Report on Double Crane Hook

2. i
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the work in this project is our own except for quotations and
summaries which have been duly acknowledged.
Date: 20/dec/2018
Name Registartion number Contact:
Abdirahman Said Dhore B1EN27 Abdirahmansaciid04@gmail.com
Abdullahi Abubakar Ahmed B1EN34 Engdalmar74@gmail.com
Abdullahi Hashi Salad B1EN44 Raagehashi@gmail.com

3. ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First and foremost, we would like to thank Allah (Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala) for
giving us faith, health, strength, ability and patience to finish this humble effort. We hope
that this project will contribute to the university research in this field.
We would like to extend our sincere thanks to the lecturer of our class, Eng.
Ahmed Ali Abdi, for his help, suggestions, corrections, long-term guidance in support,
the tremendous teaching, warm encouragement and considerate understanding
throughout the course of our study. We are truly grateful for all his support and
encouragement.
We would like to express our appreciation to our colleagues, friends, lecturers,
academic and general staff of Somali National University. And we wish to extend our
grateful appreciation to all those who had contributed directly and indirectly to the
preparation of this project.
We would like to thank our beloved family for all support, patience,
understanding, and being helpful throughout our study. Especially, we give our deepest
gratitude and sincerest love to our parents for their love, support, encouragement,
patience, and assistance through our entire life. We are forever indebted to our parents,
who always keep us in their prayers, encourage us to pursue higher goals and cheer us up
in the difficult moments.

4. iii
ABSTRACT
To transfer the heavy objects is very difficult. By using crank hook, it is easy to
carry the heavy loads. Crank hook is a mechanical component used to carry heavy loads
and machinery elements to transfer from one place to another place. Heavy crane hooks
are used in ship yards. Steel, carbon and high carbon steel are the materials used for
manufacturing of crane hooks. Crank hook undergoes circumferential Stress, shear stress.
The main objective of this project is to design a crane hook in AUTOCAD 2016

5. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
DECLARATION………………………………………………………………. i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………... ii
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………. iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………. iv
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………. v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………. vi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction………………………………………………... 1
1.2 History of crane hook……………………………………… 1
1.3 Types of Crane Hooks
1.3.1 Single Crane Hooks vs. Double Crane Hooks.......... 2
1.3.2 Forging Crane Hooks vs. Laminated Crane Hooks... 3
1.3.3 Closed Hooks vs. Semi-Closed Crane Hooks........... 5
1.3.4 Electric rotary hooks.......................................... 6
1.4 Applications of crane hook............................................. 6
1.5 The components of the crane hook
………………………...
8
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction………………………………………………... 9
CHAPTER III DESIGN OF THE CRANE HOOK IN AUTOCAD
3.1 Introduction………………………………………………... 10
3.2 The History of CAD………………………………………….. 10
3.3 The Units Of The CAD……………………………………. 11
3.4 Designing of crane hook in AUTOCAD 2016
3.4.1 Making the hook…………………………………… 11
3.4.2 Making a crane ……………………………………… 14
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1 Conclusions ……………………………………………….. 18

6. v
REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………... 19
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Description Page
1.1 Single Crane Hooks…………………………………………… 3
1.2 Double Crane Hooks……………………………………………. 3
1.3 Forging Crane Hooks…………………………………………... 4
1.4 Laminated Crane Hooks......................................................... 4
1.5 Closed Crane Hooks…………………………………………….. 5
1.6 Semi-Closed Crane Hooks……………………………………… 5
1.7 Electric rotary Hook…………………………………………….. 6
1.8 Assembly of the components of the crane hook and their names. 8
3.1 Drawing of line………………………………………………... 11
3.2 Drawing of circle……………………………………………… 11
3.3 Drawing of two tangent circles………………………………….. 11
3.4 Drawing of lines tangent to the circle…………………………… 12
3.5 After cut unwanted parts………………………………………. 12
3.6 Mirroring the object……………………………………………... 12
3.7 Extruding the object…………………………………………... 12
3.8 Assembling the object………………………………………… 13
3.9 Hook of the crane……………………………………………….. 13
3.10 Filleting the hook of the crane………………………………….. 10
3.11 Drawing of plate using circles………………………………….. 14
3.12 Drawing of plate extruded………………………………………. 14
3.13 Drawing support plate using circles…………………………….. 14
3.14 Support plate extruded…………………………………………... 14
3.15 Assembling of plate and support plate………………………….. 15

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3.16 Drawing of hook anchor using rectangles and circles………… 15
3.17 Hook anchor extruded………………………………………… 15
3.18 Assembling of plate, support pate and hook anchor…………….. 15
3.19 Push extruded…………………………………………………. 16
3.20 Drawing of lock nut using rectangles and circles……………….. 16
3.21 Lock nut extruded……………………………………………... 16
3.22 Lock nut and hook anchor assembled…………………………. 16
3.23 Drawing of plate spacer using circles and rectangles…………… 17
3.24 Whole project assembled completely…………………………. 17
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AUTOCAD Automatic Computer Aided Design
FEA Finite Element Analysis
CADD COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN DRAWING
FEM FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING
2D TWO Dimensional
3D THREE Dimensional

8. 1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Cranes are industrial machines that are mainly used for materials movements in
construction sites, production halls, assembly lines, storage areas, power stations and similar
places. Their design features vary widely according to their major operational specifications
such as: type of motion of the crane structure, weight and type of the load, location of the crane,
geometric features, operating regimes and environmental conditions. A hook is a tool
consisting of a length of material that contains a portion that is curved or indented, so that this
portion can be used to hold another object. In a number of uses, one end of the hook is pointed,
so that this end can pierce another material, which is then held by the curved or indented
portion. In the industries crane hooks are one of the important components. They are used to
transfer the materials having heavy loads. Crane hooks are liable components subjected to
failure due to stress in accumulation of heavy loads. Area of cross section, material and radius
of crane hook are the design parameters for crane hook. Failure of a crane hook mainly depends
on three major factors i.e. dimension, material, overload. (1)
1.2 History of crane hook
The first known construction cranes were invented by the Ancient Greeks and were
powered by men or beasts of burden, such as donkeys. These cranes were used for the
construction of tall buildings. Larger cranes were later developed, employing the use of
human tread wheels, permitting the lifting of heavier weights. In the High Middle Ages,
harbour cranes were introduced to load and unload ships and assist with their construction –
some were built into stone towers for extra strength and stability. The earliest cranes were
constructed from wood, but cast iron, iron and steel took over with the coming of the Industrial
Revolution.

9. 2
For many centuries, power was supplied by the physical exertion of men or animals,
although hoists in watermills and windmills could be driven by the harnessed natural
power. The first 'mechanical' power was provided by steam engines, the earliest steam
crane being introduced in the 18th or 19th century, with many remaining in use well into
the late 20th century. Modern cranes usually use internal combustion engines or electric
motors and hydraulic systems to provide a much greater lifting capability than was
previously possible, although manual cranes are still utilized where the provision of power
would be uneconomic. (4)
1.3 Types of Crane Hooks
Crane hooks are classified depending on their manufacturing materials as well as the
intended usage and, (amongst other factors) according to this, some aspects are more important
than others. Different types of crane hooks can be classified according to their shapes, method
of manufacture, mode of operation or other unique characteristics. They are made in a variety
of styles to meet specific needs and they are rated for loads of specific type and size. To
understand this deeply, we’ll focus on the main types of crane hooks available in the market
and see which applications they are most suitable for.
Before we start though, is important to remember that crane hooks or lifting hooks are
necessary in order to move different and many types of loads and that there are a lot of uses
depending on the application the intended use is for
1.3.1 Single Crane Hooks vs. Double Crane Hooks
This being said, when you’re looking to define crane hooks depending on their shape,
you will usually be able to choose between single crane and double crane hooks. As the name
suggests, the main difference between these two options is the number of hooks included, and
there are different sub-types possible such as the C-hooks (which is essentially a single hook
variant with a slightly different shape. (9)
Single Crane Hooks are the right choice if your machinery deals with loads of up to 75
tons; this lifting hook is very simple and easy to use no matter which variant you choose.

10. 3
Double Crane Hooks are similar in conception, but their design provides superior
bearing which is suitable for heavier loads of over 75 tons.
1.3.2 Forging Crane Hooks vs. Laminated Crane Hooks
When it comes to the manufacturing methods used to create crane hooks, there are two
main styles available: forging crane hooks and laminated crane hooks. Each option offers
particular benefits and drawbacks that must be kept in mind while deciding which is better
suited for our specific requirements.
Fig 1.2 shows Double Crane Hooks
Fig 1.1 shows single Crane Hooks

11. 4
Forging Crane Hooks are forged from a single piece of high quality steel with low
carbon which is cooled slowly to ensure optimum stress resistance (usually ranging from 16Mn
to 36MnSi). These hooks typically feature very simple manufacturing and are also very simple
to use, since they’re made of a single piece, with installation being very straightforward.
Laminated Crane Hooks are a little more complex, and are comprised of several
steel plates riveted together to ensure higher stress resistance and increased safety.
These hooks are conceived in a way that allows the hook to keep working even if some
of the individual parts are damaged. Laminated hooks are available as single hooks as
shown fig1.4 right part or double laminated hooks as shown fig1.4 left part, and there
are several models available to match different applications. (10)
Fig 1.3 Shows Forging Crane Hooks
Fig 1.4 Shows Laminated Crane Hooks

12. 5
1.3.3 Closed Hooks vs. Semi-Closed Crane Hooks
If you are concerned about having the right hook attachments, then you have to choose
between closed and semi-closed crane hooks. These types of hook feature an attachment for
added security for carrying heavy loads; as the name suggests, the attachment can be closed or
semi-closed.
Closed Crane Hooks attachments are somewhat harder to use and more time-
consuming, but they offer the highest possible safety measures and load bearing potential.
Semi-Closed Crane Hooks aim to bridge the gap, as they offer increased security levels
compared to standard lifting hooks, while being reasonably simpler to attach and dismount than
closed hooks.
Fig 1.5 Shows Closed Crane Hooks
Fig 1.6 Shows Semi-Closed Crane Hooks

13. 6
1.3.4 Electric Rotary Hooks
If you have a requirement for a state of the art crane hook that offers the best features
as well as the highest convenience, you will likely have to choose between electric rotary hooks
or other types of sophisticated crane hooks.
An electric rotary hook is a sophisticated piece of equipment that will improve the
crane’s manoeuvrability and effectiveness when hauling containers. These hooks feature the
ability to rotate while keeping a strong hold on the cargo, which means they can be extremely
convenient and productive in situations that involve moving many containers around limited
spaces (7)
1.4 applications of crane hooks
A crane is a machine, equipped with a hoist, wire ropes or chains and sheaves used to lift
and move heavy material. Cranes are mostly employed in transport, construction and
manufacturing industry. Overhead crane, mobile crane, tower crane, telescopic crane, gantry
crane, deck crane, jib crane, loader crane are some of the commonly used cranes. A crane hook
is a device used for grabbing and lifting up the loads by means of a crane. It is basically a
hoisting fixture designed to engage a ring or link of a lifting chain or the pin of a shackle or
cable socket. Crane hooks with trapezoidal, circular, rectangular and triangular cross section
are commonly used. (5)
Fig 1.7 Shows electric rotary Hook

14. 7
The applications of crane hooks are classified into three sections which are:
1. Construction: in this section are mainly used in construction applications, such as
mobile cranes, rough- and all terrain cranes, crawler cranes and tower cranes
2. Industrial: Typical applications in this section are overhead cranes in a wide variety of
industrial settings such as steel mills or ship yards
3. Rigging: This type of forged hooks is produced in heat treated carbon or heat
treated alloy steels. A general purpose rigging hook with optional latch. Load must be
applied in line with eye firmly in the base (bowl-saddle) of the hook. Note: The latch is
designed to retain such items as slings and chain under slack conditions and is not
intended to support the load. (6)

15. 8
1.5 The Components Of Crane Hook
Figure1.8 shows the assembly of the components of the crane hook and their names

16. 9
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Crane hooks are the components which are generally used to elevate the heavy load in
industries and constructional sites. Recently, excavators having a crane‐hook are widely used
in construction works site. Studied the stress pattern of crane hook in its loaded condition, a
solid model of crane hook is prepared with the help of ABAQUS software. Real time pattern
of stress concentration in 3D model of crane hook is obtained. The stress distribution pattern
is verified for its correctness on an acrylic model of crane hook using shadow optical method
(Caustic method) set up. By predicting the stress concentration area, the shape of the crane is
modified to increase its working life and reduce the failure rates. Investigated circumferential
stress concentration factors with shallow notches of the lifting hooks of trapezoidal cross‐
section employing finite element analysis (FEA). The stress concentration factors were widely
used in strength and durability evaluation of structures and machine elements. The FEA results
were used and fitted with selected generic equation. This yields formulas for the fast
engineering evaluation of stress concentration factors without the usage of finite element
models. The design rules of the lifting hooks require using ductile materials to avoid brittle
failure; in this respect they investigated the strain based criteria for failure, accounting the stress
triaxiality analyze the stress state in the hook using approximate and exact methods. They
calculated stresses in various parts of the hook material firstly by assuming hook as a straight
beam and then assuming it as a curved beam. Analytical methods were used with the help of
computers, using FEM presented the solid modeling and finite element analysis of crane boom
has been done using PRO/E WILDFIRE 2.0 and ALTAIR HYPER MESH with OPTISTRUCT
8.0 SOLVERY studied the probable causes which led to a failure of the crane hook in service.
The study of accident includes: details of the standards governing the manufacturing and use
of lifting hooks, experimental analysis, mechanical behavior of steel of reported hook and
simulation of the thermal history of the hook. From the literature survey it is understood by this
author that there is a lot of scope for studying the design and the stress analysis with different
cross sections. Taking into this consideration, the author has embarked on studying the design
as well as stress analysis of crane hook with four different cross sections such as rectangle,
trapezoidal, triangle and circular cross sections. (2)

17. 10
CHAPTER THREE: DESIGN OF THE CRANE HOOK IN AUTOCAD
3.1 Introduction Of AutoCAD
CADD is an electronic tool that enables us to make quick and accurate drawings with the
use of a computer. Drawings created with CADD have a number of advantages over drawings
created on a drawing board. CADD drawings are neat, clean and highly presentable. Electronic
drawings can be modified quite easily and can be presented in a variety of formats. There are
hundreds of CADD programs available in the CADD industry today. Some are intended for
general drawing work while others are focused on specific engineering applications. There are
programs that enable you to do 2D drawings, 3D drawings, renderings, shadings, engineering
calculations, space planning, structural design, piping layouts, plant design and project
management (3)
3.2 The History of CAD
In 1883 Charles Barbage developed idea for computer. First CAD demonstration is given
by Ivan Sutherland (1963). A year later IBM produced the first commercial CAD system. Many
changes have taken place since then, with the advancement of powerful computers, it is now
possible to do all the designs using CAD including two-dimensional drawings, solid modeling,
complex engineering analysis, production and manufacturing. New technologies are constantly
invented which make this process quicker, more versatile and more powerful.
The first true 3D computer model created on CAD systems in the late 1970s was the 3D
wireframe model. Computer generated 3D wireframe models contain information about the
locations of all the corners and edges in space coordinates. The 3D wireframe models can be
viewed from any direction as needed and are in general reasonably good representations of 3D
design. With most CAD systems, creating 3D wireframe models usually starts with
constructing 2D entities in 3D space. Two of the most commonly used methods for creating
3D wireframe models are the Box method and the 2D Extrusion method. (8)

18. 11
3.3 The Units Of The CAD
Every object we construct in a CAD system is measured in units. We should determine the
system of units within the CAD system before creating the first geometric entities.
So that all units we use in our projects are in centimeter (cm)
3.4 Designing of crane hook in AUTOCAD 2016
3.4.1 Making The Hook
When Making the Hook We Will Use Line, Circle, Rectangle, Trim, Extrude, fillet and
Mirror Commands
4.
FIG: 3.1 Shows Drawing of Line with Length of 20cm
FIG:3.2 Shows Drawing of Circle of Diameter 47 To The End of the Line
FIG: 3.3 Shows Drawing of Two Tangent Circles with Diameters of 15 And 5 Inside The Circle

19. 12
FIG: 3.4 Shows Drawing of Lines Tangent to The Circle and Connecting to The End of the Line
FIG: 3.5 Shows after Cut Unwanted Parts by Using Trim Command
FIG:3.6 Shows Mirroring the Object
FIG: 3.7 Shows Extruding the Object

20. 13
FIG: 3.8 Shows Assembling the Object
FIG: 3.9 Shows Hook of the Crane
FIG: 3.10 Shows Filleting the Hook of the Crane with Radius OF 5

21. 14
3.3.2 Making the Crane Parts
When we are Making These Parts We Will Use Rectangle, Fillet, Circle, Sweep,
Polygons, Helix, Move and Copy Commands
FIG: 3.11 Shows drawing of plate using circles and tangent lines
FIG: 3.12 Shows drawing of plate extruded
FIG: 3.13 Shows drawing support plate using circles
FIG: 3.14 Shows support plate extruded

22. 15
FIG: 3.15 Shows assembling of plate and support plate
FIG: 3.16 Shows drawing of hook anchor using rectangles and circles
FIG: 3.17 Shows hook anchor extruded
FIG: 3.18 Shows assembling of plate, support pate and hook anchor

23. 16
FIG: 3.19 Shows push extruded
FIG: 3.20 Shows drawing of lock nut using rectangles and circles
FIG: 3.21 Shows lock nut extruded
FIG: 3.22 Shows lock nut and hook anchor assembled

24. 17
FIG: 3.23 Shows drawing of plate spacer using circles and rectangles
FIG: 3.24 shows whole project assembled completely

25. 18
CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSION
 Design of crane hook is done in AutoCAD 2016 software by using various commands.
Like; Line, Circle, Rectangle, Trim, Extrude, fillet, Mirror, Sweep, Polygons, Helix,
Move and Copy Commands.
 Boundary conditions are applied on these like on x direction , y direction , z direction
 When we were designing the crane hook in AutoCAD we use centimeter units so that
all units are in centimeter during this project of designing crane hook in AutoCAD
2016.

26. 19
REFERENCES
(2; 1)International journal of current engineering and scientific research (ijcesr)
(3)Textbook of Engineering Drawing; Second Edition
[4] Sloboda, A.; Honarmandi, P. 2007. Generalized elasticity method for curved beam stress
analysis: Analytical and numerical comparisons for a lifting hook, Mechanics Based Design of
Structures and Machines 35: 319-332. [5] Torres, Y.; Gallardo, J.M.; Dominguez J.; Jimenez,
F.J. 2010. Brittle fracture of a crane hook, Engineering Failure Analysis17:38-47.
(5) E .Narayndas, N. Puodziuniene (april,2012)
Circumferential stress concentration factor t the Symmetric shallow notches of lifting hook of
trapezoidal cross section.
(6)Rope block Lifting & Rigging_Metric2017v2
(7) Takuma nishimura, Taka muromaki, Kazuyuki Hanahara, Yukio Tada, Shigeyuki Kuroda
and tadahisafukui (Dec-2010):-Damage factor estimation of crane hook.
(8)International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics
(IJETCSE) ISSN: 0976-1353 Volume 12 Issue 2 –JANUARY 2015.
(9)International Journal of Research in Advent Technology (IJRAT) (E-ISSN: 2321-9637)
(10) International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)