Lateral Mixing across Ice Meltwater Fronts of the Chukchi Sea Shelf

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This study examines lateral mixing across ice meltwater fronts in the Chukchi Sea shelf using models and observational data. The models show that eddies formed by instabilities along the meltwater front transport warmer water under the ice, enhancing ice melt. Heat flux from both the eddies and mean currents is an important contributor to seasonal ice retreat. Wind forcing also impacts meltwater front structure and stratification, altering instability formation and the interaction of currents and ice in the marginal ice zone.

Education

Lateral Mixing across Ice Meltwater Fronts
of the Chukchi Sea Shelf
Kofan Lu1, T. Weingartner1, S. Danielson1, P. Winsor1, E. Dobbins1, K.
Martini2,3, and H. Statscewich1
1School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA.
2Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Oceans, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington, USA.
3Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, Seattle, Washington, USA.
T1:2012
T2:2013
Geophysical Research Letters,
Volume 42, Issue 16 28 August 2015
Pages 6754–6761,
DOI: 10.1002/2015GL064967

ModelsBackgroundSummary
• 1 dbar-averaged CTD data
(CSESP)
• Nominal spacing of 15 km
Air-Sea
Interaction
BSW
MW
WW
BSW MW
WW
T1:2012
T2:2013
Density: WW>BSW>MW

BSW
MW
WW
BSW MW
WW
Density: WW>BSW>MW
ModelsBackgroundSummary
Air-Sea
Interaction
M1
M2
BSW MW
WW
BSW
MW
WW
Without External Forcing

ModelsBackgroundSummary
Air-Sea
Interaction
BSW
MW
WW
BSW MW
WW
Without External Forcing
Density: WW>BSW>MW

S N
S N
Initial Condition
• Uniform WW
• T = -1.4° C
• S = 33
Bering Sea Inflow
• 100 km width
• ~0.25 Sv
• T = 5° C
• S = 30
ModelsBackgroundSummary
Air-Sea
Interaction

S N
S N
Ice
Ice Layer
• Thickness: 2 meters
• Concentration: 100%
• No snow cover
Surface Forcing
• Diurnal shortwave radiation
• No longwave radiation
• Air temperature 10 °C
ModelsBackgroundSummary
Air-Sea
Interaction

Temperature
Salinity
ModelsBackgroundSummary
Air-Sea
Interaction

Melt water layer evolution
1. Fresh water formed
because of ice melting
2. Pushed back/mixed by
dense Winter Water
Temperature
Salinity
Temperature
Salinity
ModelsBackgroundSummary
Air-Sea
Interaction

Melt water evolution
3. Melt Water layer occurs on
southern edge of ice extent
4. BSW inflow separates MW and
WW layers
MW
MW
Temperature
Salinity
Temperature
Salinity
ModelsBackgroundSummary
Air-Sea
Interaction

MW
MW Ice
Surface Forcing
• Realistic shortwave radiation
• Apply surface heat flux from observations
Temperature
Salinity
ModelsBackgroundSummary
Air-Sea
Interaction

Instability-Induced Eddies
1. Density gradient -> baroclinic instability
2. Exchanges between potential energy and kinetic energy
ModelsBackgroundSummary
Air-Sea
Interaction
1 2
3
ζ

0 200 400 600
0
200
400
600
800
1000
45
45
45
45
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45
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46
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Ice Concentration, Day156
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Ice Distribution
1. Eddies-supported BSW
transports under ice layer
2. Instability-induced eddies
have significant effects on
ice melting
3. BSW mean flow impacts
the southern boundary of
ice extent
T1:2012
T2:2013
ModelsBackgroundSummary
Air-Sea
Interaction
ζ

Wind Forcing
• Instability-induced eddies
- Destabilizing surface buoyancy
- Enhance gravitational instability
• BSW Stratification
- Increase mixing?
- Restrain warm water intrusion?
• Ice/current motion
- Dragged by wind?
- Interacted with warm water?
ModelsBackgroundSummary
Air-Sea
Interaction
WIND
ρA
ρM
ρB ρW
ρA<ρM<ρB<ρW
S N
0 200 400 600
0
200
400
600
800
1000
45
45
45
45
45
45
46
46
46
46
46
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47
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Ice Concentration, Day156
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
ζ

Summary
• Heat flux associated with eddies along
MW/BSW front is a significant contributor
to seasonal ice retreat
• Heat flux associated with the mean flow is
as important as the atmospheric heat flux
• Wind is important to the formation of MIZ
instabilities by altering the structure of
MW fronts and BSW stratification
ModelsBackgroundSummary
Air-Sea
Interaction

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Lateral Mixing across Ice Meltwater Fronts of the Chukchi Sea Shelf

1. Lateral Mixing across Ice Meltwater Fronts of the Chukchi Sea Shelf Kofan Lu1, T. Weingartner1, S. Danielson1, P. Winsor1, E. Dobbins1, K. Martini2,3, and H. Statscewich1 1School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA. 2Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Oceans, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. 3Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, Seattle, Washington, USA. T1:2012 T2:2013 Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 42, Issue 16 28 August 2015 Pages 6754–6761, DOI: 10.1002/2015GL064967

2. ModelsBackgroundSummary • 1 dbar-averaged CTD data (CSESP) • Nominal spacing of 15 km Air-Sea Interaction BSW MW WW BSW MW WW T1:2012 T2:2013 Density: WW>BSW>MW

3. BSW MW WW BSW MW WW Density: WW>BSW>MW ModelsBackgroundSummary Air-Sea Interaction M1 M2 BSW MW WW BSW MW WW Without External Forcing

4. ModelsBackgroundSummary Air-Sea Interaction BSW MW WW BSW MW WW Without External Forcing Density: WW>BSW>MW

5. S N S N Initial Condition • Uniform WW • T = -1.4° C • S = 33 Bering Sea Inflow • 100 km width • ~0.25 Sv • T = 5° C • S = 30 ModelsBackgroundSummary Air-Sea Interaction

6. S N S N Ice Ice Layer • Thickness: 2 meters • Concentration: 100% • No snow cover Surface Forcing • Diurnal shortwave radiation • No longwave radiation • Air temperature 10 °C ModelsBackgroundSummary Air-Sea Interaction

7. Temperature Salinity ModelsBackgroundSummary Air-Sea Interaction

8. Melt water layer evolution 1. Fresh water formed because of ice melting 2. Pushed back/mixed by dense Winter Water Temperature Salinity Temperature Salinity ModelsBackgroundSummary Air-Sea Interaction

9. Melt water evolution 3. Melt Water layer occurs on southern edge of ice extent 4. BSW inflow separates MW and WW layers MW MW Temperature Salinity Temperature Salinity ModelsBackgroundSummary Air-Sea Interaction

10. MW MW Ice Surface Forcing • Realistic shortwave radiation • Apply surface heat flux from observations Temperature Salinity ModelsBackgroundSummary Air-Sea Interaction

11. Instability-Induced Eddies 1. Density gradient -> baroclinic instability 2. Exchanges between potential energy and kinetic energy ModelsBackgroundSummary Air-Sea Interaction 1 2 3 ζ

12. 0 200 400 600 0 200 400 600 800 1000 45 45 45 45 45 45 46 46 46 46 46 47 47 47 47 47 48 48 48 48 48 49 49 49 49 49 49 Ice Concentration, Day156 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Ice Distribution 1. Eddies-supported BSW transports under ice layer 2. Instability-induced eddies have significant effects on ice melting 3. BSW mean flow impacts the southern boundary of ice extent T1:2012 T2:2013 ModelsBackgroundSummary Air-Sea Interaction ζ

13. Wind Forcing • Instability-induced eddies - Destabilizing surface buoyancy - Enhance gravitational instability • BSW Stratification - Increase mixing? - Restrain warm water intrusion? • Ice/current motion - Dragged by wind? - Interacted with warm water? ModelsBackgroundSummary Air-Sea Interaction WIND ρA ρM ρB ρW ρA<ρM<ρB<ρW S N 0 200 400 600 0 200 400 600 800 1000 45 45 45 45 45 45 46 46 46 46 46 47 47 47 47 47 48 48 48 48 48 49 49 49 49 49 49 Ice Concentration, Day156 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 ζ

14. Summary • Heat flux associated with eddies along MW/BSW front is a significant contributor to seasonal ice retreat • Heat flux associated with the mean flow is as important as the atmospheric heat flux • Wind is important to the formation of MIZ instabilities by altering the structure of MW fronts and BSW stratification ModelsBackgroundSummary Air-Sea Interaction

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