5-6th December, Saigon http://www.powerindustry-events.com/Vietnam

1. Power Industry Conference
5 – 6 December 2012
Sheraton Saigon Hotel & Towers
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Latest Technologies for Harnessing Vietnam
Solar Power
Do Duc Tuong – DEVI Renewable Energies
tuong.do@devi-renewable.com
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2. About DEVI Renewable Energies
• A private research institute, found in March 2011
• Online RE portal www.devi-renewable.com
• Research
• Pico PV, stand-alone PV, grid connected PV
• Biomass pellets, briquette and gasification
• Biogas power generation
• Wind farm optimization, small wind turbine
• Education (short RE training course, Master programme in RE)
• Consultancy (designing W-kW-MW solar PV plants, rural
electrification solutions using wind, biomass and solar)
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3. Latest Technologies for Harnessing Vietnam Solar Power
Contents
1 Why solar energy?
2 Solar PV development in the world
3 Solar PV development in Vietnam
4 Potential of solar PV in Vietnam
5 Solar PV technologies for Vietnam
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4. Why solar energy?
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5. Latest Technologies for Harnessing Vietnam Solar Power
Contents
1 Why solar energy?
2 Solar PV development in the world
3 Solar PV development in Vietnam
4 Potential of solar PV in Vietnam
5 Solar PV technologies for Vietnam
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6. Solar PV development in the world
www.casio.com www.worldsolarchallenge.org Photon Magazine 1/2001
www.altestore.com www.theindependentbd.com sustentator.com
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7. Solar PV development in the world
Evolution of global cumulative installed capacity, 2000-2011
Source: EPIA, 2011b and EPIA, 2012.
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8. Solar PV development in the world
New installations¹ in year 2011, world : 27.7 GW
Cumulative installation until end of 2011: 67.4 GW
Electricity produced² from PV in 2011, world : 80 000 GWh
Net electricity generation Germany4 in 2010 : 590 000 GWh
Net electricity generation³ Vietnam in 2010: 86 000 GWh
(1): EPIA, Global market outlook for photovoltaics until 2015
(2): very rough estimation: 'production' = 1200 kWh/a*kW
(3): Website chinhphu.vn, date accessed 19/11/2011, “Kết quả sản xuất kinh doanh điện năm 2010”
(4): Electricity production, consumption and market overview, Eurostat, 2012
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9. Latest Technologies for Harnessing Vietnam Solar Power
Contents
1 Why solar energy?
2 Solar PV development in the world
3 Solar PV development in Vietnam
4 Potential of solar PV in Vietnam
5 Solar PV technologies for Vietnam
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10. Solar PV development in Vietnam
200kWp, Intel VN
12kWp, MOIT
154kWp, NCH 11kWp, Cu Lao Cham
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11. Solar PV development in Vietnam
400Wp, Quan Lan >1000kWp, Truong Sa
1500Wp, Ngoc Vung 5000Wp, Hon Chuoi
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12. Solar PV development in Vietnam
Cumulative PV installation in Vietnam is less than 5MWp
 BigC-Binh Duong 212kWp (under construction)
 Biggest PV plant: 200kWp (Intel building, 2012)
 National Conference Hall: 154kWp, 2009
 XP Power building: 40kWp, 2012
 MOIT’s building: 12kWp, 2011
 PPC HoChiMinh city 11kWp, 2012
 Bai Huong diesel-PV hybrid: 11kWp, 2009
 Mainly crystalline-Si technologies
 All projects use imported PV modules (*)
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13. Latest Technologies for Harnessing Vietnam Solar Power
Contents
1 Why solar energy?
2 Solar PV development in the world
3 Solar PV development in Vietnam
4 Potential of solar PV in Vietnam
5 Solar PV technologies for Vietnam
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14. Solar PV potential in Vietnam - Supply
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15. Solar PV potential in Vietnam - Supply
Solar radiation in Vietnam and Germany
Source: German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology and NASA , 2010
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16. Solar PV potential in Vietnam – German lessons
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17. Solar PV potential in Vietnam – demand side
 Grid-connected solar PV plants
 2015 VN is expected to be net energy importer
 Electricity price increase 20%/year
 Jun/2011: VN has 260 industrial zones, with 72,000ha
 Pico Solar and Solar Home System
 800.000 households in Gov.’s rural electrification program.
 Hundreds of Islands and remote regions not connected to the grid
 Mobile charging, computer power supply, fishing boats
 Hybrid Solar/Diesel systems
 Nearly 70,000 BTS systems requires 24/24 power supply
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18. Solar PV potential in Vietnam – an example
 Power supply from national grid is not reliable
 90 enterprises may loose 90 millions USD due to power cut1
• A warehouse in Binh Duong2
with 35,000m2 roof area can
supply 3.6MWp Solar PV by
roof-top plants
• Global solar radiation:
2.096kWh/m2/year
• System cost: 1.9Euro/Wp
1: http://cafef.vn/kinh-te-vi-mo-dau-tu/cat-dien-khu-cong-nghiep-hiep-phuoc-
cac-doanh-nghiep-co-the-mat-9-trieu-usd-200907161250672ca33.chn
2: DEVI’s estimation
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19. Latest Technologies for Harnessing Vietnam Solar Power
Contents
1 Why solar energy?
2 Solar PV development in the world
3 Solar PV development in Vietnam
4 Potential of solar PV in Vietnam
5 Solar PV technologies for Vietnam
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20. World PV market by technologies 2010
Source: NREL, 2010 Solar Technologies Market Report
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21. Best research solar cell efficiencies
Source: L.L. Kazmerski, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO
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22. Efficiencies of solar cells in the market
PV technologies Solar cell efficiencies
Single-crystalline (sc-Si) 14%-22%
Multicrystalline (mc-Si) 12%-19%
Amorphous (a-Si) 4% - 8%
Multi-junction thin silicon films (a-Si/ μc-Si) 10%
Cadmium-telluride (CdTe) 11%
Copper-indium-(di)selenide (CIS)
Copper-indium-gallium-(di)selenide (CIGS) 7 - 12%
Source: IEA, Solar Energy Perspective 2011
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23. Solar PV module prices 2009-2012
Jan 2009 Mar 2011 Feb 2012 price fell to
(€/Wp) (€/Wp) (€/Wp) (2009-2012)
C-Si, EU: 3.19 1.61 1.02 68%
C-Si, China: 2.93 1.32 0.74 75%
C-Si, Japan: 3.18 1.54 1.00 69%
TF- CdS/CdTe 2.09 1.09 0.61 71%
TF- a-Si 2.21 0.94 0.57 74%
- International spotmarket net bid prices, module only.
- Price C-Si turnkey plant in Germany times 1.5-1.9, thin-film times 1.9-2.4
Source: www.pvXchange.com, www.devi-renewable.com
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24. PV Technology roadmap
Source: PV Technology Roadmap: technology trends in crystalline and thin-film solar cells
Yole Développement, 2010
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25. Technology options for major cost reductions
 Progress and innovation in crystalline (Wafer) Si-technology
 increase efficiency,
 reduce material costs,
 innovate cell and module design
 increase productivity of investment
 Progress and innovation in PV Thin Film technologies.
 increase efficiencies
 innovative production technologies
 Concentrating Photovoltaics (CPV)
 Emerging and novel PV-technologies
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26. Progress and innovation in crystalline Si-technology
Development status
•fully commercial
•use the wafer-based crystalline silicon
(c-Si) technology, either single
crystalline (sc-Si) or multi-crystalline
(mc-Si).
Typical Structure:
•Glass
•Transparent lamination foil (EVA)
•Solar cells, electrically connected
•Back side protection (Teflon foil or
glass)
Source: Photon Special 2004
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27. Progress and innovation in crystalline Si-technology
Maximised efficiency and innovative cell structures for
monocrystalline and multicrystallie Silicon cells
•Metal contacts (laser fired back contacts, selective
emitters)
•Light trapping
•Surface passivation
•Quality of bulk material
•Innovative structures: back contact cells have
(+) and (-) busbars on their back side (rear emitters,
metal wrap through or emitter wrap through)
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28. Example: Crystalline Silicon Technology
Yong-An photovoltaic park
Location: Taiwan
Capacity: 4.6MW
Module: polycrystalline silicon
Supplier: Suntech
Onland installation, 2011
Source: http://www.pv-magazine.com
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29. Progress and innovation in PV Thin-Film technologies
 “Thin” => thin active layers on a cheap substrate,
=> low material costs
 Example: CdTe thickness reduced to 1.8 μm
 Manufacturing costs <0.7 US$/Wp
 Module efficiency ~11.7%
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30. Thin film technologies and production status
State of Technology Module Module Module
efficiency efficienc production
2007 y 2012 2010
a-Si/µ-Si Industrial mass production 6-7% 10-11% 1350MW
Turn-key solutions in the
market
CdTe Industrial mass production 8-10% 12% 1450MW
CdTe: fast process
CIS Industrial mass production 9-12% 14% 450MW
on the way
CIS process is complex
Source: Dr.Gabler, ZSW, Photon 4/2011
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31. Example: Thin Film Technology
LopBuri Power Plant
Location: LopBuri, Thailand
Capacity: 73MW
Modules: microamorphous thin-film (8.5-9%)
Supplier: Sharp Corp.
Onland installation, 2012
31 Photo: ADB/Flickr

32. Concentrating Photovoltaics (CPV)
The basic idea: solar radiation
Use cheap optics for
collection of the lens F0
sunlight and reduce
the expensive
semiconductor
material
Reduce cost of PV-
generated kWh solar cell Fc
III-V Solar Cells: 40% efficiency
Concentration factor: 500-1000 times heat transport
Source: Fraunhofer ISE, Dr.Gabler, SZW
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33. Concentrating Photovoltaics (CPV)
CPV - best suited for high Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) of regions with >
2000 kWh/m2/year (Middle East, South Africa, Australia, North America…)
Superior choice for hot climates – no need for active or passive cooling
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Source: Siemens

34. Emerging and novel PV-technologies
 Organic solar cells
 Replace inorganic semiconductors by semiconducting polymer
 Best cell efficiencies: 7.1%, (EUPVSEC Valencia, 2010)
 'up/down conversion‘
 Make PV cells with efficiency > 30 % by using larger parts of the
sun’s spectrum than single layer cells
 Thermo-Photovoltaics
Under research and development (EU, US) !
Photo: Fraunhofer press
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35. Concluding remarks
 Vietnam has huge potential for solar PV
 Lesson: the world solar PV industry has grown steadily,
however, subsidies play as important catalyst
 PV module prices will go down (down more than 70% in
the last 30 months, expected 10% on average annually)
 A coexistence of different technologies (Crystalline-Si, a-
Si, CdTe) help to harness the power of the sun for
Vietnam
 Niche market can play role as “driving force” for the solar
industry development
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36. Thank you for your attention !
Photo: Shutterstock
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