Lathe machine project

1. LATHE MACHINE
ABDIRIZAK ABUKAR SALAD WARSAME ID: 10
ABDISALAM MOMAHUD MOHAMED ID: 30
MOHAMED ABDIRIZAK MOMAHA,UD ID:73
An assignment submitted in full filament of the
Requirements for the machine tool course
Faculty of Engineering
Department of electromechanical
SOMALI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
DEC 2019

2. 0
Abstract
This project report entitled the study of the lathe machine. The main points of This Research
are to analyse and examine the properties and characteristics of the lathe machine and how it
works normally.
We have collected these related details so as the most possible that the reader of the report
can easily understand and get enough knowledge about the lathe machine. Although the data and
the information of the research and reliable because we had collected from educational websites
which are the most reliable and famous website such as universities’ websites and websites of
expert engineers.
This study is structured of five chapters namely, introduction, literature review, components
and it is types, principle of working and the last one is summary and conclusion.
 The first chapter covers the the introduction of the lathe machine and the objectives of the
study are shown inside the first chapter.
 The second chapter is titled literature review which includes a lot of studies of the
different researchers were analysed carefully.
 In the third chapter i.e. components and it is types of the lathe machine will be discussed
and also some basic parts of the machine will be detailed there.
 The fifth chapter i.e. the principle of working of the lathe machine this chapter covers and
describes the main functions of the lathe machine such as drilling, Finish turning, Facing
and so an.
 The last chapter i.e. conclusion just it concludes the main points of the research.
Finally, we hope that the reader will get some excited details about the lathe machine.

3. 1
Acknowledgement
We are thankful to SOMALI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY (SNU) which providedus the
opportunity to fulfil the three consecutive years with the excited stage and took this valuable
course of Machine Design.
We’re very much thankful to all those who directly or indirectly supported us in accomplishing
this stage.
With great pleasure, we express our heartiest thanks to whole of Engineering family at SNU such
as principles, lecturers and students for providing us an opportunity to successfully complete the
four previous semesters.
Our special thanks goes to Eng. Tayib (Lecturer of Machine Design) who hastaught us this
course of Machine Design in the same way held and imparted many workshops and trainings for
us related to our subjects.
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the faculty Dean Dr Alaso for the
encouragement & guidance that he gave, under whose guidance we were able to successfully
complete the project.
Last but not the least, we feel indebted to all those persons in the organization who provided their
encouragement in completion ofthe project.

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Contents Pages
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................0
Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................1
List of figures..............................................................................................................................3
Chapter One................................................................................................................................4
1. Introduction .........................................................................................................................4
1.1 Objectives.....................................................................................................................5
1.2 Brief History of Lathe Machine.....................................................................................6
Chapter Two ...............................................................................................................................7
2 Literature Review.................................................................................................................7
Chapter Three .............................................................................................................................8
3 Types and Basic Parts of Lathe ............................................................................................8
3.1 Types of Lathe ..............................................................................................................8
3.1.1 Engine Lathes ........................................................................................................8
3.1.2 Turret Lathes .........................................................................................................8
3.1.3 Special Purpose Lathes ..........................................................................................8
3.2 Basic Parts of Lathe ......................................................................................................9
3.2.1 Bed and Ways........................................................................................................9
3.2.2 Headstock............................................................................................................10
3.2.3 Tailstock..............................................................................................................11
3.2.4 Carriage ...............................................................................................................12
3.2.5 Lead screw...........................................................................................................13
Chapter Four.............................................................................................................................14
4 Accessories & Cutting Tool Used in Lathe Machine ..........................................................14
4.1 Lathe Accessories .......................................................................................................14
4.1.1 Centre..................................................................................................................14
4.1.2 Chuck ..................................................................................................................14
4.1.3 Face plates ...........................................................................................................14
4.2 Cutting Tool Used In Lathe Machine ..........................................................................16
Chapter Five .............................................................................................................................18

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5 Operations Performed On Lathe Machine...........................................................................18
5.1 Facing.........................................................................................................................18
5.2 Straight turning ...........................................................................................................18
5.3 Finish turning..............................................................................................................18
5.4 Parting ........................................................................................................................18
5.5 Taper turning ..............................................................................................................19
5.6 Chamfering.................................................................................................................19
5.7 Knurling .....................................................................................................................19
5.8 Drilling .......................................................................................................................19
6 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................20
7 References .........................................................................................................................21
List of figures pages
Figure1.1Lathe machine..............................................................................................................4
Figure1.2Olden Type of Lathe Machine ......................................................................................6
Figure3.1Bed and guide ways of Lathe machine..........................................................................9
Figure3.2Headstock ..................................................................................................................10
Figure3.3 Tailstock....................................................................................................................11
Figure3. 4Carriage ....................................................................................................................12
Figure3. 5Lead screw................................................................................................................13
Figure4. 1 lathe machine cutting tools...........................................................................................17

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Chapter One
1. Introduction
A lathe is a machine tool that rotates the work piece on its axis to perform various operations
such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation, facing, turning, with tools that are
applied to the work piece to create an object with symmetry about an axis of rotation.
Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, thermal spraying, parts
reclamation, and glass working. Lathes can be used to shape pottery, the best known design
being the potter’s wheel. Most suitably equipped metalworking lathe can also be used to produce
most solids of revolution, plain surfaces and screw threads and helices. Ornamental lathes can
produce three dimensional solids of incredible complexity. The work piece is usually held in
place by either one or two centers, at least one of which can typically be moved horizontally to
accommodate varying work piece lengths. Other work-holding methods include clamping the
work about the axis of rotation using a chuck or cullet, or to a faceplate, using clamps or dogs.
Figure1.1Lathe machine

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1.1 Objectives
In this lathe machine project, we as a student to take knowledge to understand howto work
or use the lathe machine with correctly. The lathe is one of the most important machines in any
workshop. Its main objective is to remove material from outside by rotating the work against a
cutting tool. Though a lathe is used to produce cylindrical work, yet it may also be used for many
other purposes such as drilling, threading, grinding, milling etc.
The most target full objectves of the study are
a) To practice the theory
b) To increase understanding by using the practical method
c) Know how to operate and create object manually using the lathe machine
d) Enhance the skill on the lathe machining operation

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1.2 Brief History of Lathe Machine
Lathes were developed as early as the 15th century and were known as "bow" lathes. The
operator rotated the work piece by drawing a bow back and forth, either by hand or with the use
of a foot treadle. Next came Bassoons lathe in 1568, which was driven by a cord passing over a
pulley above the machine. This in turn drove two other pulleys on the same shaft which rotated
the work piece and a crude, wooden lead screw, which in turn allowed the operator to remove
metal from the piece being machined. The screw cutting lathe originates in the 17th century.
Development and advancements have continued and today we have sophisticated
computerized controlled lathes. Lathes have allowed man to reshape, machine and manufacture
many precision cylindrical components made of various types of metal, wood, plastics, and other
materials. Without the lathe, man would still be trying to produce cylindrical components in
some crude fashion or another. However, because of advanced technology, the lathe has allowed
man to become an important asset in developing and machining many precision components
needed to operate and function in many areas of our industrial complex.
Figure1.2Olden Type of Lathe Machine

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Chapter Two
2 Literature Review
Metal cutting and forming have been traditionally the most common manufacturing processes
from the old ages. Machining processes have been here for a long time but scientific researches
on machining started only during 19th century.
• M. Adinarayana, et al. [1] studied optimization of power consumption in turning
operations using CVD cutting tool on AISI 4340 Alloy Steel with speed, feed and
depth of cut as a control parameters. Result obtained was, power consumption is
increase with increase in cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut.
• R. Suresh, et al.[2] studied that performance of cemented carbide tool on machining
of hardened AISI 4340 steel using Taguchi approach in turning process by cutting
speed, feed and depth of cut as a controlled factor and power consumption as
performance measure. Result found was cutting speed has the highest influence on
the machining power required to perform machining operation (77.67%)
• D. Babu, et al. [3] studied optimization of power consumption using Taguchi's
technique. Experiment was conducted with an extruded aluminium shaft on a CNC
lathe with cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut as process parameters. It was
observed that the feed rate and the depth of cut are greatly influencing the power
Consumption.
• H. Singh, et al. [4] investigated the effects of cutting parameters like
spindle speed, feed and depth of cut on EN-8 using HSS tool on CNC lathe
• D. Singh, et al, [5] investigated the effects of cutting parameters like
spindle speed, feed and depth of cut on surface finish and material removal
rate on EN-8 under turning conditions on CNC lathe by using carbide tool.
Result found was that speed and depth of cut are put negligible effect on
the cutting forces and feed rate shown increasing trend.
• K. Kumar, et al. [6] investigated influence of cutting forces in facing
operation of EN-8 using cemented carbide insert.

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Chapter Three
3 Types and Basic Parts of Lathe
3.1 Types of Lathe
Lathe machine is commonly used for the round work on a material to make a part, it has
many types which is very use full on the bases of their functionality, some of them are:-
3.1.1 Engine Lathes
These are probably the most popular among the lathe machines. In fact, no machine soft
is seen without this type of lathe. The good thing about engine lathe is that it can be used in
various materials, asides from metal. Moreover, the setup of these machines is so simple that
they are easier to use. Its main components include the bed, headstock and tailstock. These
engine lathes can be adjusted to variable speed for the accommodation of a wide scope of work.
In addition, these lathe come in various sizes.
3.1.2 Turret Lathes
These types of lathes are used for machining single work pieces sequentially. This means
that several operations are needed to be performed on a single work piece. With the turret lathes,
sequential operations can be done on the work piece, eliminating errors in work alignment. With
this setup, machining is done more efficiently. Correspondingly, time is saved because there is no
need to remove and transfer the work piece to another machine anymore.
3.1.3 Special Purpose Lathes
As name implies, these lathes are used for special purpose such as heavy duty production
of identical parts. In addition, these lathes also perform specific functions that cannot be
performed by the standard lathes. Some examples of special purpose lathes include the bench
type jeweler’s lathes, automatic lathes, crank shaft lathes, duplicating lathes, multispindle lathes,
break drum lathes and production lathes among others.

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3.2 Basic Parts of Lathe
3.2.1 Bed and Ways
The bed is the base for the working parts of the lathe. The main feature of the bed is the
ways which are formed on the bed's upper surface and which run the full length of the lathe. The
tailstock and carriage slide on the ways in alignment with the headstock. The headstock is
normally permanently bolted at one end (at the operator's left). The ways are accurately
machined parallel to the axis of the spindle and to each other. The V-ways are guides that allow
the carriage and the tailstock to move over them only in their longitudinal direction. The flat way
takes most of the downward thrust. The carriage slides on the outboard V-ways which, because
they are parallel to the V-ways, keep the carriage in alignment with the headstock and tailstock at
all times. This is an absolute necessity if accurate lathe work is to be done. Some lathe beds have
two V-ways and two flat ways, while others have four V-ways. For satisfactory performance of a
lathe, the ways must be kept in good condition. A common fault of careless machinists is to use
the bed as an anvil for driving arbors or as a shelf for hammers, wrenches, and chucks. Never
allow anything to strike the ways or damage their finished surfaces in any way. Keep them free
of chips. Wipe them off daily with an oiled cloth to help preserve their polished surface.
Figure3.1Bed and guide ways of Lathe machine

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3.2.2 Headstock
The headstock carries the head spindle and the mechanism for driving it. In the belt-
driven type headstock, the driving mechanism consists merely of a cone pulley that drives the
spindle directly or through the back gears. When the spindle is driven directly, it rotates the cone
pulley. When the spindle is driven through the back gears, it rotates more slowly than the cone
pulley, which in this case turns freely on the spindle. Thus two speeds are available with each
position of the belt on the cone; if the cone pulley has four steps, eight spindle speeds are
available. The geared headstock shown in figure is more complicated but more convenient to
operate, because the speed is changed by changing or by shifting the gears.
This headstock is similar to an automobile transmission except that it has more gear-shift
combinations and, therefore, has a greater number of speed changes. A speed index plate,
attached to the headstock, indicates the lever positions for the different spindle speeds. To avoid
damage to the gear teeth, the lathe is always stopped before the gears are shifted. Figure shows
the interior of a typical geared headstock that has 16 different spindle speeds. The driving pulley
at the left is driven at a constant speed by a motor located under the headstock. Various
combinations of gears in the headstock transmit power from the drive shaft to the spindle
through an intermediate shaft.
Figure3.2Headstock

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3.2.3 Tailstock
The primary purpose of the tailstock is to hold the dead center to support one end of the
work being machined between centers. However, it can also be used to hold live centers, tapered
shank drills, reamers, and drill chucks. The tailstock moves on the ways along the length of the
bed to accommodate work of varying lengths. It can be clamped in the desired position by the
tailstock clamping nut. The dead center is held in a tapered hole (bored to a Morse taper) in the
tailstock spindle.
The spindle is moved back and forth in the tailstock barrel for longitudinal adjustment.
The hand wheel is turned which turns the spindle-adjusting screw in a tapped hole in the spindle.
The spindle is kept from revolving by a key that fits a spline, or keyway, cut along the bottom of
the spindle. The tailstock body is made in two parts. The bottom, or base, is fitted to the ways;
the top can move laterally on its base. The lateral movement can be closely adjusted by
setscrews. Zero marks inscribed on the base and top indicate the center position and provide a
way to measure set over for taper turning. Before inserting a dead center, a drill, or a reamer into
the spindle, carefully clean the tapered shank and wipe out the tapered hole of the spindle.
After a drill or reamer is placed into the tapered hole of the spindle, make sure that the
tool will not turn or revolve. If the tool is allowed to revolve, it will score the tapered hole and
destroy its accuracy. The spindle of the tailstock is engraved with graduations which help in
determining the depth of a cut when a piece is drilled or reamed.
Figure3.3 Tailstock

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3.2.4 Carriage
The carriage carries the cross feed slide and the compound rest which in turn carries the
cutting tool in the tool post. The carriage slides on the ways along the bed. The wings of the H-
shaped saddle contain the bearing surfaces which are fitted to the Vways of the bed. The cross
piece is machined to form a dovetail for the cross feed slide. The cross feed slide is closely fitted
to the dovetail and has a tapered gibe which fits between the carriage. Dovetail and the matching
dovetail of the cross feed slide. The gibe permits small adjustments to remove any looseness
between the two parts. The slide is securely bolted to the crossfeed nut which moves back and
forth when the crossfeed screw is turned by the handle. The micrometer dial on the crossfeed
handle is graduated to permit accurate feed. Depending on the manufacturer of the lathe, the dial
may be graduated so that each division represents a 1 to 1 ratio.
The compound rest is mounted on top of the crossfeed slide. The carriage has T-slots or
tapped holes for clamping work for boring or milling operations. When the lathe is used in this
manner, the carriage movement feeds the work to the cutting tool which is revolved by the
headstock spindle. The carriage can be locked in any position on the bed by tightening the
carriage clamp screw. The clamp screw is to be used only when doing work for which
longitudinal feed is not required, such as facing or cutting off stock. Normally, the carriage
clamp is kept in the released position. The carriage is always moved by hand to make sure that it
is free before the automatic feed is applied. The carriage consists of the tool post which carries
the tool used in lathe machine.
Figure3. 4Carriage

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3.2.5 Lead screw
The lead screw is used for thread cutting. Along its length are accurately cut Acme
threads which engage the threads of the half-nuts in the apron when the half-nuts are clamped
over it.When the lead screw turns inside the closed half nuts, the carriage moves along the ways
a distance equal to the lead of the thread in each revolution of the lead screw. Since the lead
screw is connected to the spindle through a gear train the lead screw rotates with the spindle.
Whenever the half-nuts are engaged, the longitudinal movement of the carriage is directly
controlled by the spindle rotation. The cutting tool is moved a definite distance along the work
for each revolution of the spindle.
The ratio of the threads per inch of the thread being cut and the thread of the lead screw is
the same as the ratio of the speeds of the spindle and the lead screw. For example: If the lead
screw and spindle turn at the same speed, the number of threads per inch being cut is the same as
the number of threads per inch of the lead screw. If the spindle turns twice as fast as the lead
screw, the number of threads is being cut is twice the number of threads per inch of the lead
screw. The ratio of the threads per inch of the thread being cut and the thread of the lead screw is
the same as the ratio of the speeds of the spindle and the lead screw. For example: If the lead
screw and spindle turn at the same speed, the number of threads per inch being cut is the same as
the number of threads per inch of the lead screw. If the spindle turns twice as fast as the lead
screw, the number of threads is being cut is twice the number of threads per inch of the lead
screw
Figure3. 5Lead screw

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Chapter Four
4 Accessories & Cutting Tool Used in Lathe Machine
4.1 Lathe Accessories
The lathe machines are provided with different accessories. Lathe accessories are used for
holding and supporting the work and holding the tool. The following are the accessories
employed with the lathe
4.1.1 Centre
The lathe centers are used for supporting the work during turning operations. There are
two centers i.e. live centre and dead centre. The work piece is held between these two centers.
4.1.2 Chuck
A chuck is one of the most important devices for holding and rotating the piece of the work
on lathe. It is attached to the headstock spindle by the means of bolts with back plates and set
scews on the spindle nose. Types of chucks:
 Three jaw chuck.
 Four jaw chuck.
 Combination chuck.
 Collect chuck.
 Spindle chuck.
 Magnetic chuck.
 Air operated chuck.
4.1.3 Face plates
It is a cast iron circular disc, having a threaded hole a itscentre so that it can be screwed
on the threaded nose of the spindle. There are number of holes and slots provided on this plate. It

17. 15
is used for holding the work, which cannot be held between centres or on the chuck. The work is
held with the help of clamping plates and bolts.
Driving plate or catch plate
A catch plate is plane disc made up of cast iron or steel. It has a central boss and catch pin
projecting from it. It is screwed on the threaded nose of headstock spindle. It is used for driving
the work with the help of projecting pin on it, with the dog or carries clamp to work while
turning the work between the centres.
Angle plate
Angle plate is a “L” shaped cast iron plate. Two faces of the plates are at right angle and
having slots for clamping face plate on its surface. It is used for holding the work, which is not
possible to mount directly on the face plate.
Mandrel
Mandrel is a device used for holding a hollow workpiece that has been previously drilled
or bored. It is the solid shaft made up of high carbon steel. It is mounted between centres and
work revolves with it. It is driven by the driving plate and carrier. Different types of mandrel are:
 Plain mandrel.
 Collar mandrel.
 Cone mandrel.
 Expansion mandrel.
 Step mandrel.
Rest
It is the device which is used to support long slender jobs at an intermediate point to
prevent it from bending, due to its own weight and vibration caused by cutting force acting
on it. Rest will be used when length of workpiece is more than 12 times its diameter.
Common types of rest used are:

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 Steady rest.
 Follower rest.
4.2 Cutting Tool Used In Lathe Machine
The main function of the cutting tool is to remove the unwanted material from the work
piece in form of chips to give it desire shape and size. In metal cutting process chip can be
removed either by cutting having cutting edges or by abrasive i.e. gringing wheel.
The cutting tools can be classified as:
I) On the basis of cutting edges.
 Single point cutting tool.
 Multi-point cutting tool.
II) On the basis of motion of tool.
 Linear motion tool.
 Rotary motion tool.
 Linear and rotary motion tool.
Single point cutting tool
I. Shank: - The shank is the main body of the tool.
II. Nose: - The nose is the part of the cutter bit which is shaped to produce the cutting edges.
III. Face: - The face of the cutter bit is the surface at the upper side of the cutting edge on which
the chip strikes as it is separated from the work piece.
IV. Side: - The side of the cutter bit is the near-vertical surface which, with the end of the bit,
forms the profile of the bit. The side is the leading surface of the cutter bit used when cutting
stock.
V. Base: - The base is the bottom surface of the shank of the cutter bit.
VI. End: - The end of the cutter bit is the near-vertical surface which, with the side of the bit,
forms the profile of the bit. The end is the trailing surface of the cutter bit when cutting.
VII. Heel: - The heel is the portion of the cutter bit base immediately below and supporting the
face.

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Figure4. 1 lathe machine cutting tools

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Chapter Five
5 Operations Performed On Lathe Machine
5.1 Facing
Facing is the square finishing of the ends of the work piece and is often used to bring the
piece to a specified length. In facing operations, the cutter bit does not traverse laterally (left or
right) but cuts inward or outward from the axis of the piece. Facing of the ends is usually
performed before turning operations.
5.2 Straight turning
Straight turning may he performed upon a work piece supported in a chuck, but the
majority of work pieces turned on an engine lathe are turned between centers. Turning is the
removal of metal from the external surface of cylindrical work pieces using various types of
cutter tool bits.
5.3 Finish turning
When the work piece has been rough turned to within about 1/32 inch of the finished size,
take a finishing cut. A fine feed, the proper lubricant, and above all a keen-edged toolbit are
necessary to produce a smooth finish. Measure carefully to be sure that the workpieceis being
machined to the proper dimension. The lathe should be stopped whenever measurements are to
be made.
5.4 Parting
One of the methods of cutting off a piece of stock while it is held in a lathe is a process
called parting. This process uses a specially shaped tool with a cutting edge similar to that of a
square nose cutting tool. The parting tool is fed into the rotating work piece, perpendicular to its
axis, cutting a progressively deeper groove as the work piece rotates. When the cutting edge of
the tool gets to the center of the work piece being parted, the workpiece drops off. Parting is used

21. 19
to cut off parts that have already been machined in the lathe, or to cut tubing and bar stock to
their required lengths.
5.5 Taper turning
In ordinary straight turning, the cutting tool moves along a line parallel to the axis of the
work, causing the finished job to be the same diameter throughout. However, when cutting a
taper, the tool moves at an angle to the axis of the work, producing a taper. Therefore, to turn a
taper, the work must either be mounted in a lathe so that the axis upon which it turns is at an
angle to the axis of the lathe, or cause the cutting tool to move at an angle to the axis of the lathe.
5.6 Chamfering
Chamfering is operation of producing a bevel shape finish at the end of workpiece.
Chamfering is done for removing burrs and for protecting the end from getting damaged.
Chamfering is essential after thread cutting operation. It may be performed after turning,
knurling, boring, drilling etc.
5.7 Knurling
Knurling is the operation of producing a diamond shaped pattern on the surface of the
workpiece. The purpose of knurling is to provide an effective gripping surface on a workpiece to
prevent it from slipping when operated by hand. Knurling is provided on handle of the machine
and gauges. It is done by the knurling tool, which consists of hardened steel rollers in a holder.
The rollers have a teeth cut in a definite pattern on their surface. Knurling is done at very low
speed. The feed during knurling varies from 1mm to 2 mm per revolution.
5.8 Drilling
Drilling is the operation of producing a cylindrical hole by removing metal by the rotating
edge of the cutting tool called as drill. The workpiece is held in chuck and drill tool is fitted in
tailstock barrel. The drill is fed to workpiece by rotating hand wheel of tailstock. The speed of
feed during drilling is 25% less than normal speed

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6 Conclusion
Finally, at the end of our project report that we have studied about Lathe machine and get
knowledge about all parts of the lathe machine, this project report also focuses on the lathe
machine, its working and classification and their details such as components and parts of lathe
machine and their specification and the application of it inside the workshops of engineering
activities.
After a long period of studying and analysing we have obtained safe results that is about
what a named Lathe machine and maintenance.
We expect that this detailed report will helpful for the workshop departments and anyone
who studies the lathe machine in the future period.

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7 References
1. R. R. Chakule et al.‘Optimization of Cutting Parameters and Grinding
Process for Surface Roughness using Taguchi Method band CFD Analysis’
International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.3, No.7,pp 23-
30, July 2015.
2. Balwinder Singh et al. ‘Effect of Process Parameters on Surface Roughness
of Mild Steel Processed by Surface Grinding Process’ AJEAT Vol.1 No.2,
pp 1-4, July - December 2012.
3. M.Melwin Jagadeesh Sridhar et al. ‘Optimization of Cylindrical Grinding
Process Parameters of OHNS Steel Rounds Using Design of Experiments
Concept’ International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, Vol.
17 No. 3, pp 109-114, Nov 2014.
4. Lijohn P George et al. ‘Study on Surface Roughness and its Prediction in
Cylindrical Grinding Process based on Taguchi method of optimization’
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Vol. 3, Issue
5, pp 1-5, May 2013.
5. Pawan Kumar et al. ‘Optimization of Process Parameters in Surface
Grinding Using Response Surface Methodology’ IJRMET Vol. 3, Issue 2,pp
245-252 May - Oct 2013.
6. Module 5 Abrasive Processes (Grinding) Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur.