 499
● The government is a Parliamentary Democracy
● The climate is tropical with vast rainfall
● The geography of Dominica is rugged
mountains surrounded by the Caribbean sea
● Christopher Columbus named the island after the day
in which he discovered it, Dominica (Latin for Sunday).
The Spanish eventually left the island after fierce
resistance from the native Caribs. The French took
over the island but eventually ceded it to the British
after the French-Indian War. In 1978 it became an
independent nation.

12. Dominican Republic
● The capital of the Dominican
Republic is Santo Domingo
● The population is 10,349,741
● The government is a Democratic
Republic
● The climate is tropical with
seasonal rainfall
● The DR is two-thirds of the island
of Hispaniola which lies between
the Caribbean and North Atlantic.
The terrain is rugged mountains
with fertile valleys.

13. Dominican Republic
● The Taino people inhabited what is now the Dominican
Republic since the 7th century. Christopher Columbus
landed on the island in 1492, and it became the site of the
first permanent European settlement in the Americas,
namely Santo Domingo, the country's capital and Spain's
first capital in the New World.
● In 1697 Spain conceded the western part of the island as a
territory of France. This territory became known as Haiti.
● In 1844 the country gained its independence.
● For more than 100 years the country had an unsettled
government system culmination with the dictatorship of
Rafael Trujillo from 1930-1961.
● Today the country enjoys a free democratic way of life.
Trujillo

14. Haiti
● The capital of Haiti is Port-au-Prince
● The population is 9,996,731
● The government is a Democratic
Republic
● The climate is tropical with seasonal
rainfall
● Haiti is one-third of the island of
Hispaniola which lies between the
Caribbean and North Atlantic. The
terrain is rugged mountains with
fertile valleys.

15. Haiti
● The Taino people that inhabited the island when Columbus discovered
the island were all but slaughtered from the island within three decades
by the Spanish.
● In 1697 France gained control of the island from Spain.
● It became one of the wealthiest islands in the Caribbean but only
because of the continued import of African slaves.
● This heavy import of slaves backfired on the wealthy when in the late
1700s the nearly 500,000 slaves revolted.
● Haiti is now the poorest country in the Caribbean and has been infected
with government instability for a century.
● Eventually in 1957 Francis Duvalier, better known as Papa Doc became
president until 1971. Papa Doc stayed in power and maintained order by
using an organization known as the “Bogeymen” to terrorize the people
and political opponents.
● Papa Docs sone Bebe Doc gained power and was eventually
overthrown. He was followed by Jean-Bertrand Aristide who was also
overthown leaving the country unstable to this day.
PApa Doc

16. Grenada
● The capital of Grenada is St.
George’s
● The population is 110,152
● The government is a Parliamentary
Democracy
● The climate is tropical with seasonal
tradewinds
● Grenada is volcanic in origin with
central mountains and low flatlands
bordering the oceans

17. Grenada
● Carib Indians inhabited the island when
Columbus discovered in 1498.
● The French settled Grenada in the 1600s as a
colony to grow sugar and imported African slaves
to help in this task.
● Great Britain took control of the island in 1762.
● In 1974 the country gained its full independence
making it one of the smallest nations in the world.
● In 1983 the island was taken over by Marxist-communists
forcing the United States within a
week to invade the island and take control of the
government to re-establish a free government
system.

18. Puerto Rico
● The capital of Puerto Rico is San
Juan
● The population is 3,620,897
● The government is a
Commonwealth
● The climate is tropical marine with
little variation
● Puerto Rico is mountainous with
coastal plains and sandy beaches.

19. Puerto Rico
● The island was claimed in 1493 for Spain
by….you guessed it.... Columbus.
● After 400 years of rule by Spain the island was
ceded to the United States as part of the
settlement of the Spanish-American War.
● In 1917 Puerto Ricans were granted United
States citizenship.
● The country has been run by governors since
1948 with a constitution enacted in 1952.
● A 2012 vote in the country left open the
possibility of applying for statehood in the
United States.

20. Central America
Where Mexico Is Not

21. Belize
● The capital of Belize is Belmopan
● The population is 380,844
● The government of Belize is a
Parliamentary Democracy
● The climate is tropical with hot and
humid conditions and a rainy
season running from May-
November
● The geography is mostly flat and
swampy with southern low
mountains

22. Belize
● Belize was the site of many of the Mayan
city-states until their decline around the
year 1000 CE.
● In the 1600s and 1700s the Spanish and
British both laid claim to the region.
● Belize became a colony of British
Honduras in 1854.
● The country gained its independence in
1981, though neighboring Guatemala
refused to recognize it until 1992.
● Despite its picturesque setting and tourist
trade Belize has many problems revolving
around high national debt and high crime
rates related to the South American drug
trade.

23. Costa Rica
● The capital of Costa Rica is San
Jose
● The population is 4,755,034
● The government of Costa Rica is a
Democratic Republic
● The climate is tropical and
subtropical with a rainy season
running from May-November
● The geography is coastal plains
with rugged mountains several of
which are major volcanoes

24. Costa Rica
● Initial attempts by the Spanish to colonize
Costa Rica were unsuccessful do to
disease, natives and pirate raids.
● It was finally colonized by Spain in the mid
16th century.
● It declared its independence from Spain in
1821.
● Since the late 1800s only two violent
periods disturbed its development as a
Democratic Republic.
● The country disbanded its armed forces in
1949.

25. El Salvador
● The capital of El Salvador is
San Salvador
● The population is 6,125,512
● The government of El
Salvador is a Republic
● The climate is tropical a rainy
season running from May-
October
● The geography is mostly
mountains with a central
plateau

26. El Salvador
● El Salvador dates back centuries before
European settlement. It was inhabited by
the Pipil who called the area Cuzcatlan
which means “Land of Precious Jewels.”
● El Salvador gained its independence from
Spain in 1821.
● The country joined the Central American
Federation until it left that group in 1839.
● A 12-year civil war that began in 1980
when the government and rebels signed a
treaty to agree on government and military
reform.
● The government has issues to this day but
it does have a platform with a high focus on
environmental protection.

27. Guatemala
● The capital of Guatemala is
Guatemala City
● The population is 14,647,083
● The government of Guatemala is a
Constitutional Democratic
Government
● The climate is tropical; hot and
humid conditions in the lowlands and
temperatures in the highlands
● The geography is mostly mountains
with coastal plains

28. Guatemala
● Guatemala was central area of Mayan
civilization until their decline around the year
1000 CE.
● In the early 1500s Spain explored and
colonized the region.
● Guatemala gained its independence from
Spain in 1821.
● During the latter half of the 20th century the
country endured a three-decade civil war that
left more than 200,000 dead.
● In 1996 a peace agreement was signed to
end the conflict. Sadly to this day former
leaders during the civil war are still being
prosecuted for genocide and crimes against
humanity.

29. Honduras
● The capital of Honduras is
Tegucigalpa
● The population is 8,596,561
● The government of Honduras is a
Democratic Constitutional Republic
● The climate is subtropical in the
lowlands and temperate in the
highlands
● The geography is coastal plains
with a mostly mountainous interior

30. Honduras
● Honduras was another site of many of the
Mayan city-states until their decline around
the year 1000 CE.
● Columbus explored the region in 1502 and
Cortez landed with his forces in 1524 leading
to Spanish conquest of the region.
● Honduras gained its independence from
Spain in 1821.
● Though it did not have the civil wars many of
its neighboring countries did, the Honduran
army constantly fought against Marxist
guerillas looking to gain control of the
government.
● In 2009 a coup d'etat led the transfer of power
from the president to the head of congress.

31. Nicaragua
● The capital of Nicaragua is Managua
● The population is 5,848,561
● The government of Nicaragua is a
Republic
● The climate is tropical in the lowlands
with cooler temperatures in the
highlands
● The geography is coastal plains on
the Atlantic side with interior
mountains. Narrow coastal plains on
the Pacific side which is broken up
by volcanoes

32. Nicaragua
● In the late 1400s the region was settled by
peoples related to the Aztec and Mayan
cultures.
● Spain colonized the area in the early
1500s.
● Nicaragua gained its independence from
Spain in 1821.
● Britain controlled the Caribbean coast in
the early 1800s until ceding control to the
locals.
● The country suffered through civil war for
much of the latter half of the 20th century.
● The current government under Daniel
Ortega is plagued by strong-armed tactics
and corruption.

33. Panama
● The capital of Panama is Panama
City
● The population is 3,608,431
● The government of Panama is a
Constitutional Democracy
● The climate is tropical maritime
with a long rainy season running
from May-January
● The geography is mostly steep
rugged mountains in the interior
with rolling coastal plains

34. Panama
● Panama was explored and settled by the
Spanish in the early 1500s.
● Panama gained its independence from Spain in
1821.
● It joined with Ecuador, Venezuela, and Colombia
to form Gran Colombia in 1830.
● Though the other countries left shortly after
Panama remained part of Columbia until 1903
when the U.S. encouraged Panama to break
away. This allowed the U.S. to build the
Panama Canal between 1904-1914.
● With U.S. help Panamanian dictator Manuel
Noriega was removed from power in 1989.
● In 1999 the U.S. gave Panama full control over
the canal zone.

35. South America
The Big Dog on the Block

36. Argentina
● The capital of Argentina is Buenos
Aires
● The population is 43,024,734
● The government of Argentina is a
Republic
● The climate is mainly temperate with
arid conditions in the southeast and
subantarctic ones in the southwest.
● The geography includes the Andes
mountains along the west, the plains
area of the Pampas in the north and
the plateau of Patagonia in the south

37. Argentina
● In 1816 the country came into existence after the
United Provinces of the Rio Plata declared
independence from Spain.
● Bolivia, Uruguay, and Paraguay separated and the
remaining land became Argentina.
● From the mid-19th through mid-20th century the
country was plagued by constant political strife.
● Argentina attempted to seize the Falkland Islands
in 1983 but lost the brief war with Great Britain.
● The political situation in the country is still shaky to
this day though in 2013 Argentina gained a non-permanent
seat on the United nations Security
Council.

38. Bolivia
● The capital of Bolivia is La Paz
● The population is 10,631,486
● The government of Bolivia is a
Republic
● The climate is humid and tropical
to cold and semi-arid
● The geography is hills and the
lowland plains of the Amazon
basin combined with the high
rugged mountains of the Andes

39. Bolivia
● Bolivia was named after independence
leader Simon Bolivar.
● The country gained its independence from
Spain in 1825.
● Ultimately over the next 150 years the
country was plagued by nearly 200 coups
which made for continuous political
instability.
● So-called democracy took effect in 1982
but in that time the country has been
plagued by many social and political
problems.
● The latest incarnation of a constitution
refers to the country as a Social Unitarian
State.

40. Brazil
● The capital of Brazil is Brasilia
● The population is 202,656,788
● The government of Brazil is a
Federal republic
● The climate in Brazil is mostly
tropical but the weather is temperate
in the South
● The geography is mostly flat to
rolling lowlands, with plains, hills,
mountains and a narrow coastal belt

41. Brazil
● Where as a great deal of South America fell
under Spanish rule, Brazil spent 300 years
under Portuguese rule.
● The country gained its independence in 1822.
● Over the next 60 years Brazil remained a
monarchy until slavery was abolished in 1888.
● After the fall of the monarchy the country was
controlled by the wealthy coffee growers until
the rise of Getulio Vargas in 1930.
● The country spent the next 50 years under
military control until 1985 when the military
gave power to the civilian population.
● Today, Brazil is the leading economic power
in the region.

42. Chile
● The capital of Chile is Santiago but
the National Legislature sits in
Valparaiso
● The population is 17,363,894
● The government of Chile is a
Republic
● The climate is temperate with desert
in the north, Mediterranean in the
central region and cool and damp in
the south
● The geography has the Andes in the
east, fertile central plains, and low
coastal mountains

43. Chile
● The Inca and Mapuche ruled most of Chile before
the arrival of the Spanish in the 1500s.
● The country declared its independence from
Spain in 1810 but it wasn’t totally free until 1818.
● In the late 1800s Chile won a war against Bolivia
and Peru to carve out what is now its current
territory.
● The country had free elections but fell under the
strict rule of Salvador Allende until he was
overthrown in a coup led by Augusto Pinochet in
1973.
● Pinochet led the country until 1990 when free
elections were held again.
● Today, Chile is the a stable democracy and
influence in the region and holds a seat on the
UN Security Council

44. Colombia
● The capital of Colombia is Bogota
● The population is 46,245,297
● The government of Colombia is a
Republic
● The climate is tropical along the
coasts with cooler temperatures at
higher elevations
● The geography is flat lowlands
along the coast, eastern lowland
plains (Llanos), central highlands,
and the Andes mountains

45. Colombia
● Colombia declared its independence from Spain in
1810 but had to fight until 1822 to gain its freedom.
● It was part of Gran Colombia until 1830 when other
countries separated.
● The U.S. helped Panama separate in 1903.
● Colombia was paid 25 million dollars by the U.S. in
1921 as part of the redress for helping Panama.
● In the 1990s the country found itself under heavy
control by drug lords, one of the most famous being
Pablo Escobar.
● As a result the country is unstable today even though
the drug lords power has evaporated. The government
has been in conflict with guerrillas and paramilitary
forces who wanted to seize control of the country
● In 2012 peace negotiations started to stabilize the
country.

46. Ecuador
● The capital of Ecuador is Quito
● The population is 15,654,411
● The government of Ecuador is a
Republic
● The climate is tropical along the
coast and Amazonian lowlands
with cooler temps at higher
elevations
● The geography is coastal
plainswith central highlands and
flat to hilly jungles

47. Ecuador
● What is now Ecuador was the heart of the Inca
empire until Spanish conquest in the 1500s.
● Quito became the center of Spanish government
and is still the capital today
● Quito gained its independence in 1822.
● Quito became part of Gran Colombia but withdrew
in 1830 and changed its name to “Republic of the
Equator.”
● Ecuador lost territories between 1900 and 1942
due to wars with neighbors.
● The country fought a border war with Peru from
1995-1999.
● Over the last 40 years the country has been
plagued with political instability.

48. Falkland Islands
● The capital of the Falkland Islands
is Stanley
● The population is 2,840
● There is no government type as it
follows British laws
● The climate is cold marine with rain
on half the days and occasional
snow all year
● The geography is rocky, hilly, and
mountainous with rolling hills and
plains

49. Falkland Islands
● The country is also known as Islas Malvinas.
● The British landed on the islands in 1690.
● The French first settled a colony on the islands in
1764.
● Two years later the French gave the colony to Spain
and ever since the territory has been disputed, first
by Spain and Britain and then by Argentina and
Britain.
● Argentina invaded the islands in April of 1982. The
British sent troops in May, and by June of 1982
Argentina surrendered.
● Argentina called for Britain to relinquish control of
the islands again and as a result a vote was held by
Falkland Island residents in 2013.
● 99.8% of the residents voted to remain as part of
Great Britain.

50. French Guiana
● The capital of French Guiana is
Cayenne
● The population is 250,109
● The government is part of France
● The climate is tropical maritime
● The geography is coastal flat with
low mountains and inaccessible
rainforests

51. French Guiana
● The area was initially inhabited by the indigenous
peoples of the region.
● The French attempted to colonize the region in 1763
but failed when 80% of the 12,000 colonists died of
tropical diseases.
● Eventually France turned the region into a penal
colony. The most famous part of the colony being the
infamous Devil's Island.
● Of the 56,000 prisoners sent there less than 10%
survived due to starvation and tropical disease.
● In 1946 French Guiana as a whole became a
department of France.
● Devil’s Island was closed in 1953.
● During the 1970s the French helped Hmong refugees
escape Laos and set up colonies in French Guiana.

52. Devils Island
The infamous Île du Diable (Devil's Island) was the site of a small
prison facility, part of a larger penal system by the same name, which
consisted of prisons on three islands and three larger prisons on the
mainland, and which was operated from 1852 to 1953. In addition, in
the late nineteenth century, France began requiring forced residencies
by prisoners who survived their hard labor.
Île du Diable is rocky and palm covered. It rises 130 feet above sea level. Its development as a penal
colony was begun in 1852 by the government of Emperor Napoleon III. The island is surrounded by
rocky promontories and shoals, strong cross-currents and shark-infested waters. Landing on the
island by boat is so treacherous that prison officials constructed a cable car system to connect the
island to the nearby Île Royale. They used the cable car for years to travel the 600 foot wide channel
between the two islands.
In 1953, the prison system was closed. In 1965, the French government transferred the responsibility
for the island, with the rest of the group, to its newly founded Guiana Space Centre. The CNES space
agency, in association with other agencies, has restored buildings classified as historical monuments.
Since tourism facilities have been added, the islands now receive more than 50,000 tourists each
year.

53. Guyana
● The capital of Guyana is
Georgetown
● The population is 735,554
● The government of Guyana is a
Republic
● The climate is tropical hot and
humid with two rainy seasons
running from May-August and
November-January
● The geography is low coastal
plains, rolling highlands, with a
savannah in the south

54. Guyana
● Guyana was originally a Dutch colony.
● By 1815 the territory fell under British rule.
● Eventually as slavery was abolished former
slaves and indentured servants from India
relocated to urban areas to work the sugar
plantations.
● Ethnic divides fomented during this time leading
to discontent and class and racial hostilities
which would cause political problems.
● In 1966 Guyana gained its independence from
Britain.
● Socialist governments were the norm until 1992
when the country held what is thought of as its
first free elections.

55. Paraguay
● The capital of Paraguay is
Asuncion
● The population is 6,703,860
● The government of Paraguay is a
Constitutional Republic
● The climate is subtropical to
temperate with substantial rainfall
in the east to semi-arid conditions
on the west
● The geography is grassy plains
and wooded hills and dry forests
and scrub in other parts

56. Paraguay
● Paraguay gained its independence from
Spain in 1811.
● Paraguay fought the War of the Triple
Alliance between 1865-170 with Brazil,
Argentina, and Uruguay.
● The country lost a large portion of its land and
65% of the country’s adult males died in the
war.
● A 1932-35 war with Bolivia gained the country
more area in the Chaco lowlands.
● For nearly 40 years the country was ruled by
military dictator Alfredo Stroessner.
● In 1989 the country held its first free elections
towards political democracy.

57. Peru
● The capital of Peru is Lima
● The population is 30,137,945
● The government of Peru is a
Constitutional Republic
● The climate is tropical in the east,
dry in the west, with frigid
temperatures in the Andes
● The geography is coastal plains in
the west, lowland jungle of the
Amazon basin in the east and the
rugged Andes mountains in the
center

58. Peru
● Peru was the seat of the Inca empire.
● The Spanish took control in 1533.
● Peru declared its independence from Spain in 1821.
● In 1840-1860 Peru enjoyed peace and earned
revenue through guano exporting.
● Peru fought in the War of the Pacific in 1879.
● The country gained political stability in the early
1900s.
● Peru fought a series of wars with neighboring
countries through the early to mid 20th century with
indeterminate outcomes.
● The election of Alberto Fujimori in 1990 prompted an
economic turnaround for the country.
● Over time varied presidents have kept the country on
a path of progress.

59. Suriname
● The capital of Suriname is
Paramaribo
● The population is 573,311
● The government of Suriname is a
Constitutional Democracy
● The climate is tropical and
moderated by the tradewinds
● The geography is mostly rolling
hills, coastal plains, with swamps

60. Suriname
● Suriname was first explored by the Spanish in
the 1500s and then settled by the British in the
1600s.
● In 1667 it became a Dutch colony.
● Peru declared its independence from Spain in
1821.
● Slavery was abolished in 1863 which cleared the
way for workers from Java and India to come
seeking jobs.
● The country gained its independence in 1975
● Communists/Marxist governments took control.
● In 1991 it went to a democratic form of
government due to international pressure.
● In 2010 the country elected its former
military/marxist leader to president.

61. Uruguay
● The capital of Uruguay is
Montevideo
● The population is 3,332,972
● The government of Uruguay is a
Constitutional Republic
● The climate is warm temperate
and freezing temperatures
● The geography is mostly rolling
hills and fertile coastal lowlands

62. Uruguay
● Montevideo, founded by the Spanish in 1726 as a
military stronghold became an important commercial
center.
● Claimed by Argentina but annexed by Brazil in 1821.
● Uruguay declared its independence four years later and
secured its freedom in 1828 after a three-year struggle.
● The administrations of President Jose BATLLE in the
early 20th century launched widespread political, social,
and economic reforms that established a statist tradition.
● A violent Marxist urban guerrilla movement named the
Tupamaros, launched in the late 1960s, led Uruguay's
president to cede control of the government to the
military in 1973.
● Civilian rule was not restored until 1985.
● Uruguay's political and labor conditions are among the
freest on the continent.

63. Venezuela
● The capital of Venezuela is
Caracas.
● The population is 28,868,486
● The government of Venezuela is
a Federal Republic
● The climate is tropical hot and
humid with moderate temps in the
higher elevations
● The geography is central plains
with the Andes mountains, the
Maracaibo lowlands, and Guiana
highlands in the southeast.

64. Venezuela
● Venezuela was one of three countries that emerged from the
collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830.
● For most of the first half of the 20th century, Venezuela was
ruled by generally benevolent military strongmen, who
promoted the oil industry and allowed for some social
reforms.
● Democratically elected governments have held sway since
1959.
● Hugo CHAVEZ, president from 1999 to 2013, sought to
implement his "21st Century Socialism," which purported to
alleviate social ills while at the same time attacking capitalist
globalization and existing democratic institutions.
● His hand-picked successor, President Nicolas MADURO,
continues CHAVEZ's socialist programs.
● Current concerns include: a politicized military, rampant
violent crime, over dependence on the petroleum industry
with its price fluctuations, a decline in the quality of
fundamental human rights.

65. Mexico
The North American One

66. Mexico
● The capital of Mexico is Mexico
City
● The population is 120,286,655
● The government of Mexico is a
Federal Republic
● The climate in Mexico varies from
tropical to deserts.
● The geography includes deserts,
high plateaus, rugged mountains,
and low coastal plains

67. Mexico
● Mexico is the home of the advanced Amerindian
civilizations of the Maya, Inca, Toltec, Zapotec, and
Olmec.
● Mexico was conquered by the Spanish in the 1500s.
● Spain had control over Mexico for 300 years until
Mexico claimed its independence in the early 1800s.
● Dictator/General Santa Anna held a tight grip. until
1836 when the territory of Texas and other regions
declared independence.
● In 1846 the Mexican-American War ended 2 years later
with Mexico conceding half its land to the U.S. This land
included California, New Mexico, and more area of
Texas. Eventually the U.S. purchased the territory that
is now Arizona.
● Today Mexico is a tourist destination but it is plagued
with open drug wars that have hurt the industry.