Late Adulthood And Death Of An Individual Across The Life...

Late Adulthood And Death Of An Individual Across The Life...
Late Adulthood and Death
Stephanie Bohle
University of Phoenix
Late adulthood is a time to reflect back on one's life, travel, spend time with friends, family,
grandchildren and maintaining ones health for the years to come. During late adulthood an
individual's family history of genetics play a major role in ones quality of life in their final years,
such as if you have a significant family history of myocardial infarctions later in life, increases the
probability of you developing heart disease which often leads to a myocardial infarction.
Developing a heart healthy lifestyle diet can assist in the prevention of developing heart disease. In
this paper I will examine late adulthood and death of an individual across the life span development
process. Discuss ageism and stereotypes, evaluated how an individual can promote ones health and
wellness to mitigate the negative effects of aging, Analyze the importance of relationships and social
interactions nearing the end of life. Finally I will identify cultural and personal attitudes related to
death and dignity in late adulthood.
Ageism is known as a prejudice or discrimination based solely on one's age. Similar to sexism and
racism, ageism involves holding negative stereotypes about an individual based on them being a
different age. Gerontologist Robert N. Butler was the first to use the term ageism when he was
describing the discrimination against individuals within late adulthood. In modern day the term
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Middle Age And Older Adults Essay
Middle Aged and Older Adults Physical Activity Life Cycle Exercise: is a physical activity that is
intended to keep a person healthy and fit. Exercising is bodily movements and actions designed to
impact and improve one's aerobic conditioning, physical strength/endurance through weight training
(bone/muscle strengthening) and stretching/flexibility. Also a well–balanced physical activity
program that is both structured and a continual habit can improve one's overall mental health and
endurance. Exercising for middle aged and older adults especially can significantly improve balance
to reduce the fear of falling. Exercises such as Tai Chi, Water aerobics, and other exercises are
intended to increase strength, flexibility and balance. Regular and frequent exercise is a lifestyle
behavior. The outcome we all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The goal is simply, be physically active, doing something everyday. This can be easily achieved in
many different ways by walking during your lunch hour, jogging, playing with children, bicycling
or running in a neighborhood park. The best benefit for maintaining or sustaining an active living
lifestyle is getting involved in a social recreational fitness group. Participating in a social fitness
group helps to sustain and supports one's continuous involvement while socializing with others.
Dancing, cycling, golfing, walking, running and any other individual or group recreational activity
has its benefits for maintaining a level of personal health and fitness. While weaving exercise into
your active living routine may seem like a small lifestyle challenge, many studies have shown that
even modest amounts of exercising is beneficial. A Queen's University study showed people who
exercise over two and a half hours a week can live up to six years longer than their inactive
counterparts! Yet, 80% of Americans do not have an exercise regiment (American College of Sports
Medicine

Diversity And Public Administration By Harvey L. White And...
In the book entitled, Diversity and Public Administration by Harvey L. White and Mitchell F. Rice ,
White and Rice (2010) stated challenges will form from changes in demographics which are
affecting the demands of delivery and visions of products and services. Since 2000, minority
population has increased dramatically. In result of minority population increasing, public
organizations have a more diverse work environment. In the workplace, diversity can be a benefit.
According to the article entitled , "Advantages and Disadvantages of Diversity in the Workplace" by
David Ingram, Ingram(2015) stated that by have a diverse workplace allows the company to utilize
their employees' cultural difference to strengthen the organizations' productivity. Another advantage
of diverse workplace is that it increase employee's personal growth. By employees being expose to
cultural difference and new ideas, this allows employees to have global perspective on how to
conduct business (Ingram,2015). Diversity can also have disadvantages in the workforce. One of the
disadvantages is the ability of employees to respect each other cultural differences. Diverse
workplace has to endure several challenges and issues. One of the challenges of organizations
having diverse working environment is gerontology. Managers concerns with workers being older is
that they do not have ability to learn and adjust to new policies and methods. In the public
organizations, age is a challenge because

Cpr Dilemmas
The phenomenon of death is a complex event wrought with controversy both medically and
philosophically. Because the organ systems do not shut down all at once, the process of dying can
vary from a few minutes to several months depending on the medical problem. Furthermore, it is
difficult to determine the exact moment when a person is no longer a person. While the
advancement of medical knowledge and technology significantly decreases errors in when to call a
time of death; it has also, paradoxically, increased ethical problems between families and doctors.
Since the limitations of modern treatments are not well known to the public, families sometimes
continue to demand medical intervention against physician recommendations or patient wishes.
Moreover, the laws and hospital policies provide guidelines, but cannot perfectly resolve medical
disputes with all its complexities. To ensure that patient and family wishes are respected without
completely overriding the medical decision–making process, hospitals need to expand the use and
awareness of ethical committees to solve disputes before they end ... Show more content on
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"More than half (62.2%) of CPR recipients in the TV shows were between 18 and 65 years of age as
compared with data from a nationwide sample that shows that 60% of CPR recipients are over the
age of 65. Survival rates for this nationwide sample of in–hospital CPR recipients were 29.3% for
patients under the age of 65 as compared with TV depicted survival of 50% for this age group
(Portanova, et al.). Likewise, a study published in the "American Journal of Transplantation" on the
portrayals of brain death in cinema showed not only incorrect diagnosis and definition of brain
death but also misrepresented the process of organ donation for brain dead patients (Lewis, et

Gerontology Research Papers
The aging population continues to grow, and the issue of how and where elders are going to live
becomes more and more pressing. Bookman explores the idea of "aging in place" where seniors
remain in their own homes and communities. Many of these communities are in urban settings and
Bookman explores different settings and how they provide services as well as meaningful
connections for seniors. This study includes both interview data as well as site visits and proves
relevant to my research because of the timely information on previously held perceptions and
assumptions about the aging process. Post–retirement can be a time of vacations, golfing and travel
for some, but for others it can also be a time of economic hardship and loneliness. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their study results proved a probability of increased survival rates of people born in the early 1900s
by five years when they were able to stroll near their residence in park–like settings and tree–lined
streets in Tokyo. Planners should pay more attention to increasing the greenery in public areas that
are within easy walking distance to homes. In a five–year follow up study of 3,144 older people in
Tokyo which is a densely populated megacity, the longevity of senior citizens is positively
influenced regardless of the socioeconomic

Intergenerational Learning and Social Capital Essay
Intergenerational Learning and Social Capital
The elder cannot be an elder if there is no community to make him an elder. The young child cannot
feel secure if there is no elder, whose silent presence gives him or her hope in life. The adult cannot
be who he or she is unless there is a strong sense of the other people around. (M. P. Somé, Ritual
Power, Healing, and Community. Portland, OR: Swan/Raven & Co., 1993, p. 2)
Knowledge has been transmitted from one generation to another throughout history, often
informally or incidentally. In the last 40 years, more systematic and formal intergenerational
programs have arisen, with growing recognition of their integral relationship to lifelong learning and
broader social purposes (Hanks ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The research makes clear how past learning needs to be reconciled with the present, in the context
of...a future gaze or "vision." Externality refers to the relationships that people have with the outside
world... Externality is not only about developing and using networks...It is about having the identity
resource that allows one to see oneself as a member of the larger community of communities that
comprise society. (ibid., pp. 286–287)
One reason to consider intergenerational learning in this context is awareness of unequal access to
positive social capital and the risk that social exclusion and disadvantage will result in negative
social capital (Boström 2002). The family is typically the individual's initial source of social capital,
but the social changes of the last half century are having an impact on this source: increased life
expectancy, greater mobility, increased reliance on nonfamilial caregivers at both ends of the life
span, a more age–segregated society (e.g., retirement communities and youth culture), and decline
in civic participation (Boström 2002; Loewen 1996). Economic and social changes have resulted in
"changes in the social contract and evolving expectations about the relative position of generations
in society" (Hanks and Icenogle 1999, p. 52). The issue of generational equity arises:

Personal Narrative: A Career As A Clinical Assistant
During my last clinical rotation of my adult–gerontology acute care nurse practitioner graduate
program, I worked closely with an orthopedic surgeon at Massachusetts General Hospital. He
frequently became exasperated when residents would present new consults and focus solely on
imaging. He wanted to know what the history and physical revealed. One morning on rounds, he
grabbed my hands and exclaimed, "Always look at your patient! Touch them!" I hear his mumbling
British accent in the back of my head now when I walk into a patient's room after applying alcohol
gel to my hands and apologizing for the cold touch.
. This is something rings true as a registered nurse who has spent the majority of time in a surgical
intensive care unit. Nurses ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I don't remember the patient's face or his name. I do remember his father's tears and distress on eyes
while we performed chest compressions and pushed air into his lungs. I remember thinking if this
could have been possibly avoided if my voice had a stronger role in the team and my assessment
taken more seriously. I remember going to the lawyer's office in the hospital and being asked if I
saw the x–ray and replying that while I had, I was not qualified nor trained to interpret the image. It
was this helplessness for myself, for the patient, for his father, wife, and young children that
continues to motivate me to pursue continuous education. I do not want to stop when I am handed
my master's degree. I want to continue to be an expert in my field and share my knowledge in a
critical care fellowship. I have seen the benefit of physician fellowship in the surgical intensive care
unit at Massachusetts General Hospital. Not only does it allow for specialty training in critical care,
it allows the fellow the opportunity to learn how to lead, teach, and collaborate with a team of not
only doctors, but nurse practitioner, registered nurses, pharmacists, respiratory therapists, and many

Essay Dispelling the Myths of Ageism
Ageism is prejudice in which people are categorized and judged solely on the basis of their
chronological age (Berger, 2008). Our western culture has embedded ageism into our everyday
lives, and we may not be able to identify the ageist behavior when it occurs. Older adults are
frequently given negative labels such as senile, sad, lonely, poor, sexless, ill, dependent, demented,
and disabled. (McGuire, Klein, Shu–Li, 2008) It is inevitable that we will experience decline in
physical and mental capacities. However, the timing, quality, and degree of the aging process are
highly variable and very different for each individual. General assumptions and stereotypes about
aging are harmful to individual senior adults and do not benefit ... Show more content on
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The differences that men and women experience in their senior years are also covered. In the
workplace, many older people are able to perform at outstanding levels well passed age 65, but can
feel affect from ageism at a very early age of 40. A segment about issues faced by older workers in
the workplace will be included. Our world is becoming more connected and understanding how
other cultures view their elders also seems appropriate. Perhaps these few perspectives will bring
understanding and recognition to an important issue.
Ageism and Aging
Ageism in Society Ageism makes a great difference in our society and culture, even though most
people are not aware of it. Ageism creates needless fear, waste, illness, and misery, especially
among older people. It is a social disease much like racism and sexism (Palmore, 2005). Society
puts people into categories such as race, gender and age. The categories of race and sex will remain
the same thought out the lifetime. However every human being will progress into and out of each
age group during their lifetime regardless of race or gender. By definition, ageism can occur at all
stages of the lifespan. Childhood and adulthood are not the primary targets of ageism, but there are
occurrences of ageism. For example, lacking experience and maturity is a frequent stereotype for
adolescents. Curfews are applied to a specific age group to contain bad

Research Methods And Methods Of Interdisciplinary Research...
Barylski argues that in the highest level of analysis there are three ways in which to think and feel
while doing interdisciplinary research. The first is that the knowledge we use that has been
previously published was done by hard working researchers using sound research methods.
Secondly we should acknowledge that not all information is current and we might find research that
has been biased in some way. On the other hand, there may be research that is cutting edge and
therefore has not been tested sufficiently and may be controversial. Finally, it is important that we,
as researchers study both the strengths and weakness of our particular topic and not become cynical
or discouraged. At this higher level, research methods and the process of the research are the focus.
It's important that we understand where the studies originated, what the size of the population
sample was included, along with questions to ask about the funding of the study and what, if any,
bias may be in favor of one outcome or the other.
Aging is a process that occurs over a long period of time. The Baby–Boomers are 75 million people
who began to retire in 2011 and will continue to do so over the next twenty years. This is not the
generation of our parents and grandparents. My paragraphs on Gerontology/Social Work and
Sociology above reflect this highest level of analysis because without solid data and deep probing of
beliefs, many of which date back to childhood and may be subconscious, the

Research Proposal on Aging Mind and Memory
Aging mind and memory Customer Inserts His/Her Name Customer Inserts Grade Course Customer
Inserts Tutor's Name Writer Inserts Date Here (7, 12, 2010) Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 4
Objectives 5 Methods 6 Discussion 7 Conclusion 11 Literature review 13 Appendix 17 Bibliography
18 abstract The research aims at determining the affect of dementia on the lives of individuals and
how it impacts on their social interactions. The research will also identify the ways in which aging
individuals can refrain themselves from falling prey to this disease. It will highlight some important
information for caregivers who will better understand this disease and will know how to deal with
people who have this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Limitations However, every method used to collect research data has a few limitations attached to it
thus affecting the Research. Similarly, in our research method used, participants may be unwilling to
answer certain questions or may inaccurately answer them. Thus data may not be so accurate. Also
they may respond by providing us with biased answers which also in turn affects the quality of our
research. Discussion As a person grows older he becomes wiser with experience however the
experience of memory loss and cognitive slowing as a byproduct of aging affects our daily routines
and impacts our personality in a negative way. Chronological aging as a frame of reference for the
study of developmental phenomena is widely used but not very well understood. Two thirds of all
people eventually experience some significant loss of mental strength and understanding capabilities
as a result of aging. Usually people who are above the age of sixty experience significant cognitive
declines, including a weaker memory (memory loss or absentmindedness), a low concentration
level, unclear thoughts and a lost focus along with some other neurological problems like the
Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease or stroke. (W.Browne, 2003) Conclusion Aging naturally
causes changes in physical, cognitive, and social capabilities of a person. Age related changes like
declining strength and difficulty in remembering is experienced as a kind

Nursing Trauma Patients : What Is The Difference? Current...
1. Joseph, B. and A. Hassan, Geriatric trauma patients: what is the difference? Current Surgery
Reports, 2016. 4(1): p. 1.
2. Vincent, G.K. and V.A. Velkoff, The next four decades: The older population in the United States:
2010 to 2050. 2010: US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, US
Census Bureau.
3. Hobbs, F. and B.L. Damon, Sixty–five plus in the United States. 1996: US Department of
Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
4. Joseph, B., et al., Injury prevention programs against distracted driving: are they effective?
Traffic injury prevention, 2016. 17(5): p. 460–464.
5. Albert, M., L.F. McCaig, and J.J. Ashman, Emergency department visits by persons aged 65 and
over: United States, 2009–2010. NCHS data brief, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Critical Care, 2009. 13(2): p. R45.
17. De Rooij, S., et al., Short–term and long–term mortality in very elderly patients admitted to an
intensive care unit. Intensive care medicine, 2006. 32(7): p. 1039–1044.
18. Hamel, M.B., et al., Older age, aggressiveness of care, and survival for seriously ill, hospitalized
adults. Annals of Internal Medicine, 1999. 131(10): p. 721–728.
19. Somme, D., et al., Critically ill old and the oldest–old patients in intensive care: short–and long–
term outcomes. Intensive care medicine, 2003. 29(12): p. 2137–2143.
20. Needham, D.M., D.R. Feldman, and M.E. Kho, The functional costs of ICU survivorship:
collaborating to improve post–ICU disability. 2011, Am Thoracic Soc.
21. Hopkins, R.O., V.J. Spuhler, and G.E. Thomsen, Transforming ICU culture to facilitate early
mobility. Critical care clinics, 2007. 23(1): p. 81–96.
22. Morris, P.E., et al., Early intensive care unit mobility therapy in the treatment of acute
respiratory failure. Critical care medicine, 2008. 36(8): p. 2238–2243.
23. Schweickert, W.D., et al., Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated,
critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England), 2009. 373(9678): p.
1874–1882.
24. Burtin, C., et al., Early exercise in critically ill patients enhances short–term functional recovery.
Critical care medicine, 2009. 37(9): p.

Confucian Beliefs And Its Impact On Life With Different...
Different cultures have different outlooks on life with different values and beliefs that sustain their
daily lives. Chinese culture, like any other culture, has its own such beliefs, accepted behaviour and
specific day to day living that is dictated by the imposed societal and cultural norms(1). Confucian
teachings and principles are the foundations on which Chinese's value system is based on they
specifically imply the highest respect be given to elderly(2). The age–related archetype of a
caregiver was used for a child brought up under the influence of the Confucian teachings of filial
piety and for whom selfless generosity and caretaking are the primary motivating factors for his
behaviour(3). On the other hand, archetypes of Perfect Grandparent and Severely Impaired were
used to describe older Chinese generation(5). These archetypes summarized the role of the elderly in
context of the cultural norms(5). Filial piety, xiao in Chinese language, was derived from structured
relationships of traditional Confucian beliefs and the notion of 'intergenerational continuity' used to
describe the hierarchy of these relationships where elderly and the younger offspring were set to
play their specific roles(4)(7). As in Chinese culture aging is attributed to wisdom and experience,
the younger generation also has their own role to play in the society. They have an obligation
towards their parents and grandparents in all aspects of daily living whether it be providing financial
support,

Ageing
4. Discuss the physical and psychological changes associated with normal ageing. How can one
minimise pathological ageing?
The process of aging has been around as long as life itself. All living organisms pass through three
broad stages from conception to death, which are maturation, maturity and aging. Aging affects
everyone because nearly everyone has the potential to grow old and all the societies in which we
live have older members (Macdonald, 1997). Gerontology is the use of reason to understand aging.
The term was used to refer to the scientific study of aging, but nowadays it includes the study of
aging using views from other disciplines such as humanities, social policy and human services. To
correctly understand aging, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to counter act this one must maintain regular and also suitable exercise. One must take into
consideration the exercise tolerance in relation to his/her current age. Change to healthier lifestyle
by quitting smoking as this can have a direct relationship and can worsen the breathlessness. It is
important to not mix mild shortness of breath that does not affect normal daily activities with
shortness of breath at low exercise level and wheezing as these may be symptoms of chronic
bronchitis, asthma or heart failure.
Digestive System
A common change related to normal aging is changes that affect the digestive system. The most
common one observed in old age is constipation (Macdonald, 1997). In order to minimise
constipation it is essential or eat a fibre rich diet with more vegetables and fruit. Also maintaining
regular exercise can also reduce the chance of developing constipation. Stools with blood or mucus
are not part of normal ageing.
Urination
In normal ageing changes in urination also occurs. It is seen that there is more frequent urination at
night (Matteson et al., 1998). In order to minimise this pathological aspect of normal ageing, it is
suggested to avoid fluid intake one hour before sleeping. It is important to distinguish between
difficulty or pain while passing urine as this may be due to urinary tract infections and for men as
well as

Health Promotion And The Nurse Essay
The profession of nursing has come a long way from when it first began. In the 18th century, before
nurses were established, health care in homes was provided by mothers or housewives, and health
care in hospitals was provided by untrained servants (Novak, 1988). The role of nurses was not
recognized until an American public health reformer by the name Lemuel Shattuck, who is known
as the father of Public Health, suggested a change. Shattuck recommended that health departments
and boards become more organized and sanitary by educating nurses to care for the sick (Novak,
1988). In today's population, many hospitals and communities rely on the work of nurses to provide
health care. The research conducted for this paper identifies health promotion and the nurse's role
within in it, and health promotion specifically for nurses working in the specialty of Gerontology.
Nurses that specialize in Gerontology have been trained to work with anyone over the age of 65
with complex health problems and to help them achieve a sense of wholeness and well–being while
keeping their body, spirit, and mind healthy and active (Eliopoulis, 1997).
Health was originally seen as the absence of disease and illness. However, the health of an
individual is greatly impacted by many other factors such as their social and physical environment
and by increasing the control an individual has over their own health. Therefore, health promotion
can be summarized as enabling individuals to achieve a higher

Osteoporosis In Japanese Americans
Osteoporosis
Although there are many diseases that Japanese Americans suffer more from than mainland or
Hawaiian Japanese, Osteoporosis is a disease that Japanese Americans suffer more from than other
ethnic groups. Osteoporosis is a disease where the body looses too much bone proteins or doesn't
make enough which causes the bones to become weak which can be considered also as low bone
mineral density (BMD)(https://www.nof.org/patients/what–is–osteoporosis). This result can cause
things like hip fractures and shortened height, which are common occurrences in Japanese
Americans as they age. Japanese Americans in addition also experience the lowest BMD which is
one of the reasons they probably have the highest rate of Osteoporosis. In particular, ... Show more
Japanese Americans tend to be more work oriented and lead less of a physical lifestyle, resulting in
less movement and strain on the spine and hips. Japanese Americans also tend to be more lactose
intolerant, resulting in calcium deficiency and a lower bone density. Lactose Intolerance also creates
a issue among women, who rely on healthy fats throughout menopause in order to produce efficient
estrogen and conserve bone density. In a study an "increase of surgically induced menopause has
been seen in Japanese American women, with a mean age of the menopause seen being now seen at
the age of 51.5 compared to the 55.5 of native Japanese women." (Fujiwara S. et al) which means
that their estrogen levels are depleting faster compared to other ethnicities and subjecting them to a
higher risk of lower bone density and osteoporosis.
Fujiwara, S., Huang, C., Ross, P. D., Yamada, M., Kodama, K., Davis, J. W., & Wasnich, R. D.
(1999). Differences in health characteristics between native Japanese and Japanese–Americans.
Journal Of Cross–Cultural Gerontology, 14(3), 273.
Matthews, K. A., Abrams, B., Crawford, S., Miles, T., Neer, R., Powell, L. H., & Wesley, D. (2001).
Body mass index in mid–life women: relative influence of menopause, hormone use, and ethnicity.
International Journal Of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders, 25(6), 863.
What is

Research Proposal on Aging Mind and Memory
Aging mind and memory Customer Inserts His/Her Name Customer Inserts Grade Course Customer
Inserts Tutor's Name Writer Inserts Date Here (7, 12, 2010) Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 4
Objectives 5 Methods 6 Discussion 7 Conclusion 11 Literature review 13 Appendix 17 Bibliography
18 abstract The research aims at determining the affect of dementia on the lives of individuals and
how it impacts on their social interactions. The research will also identify the ways in which aging
individuals can refrain themselves from falling prey to this disease. It will highlight some important
information for caregivers who will better understand this disease and will know how to deal with
people who have this disease. As we all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dr Frisina has noticed this change in him as well as in other aging individuals he counsels. (Mares–
Perlman JA, 1998) The slow processing of sensations in the brain due to aging, reflect the cause
why so many older adults find it difficult to talk or make any speech in noisy environments. Older
adults with "normal" hearing also face the same circumstance. There are a lot of books and studies
which tell us that as a person grows older certain personality disorders develop. These Personality
disorders are reflected in their interpersonal skills also that older people tend to give unexpected
responses to clinical treatment. Patients with such personality disorders are often described in as
"difficult." (Committee, 2005) According to the recent studies the older people as compared to the
youth are becoming more economically and demographically attractive. However, there are costs of
an aging population that the society bears as a whole. (Andrews, 2009) Our society nowadays
discriminates the elderly and they are being ill treated. However Primitive agrarian cultures very
existence depended upon the knowledge earned from experience, valued their elders, but even they
were o moved to killing the non productive members of society because of harsh conditions of
subsistence living. (Carroll Estes, 2009) As the population continues to grow older age and life
expectancy increases. As a result continued awareness, study and research concerning

German and Norwegian Elderly Care Essay
German and Norwegian Elderly Care
Key words care users, care workers, formal and family care provision, access to health care, barriers
to health care, uninsured elderly, retirement homes Our elderly should be afforded the best possible
care. This care should not only be financial but mentally and emotionally as well. They may not be
able to care for themselves, but they have paid their dues, and took care of us now it's our turn to
take care of them. We were born into this world defenseless and helpless. We had not a worry in the
world nor any care or concern. Our parents or caregivers in most cases took care of us to the best of
their abilities and set us up to allow us to become the productive and successful people that we have
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Indian Journal of Gerontology 2013,)
Taking Care of our own.
In Germany, the law on LTCI was a compromise between the ideas and interests of not only local,
regional and national politicians, experts in quasi–public organizations, for example, healthcare
insurance funds, but also other social partners and actors outside the governmental system (see
Meyer 1996, Behning 1999, Theobald 2011). There were debates on funding problems of the
German healthcare insurance and the public costs related to the Dutch long–term care scheme. This
resulted in efforts to develop LTCI regulations that would enable the containment of the expected
public costs within a universal system (Meyer 1996, Rothgang 2010, Theobald 2011).
The Norwegian population is 4.5 million with 4% aged 80 years or above. The number with
dementia has been estimated at about 65000. (Statistics Norway, 2001) The Norwegians spends
more per capita on caring for elderly than any other country in worldwide. Nearly 10 per cent of the
annual budget goes towards providing of facilities and services to fulfill the government's guarantee
to its citizens that everyone will have a cost free private apartment post retirement in addition to the
assistance and care that they might need. (Indian Journal of Gerontology (2013,). As the largest
service sector, care for the elderly amounts to more than a quarter of the total municipal budget and
is nearly 3 per cent of its GDP. (Indian Journal of Gerontology

Reflection
Reflection Paper One
Advanced practice nursing (APN) can be loosely defined as an area of nursing in which nurses are
required to practice at an advanced level in a specific area of interest. APN extends the boundaries
of nursing's scope of practice and contributes to nursing knowledge, and the development of the
profession (Canadian Nurses Association, 2008). In order to become an APN, the nurse must obtain
a master's or doctoral degree from an accredited university in an area of concentration designated
for advanced practice nursing. According to Joel (2009), there are currently four major groups of
APNs: certified registered nurse anesthetist, certified nurse midwives, clinical nurse specialists, and
nurse practitioners. APN focus on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Future of the advanced practice nurse
With an aging population, and a high demand for primary care providers, a nurse practitioner will
play an important role in serving the elderly population. Unfortunately, it is felt that gerontology is a
specialty not viewed as important as others. According to de Chesney & Anderson, senior
citizens are among the most vulnerable in any society, including the United States (2012). Many
practitioners choose more glamorous or exciting specialties when beginning their careers. With an
increasingly aging baby boomer population, and a demand for primary care givers, a graduate
curriculum tailored for this population would not only raise more awareness and peak curiosity
among new APNs, but also benefit this vulnerable population with a flux of quality primary care
givers. The aging population is an important group we must hold in high regard and advocate for
them that high quality care is obtainable.
In conclusion, the nurse practitioner profession provides many diverse and challenging opportunities
to provide quality patient care, enhance knowledge base, and improve clinical skills. Also important
is the aged population. As this vulnerable group continues to expand, requiring primary care, the
nurse practitioner is a valuable player in the caregiver role. While the NP profession continues to
make advancements in the medical world, NPs will potentially have more

Chapter 14 The Economics Of Aging Summary
Quadagno, J. (1999). Chapter 14– The Economics of Aging. In Aging and the Life Course: An
Introduction to Social Gerontology (6th ed.). Boston: McGraw–Hill College.
This chapter is about how the economic status of the aged changed over recent decades. It addresses
the present status of the Social Security system and its future. It reviews the measures that may be
taken to ensure the viability of the Social Security system for future generations. It discusses the
difference between a defined benefit plan and a defined contribution plan and last, the chapter
considers how personal savings contribute to the support of the aged.
Angel, J. L., & Settersten, R. A., Jr. (n.d.). The New Realities of Aging: Social and Economic
Contexts ... Retrieved October 24, 2016, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK184354/.
This journal article overviews the new realities of aging as they are shaped by contemporary social
and economic contexts and the processes that give rise to them. It reviews the outcomes and
implications of aging as it relates to contemporary social and economic contexts; and it features the
importance of viewing the science of human aging through a sociological lens. ... Show more
These two literature also brings attention to the topic of retirement and the need for retirement
planning and decision making. Chapter 14 points out the plans that the aged needs to consider when
it comes to retirement. It describes two types of plans to be considered to include the defined
benefit. With the defined plan workers receive a monthly benefit based on their years of service with
an establishment and their prior earnings. Then there are the defined contribution plans that workers
and/or employers make contributions into a fund, which is invested on behalf of the

A Short Note On Intensive Care And The Elderly Essay
References:
1. Horn J. Intensive care and the elderly. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics. 1997;25(1):101–
110.
2. Angus DC, Barnato AE, Linde–Zwirble WT, et al. Use of intensive care at the end of life in the
United States: an epidemiologic study. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(3):638–643.
3. Bagshaw SM, Webb SA, Delaney A, et al. Very old patients admitted to intensive care in
Australia and New Zealand: a multi–centre cohort analysis. Critical Care. 2009;13(2):R45.
4. Kim PK, Kauder DR, Schwab CW. Acute Care Surgery and the Elderly. Acute Care Surgery:
Springer; 2007:187–193.
5. Levkoff SE, Cleary PD, Wetle T, Besdine RW. Illness behavior in the aged. Journal of the
American Geriatrics Society. 1988;36(7):622–629.
6. Watters JM, Blakslee JM, March RJ, Redmond ML. The influence of age on the severity of
peritonitis. Canadian journal of surgery. 1996;39(2):142.
7. Radtke F, Franck M, Hagemann L, Seeling M, Wernecke K, Spies C. Risk factors for inadequate
emergence after anesthesia: emergence delirium and hypoactive emergence. Minerva
anestesiologica. 2010;76(6):394–403.
8. Young J, Inouye SK. Delirium in older people. BMJ: British Medical Journal.
2007;334(7598):842.
9. Ansaloni L, Catena F, Chattat R, et al. Risk factors and incidence of postoperative delirium in
elderly patients after elective and emergency surgery. British Journal of Surgery. 2010;97(2):273–
280.
10. Lagoo–Deenadayalan SA, Newell MA, Pofahl WE. Common perioperative complications in
older patients. Principles

Stereotype Threat Elderly
The Effect of Stereotype Threat on Memory Performance of Elderly Individuals
Theresa A. Patterson
Mount Aloysius College
Literature Review Outline
Topic: The Effect of Stereotype Threat on Memory Performance of Elderly Individuals
I. Introduction A. Definition of stereotype threat (Steele & Aronson, 1995) B. Impact of stereotype
threat on cognitive performance tasks of elderly individuals 1. Effects of stereotype threat on
perceived cognitive abilities of elderly individuals (Stein, Blanchard–Fields, & Hertzog, 2002) 2.
Effects of stereotype threat on working memory of elderly individuals (Schmader & Johns, 2003) C.
Discussion of trends in research studies regarding the effect of stereotype threat ... Show more
(2003). The impact of stereotype threat on age differences in memory performance. Journal of
Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 58(1), 3–11.
Howard, D. (1979). Category norms for adults between the ages of 20 and 80. Technical Report No.
NIA–79–1, Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.
Levy, B. (1996). Improving memory in old age through implicit self–stereotyping. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 71(6), 1092–1107.
Levy, B., Hausdorff, J., Heneke, R., & Wei, J. (2000). Reducing cardiovascular stress with positive
self–stereotypes of aging. Journal of Gerontology, 55(4), 205–213.
Miller, W., & Seligman, M. (1976). Learned helplessness, depression and the perception of
reinforcement. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 14, 7–17.
Roenker, D., Thompson, C., & Brown, S. (1971). Comparison of measures for the estimation of
clustering in free recall. Psychological Bulletin, 76, 45–48.
Ryan, E. (1992). Beliefs about memory changes across the adult life span. Journal of Gerontology,
47, 41–46.
Ryan, E., & Kwong See, S. (1993). Age–based beliefs about memory changes for self and others
across adulthood. Journal of Gerontology, 48,

A Community Social Event Programme For A Group Of People...
Introduction
This is a project proposal for a community social event programme for a group of people over the
age of 65 years. The project will identify an important need to address loneliness in old age which is
a major health concern. This project proposal will explain the stages of planning the programme.
Defining the Problem
After contacting several organisations in the Donegal area, from the Active Retirement Association,
the Family Resource Centre, the local public health nurse, and the neighbouring community centre
that caters for all age groups, I became aware of a group of over 65 years old adults who has
experienced some level of loneliness. The local public health nurse outlined the need to address the
issue of loneliness in older people in order to improve their overall physical and mental wellbeing.
After consulting a committee member in my local community hall, I became aware of how few
social activities are organised for this age group. The committee member outlined the need for a
physical activity programme that would reach out to older people, as there is currently no
programme in place. The local community hall provides an excellent service for the youth but little
has been done with the retired members of the locality. This proves disappointing as positive ageing
is in everyone's best interest.
This social event programme will prove important to enhance social cohesion and empower active
ageing thereby improving quality of life as people age (Department of

Visualizing the Future of Health Geriatrics
Author's name
Author's institutional affiliation
Author's note
The assignment is to consider, imagine, and/or visualize the future of health and health care with
respect to specific field of health. This author has chosen the future of health in connection with
gerontology, geriatrics, and aging. Prenatal care is a field of health that should get a great deal of
attention because, outside of those cloned or created in labs, all humans are born. The same logic
follows for focusing upon gerontology: every human ages, unless they are in stasis, anti–gravity
environments, or have access to magic. All humans will get older. A number of those aging humans
will reach elderly age. There are more and more elderly people on Earth. The Earth is experiencing
a great deal of changes in the wake of the 21st century, changes that go far beyond innovations in
technology. The demographics of the world's population are changing. There is a greater percentage
of elderly people on Earth. More people are living longer. Health care needs to adapt in order to stay
in pace with the changes in the world. Health care is a universal issue and gerontology should be a
universal concern. Lack of attention to geriatrics is a demonstration of a gap in ethics.
Aging is natural. Every species ages on Earth. Humans seem to be one of the rare species on Earth
that works so adamantly against aging, rather than

Gerontology : An Umbrella Term Covering A Wide Range Of...
Gerontology is an umbrella term covering a wide range of professions that study various aspects of
aging including social, psychological, cognitive and biological. Unlike geriatrics, a more familiar
term that most associate with aging, gerontology is concerned specifically with the social,
psychosomatic and biological facets of aging. It is the study of aging across the lifespan, while
geriatrics is focused on the aging process amongst only older adults and is associated with internal
medicine. Gerontology might predict life expectancy, while the purpose of geriatrics is to improve
the life expectancy of older people through an understanding and promotion of good health. A
gerontologist, then, is a health care specialist whose work focusses on the effects of aging.
Gerontologists are concerned with four area of aging:
1) Chronological aging which is focussed on the years a person has lived since they were born
2) Biological aging meaning the physical changes a person experiences throughout their lifespan
3) Psychological aging which refers to emotional, perceptual, cognitive and adaptive changes
4) Social aging which covers the changes in relationship and roles within the family and the
productive roles of individuals with organizations they might be connected to.
Gerontologists work in a variety of environments including long–term care facilities, clinical
practice, counselling centres, hospice services, home health care services, research communities and
government

An Insight Of. Erikson Theory On Aging. Anthony Isamade.
An Insight of Erikson Theory on Aging Anthony Isamade Oluwatosin Abegunde Nursing Care
Concepts Aging Jean Eaton January 27, 2017 Abstract A perception of old age and the crisis
associated with it. Erikson theory illuminates these various issues associated with old age through
Ego Integrity vs Despair, and generates ideas that the future generations now employ to understand
Aging. An Insight of Erikson Theory on Aging Aging is a concept that impacts our society. With
advances in medicines, lifespan has been extended for a few more years. This brings the need for
accommodation and proper ways for caring for the older generation. Erik .H. Erikson is a third
generation psychologist and a psychoanalyst who was a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ego Integrity vs Despair evaluates the cycle of life as people age, productivity declines bringing
room for exploration of life as a retired individual. It is a period of contemplation of either
accomplishment or failures as Erikson (1978) quotes "There is in every child at every stage a new
miracle of vigorous unfolding, which constitutes a new hope and responsibility for all" (p.255).
Integrity becomes an icon of one 'self if the life he/she has lived was a successful and desirable life
while Despair becomes the perception of unproductivity, and feeling of guilt about the past. In other
words, the goals not yet accomplished in life creates a vacuum and a sense that one's life no longer
has a purpose. However, Integrity then becomes an achievement and completeness of oneself.
During this stage in life, Failure to live up to one's ego ideals results in superego attack for that
failure thereby the negative and positive conscience generates an immature state of self–punishment
and shame on the other hand. Erikson's idea continues to highlight these controversies during the
stage which sprouts the ideas of gerontology care. As Mackenzie (1967) expressed "...that each
generation brings to human fate an inescapable conflict between its ethical and rational aims and it's
infantile fixations.

Theory of Successful Aging
Theory Of Successful Aging
INTERNAL CRITICISM
Adequacy: The Flood's Theory of Successful Aging (Flood, 2005) was developed to addresses a
nursing theory for care of the older adult regarding to the lack of nursing theory that offers clearly
delineated guidelines for care of aging. Flood's(2002) unique definition of successful aging among
other explanations includes mental, physical, and spiritual elements of the aging person and
emphasizing the individual's self appraisal. She used existing knowledge derived deductively from
the Roy adaptation model, one of the most widely accepted nursing theory model, and integrated
these ideas with Tornstam's sociological theory of gerotranscendence and literature related to the
concept of successful ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These concepts can be understood without lengthy descriptions and explanations. In this study, the
author employed a variation of deductive reformulation, a process involving the derivation of
existing knowledge from a non–nursing theory integrated with knowledge obtained deductively
from a nursing conceptual model which would allow for a more logical presentation of how the
components relate to each other. Moreover, the model is exhibited in this paper is an elucidate of the
theory's components structure and would present the interrelationship of its components. The theory
is parsimonious in that "it is clear and concise in explanations of the concepts" (Bredow, 2009, p.
55).
Discrimination: The scientific process of deductive reformulation lends credibility and sound logic
to Flood's theory of successful aging. Flood, founder who is an advanced practice registered nurse,
used deductive reformulation to develop her theory of successful aging in nursing discipline.
Without any other useful theory of aging to guide nursing care, Flood's (2005) theory offers promise
for nursing. This theory provides a useful framework for interventions that target the mental,
physical, and spiritual health of aging persons. It would be able to produce hypotheses that will lead
to research results in older adult nursing research. However, there is no evidence of a nursing
research using this theory.
Reality Convergence: The underlying

Discrimmination against the Elderly Essay
Robert Butler (1975) was one of the first writers on ageism and he defined it as "a process of
systematic stereotyping of and discrimination against people because they are old. . . . Old people
are categorized as senile, rigid in thought and manner, old fashioned in morality and skills" (p. 35).
Ageism is a form of oppression of elders by youth and adults. Ageism intersects with classism and
sexism to produce differences in distribution of retirement resources for the elderly. Women of all
ethnic groups live longer than men and general have fewer economic or health–care resources than
men in their old age. Women, poor and working–class, and people of color often make fewer
contributions to Social Security so they have fewer benefits. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANALYSIS
CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS Stereotyping of elderly has resulted in inappropriate
attitudes toward older persons and has conditioned people to think and act in terms of prejudice. The
elderly may feel inadequate and helpless. Some even give up on life because they feel excluded.
They often forget they are intelligent, fun–loving, creative, powerful, and even sexy human beings.
Their age should not define who they are. With the increasing numbers of elderly, this group is the
most powerful force in the entire population so they must take control of their lives.
Old age was at one time was considered assets because of the experience and wisdom that usually
accompanied age. The oppression of ageism intersects with, and actually intensifies, other
oppressions such as classism, racism, and homophobia. We must begin to remove the negative
stigma that comes with the "isms." Our elders should continue to feel valuable assets to society.
They want much of the same things as the younger generation such as love and affection, attention,
the feeling of belonging, and a desire to be active and vibrant. As a younger person myself, we can
be allies for the elderly. As an elderly person, they are their best allies. Working hand–in–hand, we
can make a difference.
Ageism is seen in the work force, living situations, and in health care. Retirement was used to
recycle the workforce with younger counterparts. However, many

Interview A Senior citizen
Interview a Senior Citizen
PSYCH/600
September 22, 2014
Interview a Senior Citizen
The most rapidly growing age group in the United States is the elderly, or those individuals age
sixty–five and older (Wood, Wood, & Boyd, 2011). Late adulthood stretches from age 65 to the end
of the lifespan (Laura E Berk, 2010, p. 1). Or it can be called gerontology which is the study of the
aging processes and individuals as they grow from middle age through later life. ("Association For
Gerontology For Higher Education ", n.d.). In order to understand the changes in late adulthood I
interviewed a sixty eight year old African American male, who I will refer to as the participant. He
is retired from Military and Law Enforcement each he has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The participant stated that he likes to play The Wii because it has some of his favorite sports to play,
like baseball and tennis. He also stated that when his grandchildren come to visit, they play often
and he has no problem keeping up with them in the games. However, new research suggests not
only that the elderly are playing digital games in surprising numbers, but that doing so may be an
indicator of emotional health. During the interview the participant's posture, tone of voice, and
hearing were all great. I did not have to repeat a question or rephrase it for him to understand. In
chapter 15 of our reading it stated that men's hearing declines earlier and more rapidly than
women's. However, as baby boomers get closer to the age of retirement this age mark, have and will
make intellectual, empowering requirements on how they are observed.
Conclusion
The participant stated that he appreciates the benefits of being a senior citizen, the reduced travel,
discounted meals, free education, and other incentives advertised towards the elderly. Gerontologists
have confidence that the elderly are capable of active and healthy lives. The label of old age is
rapidly fading. As supported in my interview with the participant, it is possible to appreciate the
same benefits as in middle adulthood. It is also likely for him to have very good physical health,
recall his cognitive health, and an outgoing social behavior. Because of

Aging And The Aging Process
Aging, it's something that as a species of life on this planet we are predisposed to and its results are
an inevitable factor that effects our bodies in several ways, from cataracts development to the
progression of memory issues from such diseases as Alzheimer's or Huntington's. The concepts of
aging are broken down into two theories widely accepted by several varying fields of studies such as
gerontology, the study of the aging process, and oncology, the study of cancer and tumor
development. The Cellular theory, which focuses solely on the idea that a species and individual's
lifespan and condition in life is based on genetic and cellular factors that predispose us to a variety
of diseases. The second theory is known as Wear–and–Tear theory which heavily concentrates on
the concepts of external factors in the aging process. The studies behind this theory focuses on the
physical condition of the body and the environmental circumstances that result in the condition of
the body as an individual is aging. The aging process is a unique aspect of life that attributes to
several varieties of diseases and conditions that affect the lifestyle of the individual both externally
and internally.
The concept that is become more appropriate among professional studies within the fields
mentioned prior is a combination of both cellular and physical theories. These studies are becoming
more apparent as the population of 55 to 75 year olds is increasing both nationally across the United

Personal Narrative Essay Sample
My academic journey from music to applied gerontology were the culmination of challenges,
stressors, and investments in time, money, and resources. However, the enlightenment,
achievements, and people who helped me reach self–actualization of my goals were worth the scope
of work and level of effort. The people I am obliged to are acknowledged herein.
My gratitude to Music Directors for allowing access to their musicians, and to all participants my
gratitude for your time to share your values and beliefs in the role of music over your lifetime. Your
storied lives will help to build a base of knowledge on healthy older performance musicians' lifelong
learning of music, wellness, and resultant happiness for current and future generations.
A ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The music knowledge I achieved directed my career path from music performance to the pursuit of
applied gerontology to give back to America's older population, who guided my childhood
development in healthy aging and music.
My appreciation to Jylisa Doney, the university reference librarian who data mined the world's
peer–reviewed journals for salient qualitative literature for this dissertation.
My appreciation to Peggy Cossette, Assistant to Dean Margaret Fitzgerald, for her professional
administrative assistance, which reduced my stress throughout the doctoral program.
My appreciation to Angela Geraci, a former classmate, whose camaraderie buoyed the stressful
challenges of an applied gerontology program that became defunct soon after our first semester in
the doctoral program; we persevered and overcame the challenges put to us.
My gratefulness to Retired Chaplin Richard Indermill for providing my housing while I pursued
applied gerontology doctoral programs in the U.S., and writing a proposal to win the VA's approval
and invitation to work with combat veterans suffering from deliberating chronic post–traumatic
stress

A Model Of Loneliness In Older Adults
As mentioned above, loneliness can branch off while being in a long distance relationship.
Loneliness is feelings of sadness from missing companionship from a person or people one shared
feelings with (Fees, Martin & Poon, 1999). This can be felt even when surrounded by others
because it is a personal feeling and there is a lack of communication and attachment (Fees et.al,
1999). The journals of gerontology series B: psychological sciences and social science addresses a
journal article called A Model of Loneliness in Older Adults. The older generation faces loss of a
committed relationship and communication which results in a decline in health and personal
activities and waves of sadness (Fees et.al, 1999). It was found that 40% of the elderly population
experience some form of loneliness (Fees et.al, 1999). The elderly population, aged 65 and older
gets anxiety from missing people or activities. The frequency of contact and number of family
members was not a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In serious cases, anxiety can happen where one feels guilty and sensitive for being distant and might
feel like it's their fault when it isn't. An individual with low self–concept will most likely have a
non–satisfactory relationship and won't seek new relationships (Fees et.al, 1999). Also, they have
apprehension and fear of embarrassment in public which is related to decrease in interaction leading
to loneliness (Fees et.al, 1999). Cognition is mental action of acquiring knowledge. Loneliness
affects cognition in that one has decreased efficiency in mental processing with increased frustration
and stress (Fees et.al, 1999). For social network, there was infrequent family visits and lack of
friends wich again, leads back to less interaction so less use of social media and calling (Fees et.al,
1999). Most people in a long distance relationship feel lonely in the beginning because of missed
physical comfort, but this goes away slowly over

Unpredictable Impacts Of Alzheimer 's Disease And Their...
Unpredictable Impacts of Alzheimer's disease and Their Effects on Social Institutions Wesley Scott
Miami University "It 's paradoxical that the idea of living a long life appeals to everyone, but the
idea of getting old doesn 't appeal to anyone." – Andy Rooney Imagine what it is like to forget a
loved one's face. Consider the possibility of being lost in a once familiar place. Although these
actions could be symptomatic of old age, they might also suggest the onset of a much more sinister
situation. It is difficult to understand the erratic behavior of those who were once lucid and
transparent in their dealings. However, their odd and exhibited behaviors may not be intentional.
There must be a cause identified in relation to such ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sickness was first discovered in 1906 by a German physician named Dr. Alois Alzheimer. "One
of Dr. Alzheimer 's patients died after years of severe memory problems, confusion and difficulty
understanding questions. Upon her death, while performing a brain autopsy, the doctor noted dense
deposits surrounding the nerve cells (neuritic plaques). Inside the nerve cells he observed twisted
bands of fibers (neurofibrillary tangles)." (Bright Focus Foundation, 2014) Several societies
celebrate their elderly population. These cultures include Native Americans, Koreans, and African
Americans. (Huffington Post, 2015) Conversely, there are distinct changes to this paradigm once an
individual is diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. These individuals may be made to feel inferior,
treated like children, or ignored altogether. A derivative type of protein, A has been shown
to be present in the early onset of Alzheimer's disease. This presence of this element is thought,
"...to initiate a pathogenic cascade ultimately leading to neuronal loss and dementia." (Doody &
Allsop, 1991) Though this explanation is vastly oversimplified, it represents a complex disease
progression that, although continually researched, is still not entirely understood. There are several
significant statistics regarding Alzheimer's disease in the United States. Of the 5.3 million
Americans with Alzheimer 's, an estimated 5.1 million people are age 65 and older, and

Face-Name Recall and Associative Memory
Furthermore, while numerous studies have investigated the effect of either mnemonic cues and level
of processing on associative memory, few have analyzed the additive/combined effect these memory
strategies might have on face–name memory performance. A study by Yesavage, Rose, and Bower
(1983), comparing elderly participant's performance across memory strategies proven to enhance
face–name associations both replicates and extends McCarty's earlier research on strategies to
improve face– name associations. This experiment both replicates and extends McCarty's earlier
findings of on strategies to improve face–name associations. This study evaluates the efficacy of
recalling name–face associations in conditions requiring semantic judgments of the name face
association and in condition not requiring affective judgment.
Three groups of participants were tested. The image group was provided the prominent feature of
the face, a name transformation, and an image association of the face–name pair. The image +
judgment group was provided identical information, but they were asked to judge the pleasantness
of the image association, and the no image group was given the prominent feature of the face, and
the name transformation, but was not taught to form an image associating the prominent facial
feature with the name transformation.
In the no image condition participants encoded faces and names as separate units. For the image
condition subjects formed visual image associations

Ageism is Widespread in Western Societies
The aging of society has not significantly changed our perceptions of the elderly. Ageism is
widespread in Western societies (Dionigi, et al, 2011). Older adults are seen as boring, grumpy
irritable, weak, debilitated, mournful, and most significantly cognitively. These stereotypes which
are negative can be allowed by the aged themselves negative self–stereotyping (Dionigi, et al, 2011)
and are as well found among specialized caregivers (e.g., Cowan, Fitzpatrick, Roberts, &
While,2004). The image in relation to which older adults are more ineffectual than younger adults is
predominantly dominant. Nevertheless, in a variety of domains, older adults are inclined to have
analogous performances and at times even do better than younger ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Marques et al (2014) also alleged that the negative age stereotype that has a tendency to underrate
the old employees, frequently force them to early retirement. The old employees are as well often
barred from the brain storming that entails a creative thinking owing to the negative age stereotype
as alleged by North & Fiske (2012) Who contended that society is bent to generate a view that old
employees are not capable of thinking creatively. A negative stereotype regarding older employees
could as well become a self–fulfilling prediction in the sense of stereotype risk that resulting in a
drop in their output and assignment refusal that society perceive will cause a disappointment as
remarked by Marques et al (2014).
In access to health care a surplus of various ageist stereotypes different studies have documented
aspect of ageism in health care, and they merge to create one concluding comprehensive stereotype
regarding older patients. The primary stereotype is that old people are physically weak plus that
their health is deteriorating, implying that they have to depend on somebody else to look after them
(North & Fiske, (2012) The second is mostly applicable to aged male patients, and is that all of them
are impotent and do not have any natural or usual sexual desires in any case. Third, old patients are
viewed as senile and whichever slight misstep in

A Research Study On Successful Aging
Successful aging is a complicated and multifaceted concept that varies contextually among
individuals, disciplines, and even time. Gerontologists have traditionally considered a person to
have aged successfully upon having reached old age with their physical health, mental well–being
and spirit still intact. Ultimately, successful aging is a matter of personal perspective, largely
influenced by an individual 's values and experiences. Even those within America 's elderly
population hold conflicting perspectives on what it means to have aged successfully. A qualitative
study published by Reichstadt and Sengupta titled Older Adults ' Perspectives on Successful Aging,
concluded that "older adults viewed successful aging as a balance between self–acceptance and
self–contentedness on one hand and engagement with life and self–growth in later life on the other"
(Reichstadt, "Older Adults ' Perspectives on Successful Aging: Qualitative Interviews", pp. 567–
575.) Gerontology as a field of scientific study can be traced back to the late 1800s; a time when
research primarily focused on the negative attributes of aging, such as health decline. It wasn 't until
the introduction of social gerontology in 1983 that researchers began to more rigorously study the
psychological and social aspects of aging. In recognizing that "successful aging depends not just on
the prevention of disease and disability, but also on the attainment of peak physical and
psychological functioning," (Quadagno,

Gerontology Agencies within Georgia
Section I. Food Insecurity Aging Society:
The United States is experiencing social issues related to food insecurity and hunger. Current
research states that older adults are especially vulnerable to food insecurity. In a study published in
the Journal of Urban Health states, "Among the 14.6% of American households experiencing food
insecurity, approximately 2 million are occupied by older adults" (Chung, Gallo, Giunta, Canavan,
Parikh, & Fahs, 2011, p. 1). Since the year 2011 the Athens Community Council on Aging reports,
"Almost 9 million older adults in the United States are at risk for hunger, and Georgia is 8th in state
rankings for older adult risk of hunger" (2014, p. 1). Fortunately, in North America, hunger seldom
reaches ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thusly, strategies need to be developed and utilized by the aged to overcome food insecurities. Such
strategies that individuals and families are using to overcome food insecurities are receiving
congregate meals, home–delivered meals, and other community based services from the Athens
Community Council on Aging.
Section II. Agency:
Community centers such as the Athens Council on Aging provide nutritious group meals and deliver
meals–on–wheels, which is funded by the Older Americans Act. The United States Congress in
1965 passed landmark legislation regarding the shortage of services provided for older American
citizens. A new federal governmental agency was established named, Administration on Aging
(AoA). This new agency was to oversee social services and community planning, research and
development and personnel training in the field of aging. The Older Americans Act is a federal
program that is the major vehicle for the organization and delivery of social and nutrition services to
persons age 60 and above that meet qualifications for home delivery.
The Athens Community Council on Aging receives funding from Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of
1964, as amended, and section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (AoA, 2014b). Block grants
provided by the Federal government must be matched by the State and or local funds that use
Federal grant monies. Additional funding comes from Federal, state, and local government
contracts, grants, and

Late Adulthood
Table of Contents Introduction Personal Factors Personality Personal Control Age Environmental
Factors Physical health Living Arrangements Social Support and Social Networks Conclusion
References Introduction The satisfaction or happiness of the human race has always been a central
theme in the humanities. Life satisfaction is conceptualized as one of the cognitive components of
subjective well being, and refers to the global judgments people make about the quality of their lives
(Diener et al., 2003). This means that people can examine the condition in their lives, weigh the
importance of these conditions and evaluate their lives on a scale ranging from satisfied to
dissatisfied. The concept of life ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
304). The feeling of being in control of one's life is important to psychological well–being in a
period of life when primary control has been found to decrease (Heckhausen& Schultz, 1995). In
their experimental study, Langer and Rodin (1976) stated that by enhancing personal responsibility
and choice in a group of nursing home residents, well–being was improved. The finding illustrates
the importance of one's own influence in a typical dependency situation. Locus of control not only
influences well–being, but also health, functional capacity as well as the ability to use social support
in both old and oldest–old people (Bisconti&Bergeman, 1999). In fact, in a study including
individuals aged 80 and older, locus of control was more important to well–being than social
resources (Landau &Litwin, 2001). Taken together, there is strong empirical evidence of a
relationship between the experience of high influence over one's life and the perception of life
circumstances. Age Life satisfaction is generally assumed and expected to decline in older age, most
notably as health conditions deteriorate. In reality, the general finding of the large body of
gerontological literature on the relationship between age and life satisfaction, is that there is no age–
related decline in life satisfaction. However, contemporary society still has the expectation that the
life satisfaction of older adults is negatively affected by age related

Human Development Is The Roots Of Work Essay
This paper will present research from a peer–reviewed articles to explain human development in the
context of current trends within the selected topic LIFE SPAN and subtopics of infant care,
childhood, adolescence, adult and gerontology. Research is important in psychology as it can
provide professionals like psychology professionals, guidance counselors, and marketing executives
with a baseline of typical and atypical in human behavior . Understanding the aging process is
important to a Psychologist, to do this one must research developmental psychology. The research
presented in Lifespan theory has led to propositions and arguments, which emphasize, clarify, and
articulate important developmental issues. and the topic. briefly describes your topics, (development
involves both gain and loss) Thomas, J. E. (2015) states developmental psychology is the roots of
work of B.F. Skinner, Jean Piaget, and Erik Erikson, who spread theories of behaviorism,
constructivism, and psychosocial development. The most recent developments in learning theory are
multiple intelligences, a theory that attempts to explain the ways in which different individuals
learn. Developmental psychology is the branch of psychology that studies the intellectual, social and
emotional development of humans. The research that follows will provide a literature review that
will address the topic of the paper LIFE SPAN.
(Baltes, 1987) states that life–span developmental psychology is the field of psychology,

Social Intervention For Depression And Social Isolation
Social Intervention for Depression and Social Isolation Among the Elderly Social isolation can be a
major health problem for many older adults (Dickens, Richards, Greaves, & Campbell, 2011).
Social isolation involves, individuals lacking social connections and engagement with others
(Nicholson, 2012). Depression in elderly populations has become more prevalent with the aging
population (Pittock, 2012). Depression has negative effects on many facets of an elderly persons
life, including quality of life and functional abilities (Ell, 2006). Depression rates in those 65+ living
alone has been found to be between 1% – 4% (Mojtabai & Olfson, 2004). A recent meta–analysis
found, those with strong social networks had a 50% reduction in the ... Show more content on
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While Fukukawa et al. (2004) found that family social support moderates the negative consequences
of health problems which in turn reduces depressive symptoms. Emotional and instrumental
supports were also found to be protective factors. Chou, Chi and Chow (2004) found that family
social support is a mediator between financial independence and depression, finding that financial
strain acts as a partial mediator between welfare participation and depression. However, in contrast
to previous research findings they found that family social support was not a moderator for source
of income and depression. Researchers have identified several main gaps in this research area.
These include difficulties in measuring social isolation, lack of randomisation in studies, as well as
small sample sizes, meta analysis being conducted purely on English written studies and very
limited research that has been carried out in Australia (Dickens, et al., 2011). Very few studies who
look at social isolation in both urban and rurall environments (Luggen & Rini, 1995). Bruce (2002)
emphasised that psychosocial factors needed to be studied in the context of biological variables.
While Pittock (2012) stresses the need for more research into cost–effective treatment options for
social isolation and depression in the elderly research into residential care is lacking, as well as
limited studies focusing on protective factors for social isolation and depression. Grenade and

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