Archaeologists surveyed four islands in Fiji and identified 10 archaeological sites. Excavations at three sites uncovered Lapita pottery dating to around 3000 years ago, as well as later ceramic artifacts. This provides evidence that the islands were inhabited relatively late compared to other parts of Fiji, but still participated in regional cultural interactions. Defensive sites found also suggest competition between human groups intensified after an initial period of widespread cultural transmission.
This document summarizes research on the lack of chert artifacts found at archaeological sites in the northern Maya lowlands region, known as the "Chert-Free Zone". Excavations in the Yalahau region of Quintana Roo yielded extremely small amounts of chert tools and debris compared to ceramic sherds. The document hypothesizes that a Chert-Free Zone can be defined based on the local geology, which lacks chert inclusions in the surface limestone deposits. Three hypotheses are presented to explain how the ancient Maya may have coped without access to local chert for tool-making.
This document summarizes the Wilson cycle, which describes the process of plate tectonics over geological time. It involves the opening and closing of oceans as continents drift apart and collide together due to lithosphere plate evolution. Key points of the Wilson cycle include:
1) Oceans initially open as continents rift apart along spreading ridges, forming new lithosphere.
2) As the oceans widen, continental shelves and ocean crust develop on either side.
3) Oceans eventually close as the lithosphere is subducted at consuming plate boundaries, bringing the continents back into collision and forming orogenic mountain belts.
4) The cycle then repeats itself over hundreds of millions of years, periodically assemb
Evidence of Clay Mineralization on Tropical Sediments from Afikpo Graben, SE ...Premier Publishers
Sedimentation in the Afikpo graben (SE Nigeria) thus commenced with the Campano-Maastrichtian marine and paralic shales of the Enugu and Nkporo Formations, overlain by the Mamu Formation. The fluviodeltaic and subtidal sandstones of the Ajali Formation lie on the Mamu Formation. The overlying deltaic Nsukka and marine shales of the Imo and Ameke Formations were deposited during the Paleocene. These two formations (Mamu and Nsukka) consist of a cyclic succession of coals, carbonaceous shales, silty shales and siltstones interpreted as deltaic deposits. The primary minerals are Feldspar, Quartz, Pyroxenes, Haematite. The secondary minerals are further classified into two major groups of 1:1 clay minerals and 2:1 clay minerals. The 1:1 clay minerals are kaolinite and halloysite, while the examples of 2:1 mineral are montmorillonite, vermiculite and illite. Clay fractions of shale samples obtained from the Cretaceous Mamu and Nsukka Formations in the Afikpo graben, South eastern Nigeria through the process of sedimentation technique were air – dried and analyzed using the empyrean diffractometer manufactured by Panalytical to determine the presence of clay mineralization in the area. The result shows that the bulk mineral composition of the shales comprises of quartz, clay minerals, carbonates and iron rich minerals, while the dominant clay mineral is kaolinite (70 – 80%) with minor amounts of illite (4 – 7 %) and smectite (10 – 20) as typical composition of tropical sediment.
Geology and groundwater quality assessment of ido osi area, southwestern nigeriaAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that assessed the geology and groundwater quality of the Ido/Osi area in southwestern Nigeria. Detailed geological mapping identified the dominant lithologic units as migmatites, gneisses, charnockites and granites. Water quality testing of 20 hand-dug wells found bacterial contamination above WHO standards and varying levels of physical and chemical parameters, though most were within WHO limits. The water chemistry showed moderate influence from the local bedrock. Regular monitoring is recommended given risks from contamination.
Petrographic evaluation of rocks around Arikya and its environs, North Centra...Premier Publishers
The study area covers Arikiya and parts of Wayopini in Lafia Local Government Area of Nassarawa State, situated in central Nigeria. This falls within the Basement Complex of central Nigeria that forms part of the Upper Proterozoic mobile belt extending from Algeria across the Sahara into Nigeria, Benin and the Cameroon. The area consists of gneisses, granite gneisses, migmatites and Porphyroblastic gneiss. Dolerite dyke and Pegmatite form intrusions into the host rocks. The major rock forming minerals are plagioclase, orthoclase, quartz and biotite. The major structures includes joints, foliations, quartz vein, fold and fault, Predominant structural trends include the NE-SW and NW-SE with minor E-W and N-S structural trends which are in agreement with the general trend of structures in the Basement Complex. Mineral resource potential of the study area include feldspar and mica from the gneiss and pegmatites as well as alluvial garnets, columbites, tantalite, and cassiterite (derived from the pegmatites) as evidenced from mining activities along river channels in the entire area.
This document discusses the structure and composition of the Earth. It describes the three main layers as the crust, mantle, and core. The crust consists of the lithosphere, oceans, and continents. Below the crust is the mantle, made of iron and magnesium silicate minerals. The core is divided into a solid inner core and liquid outer core, made mostly of iron and nickel, which generates the Earth's magnetic field through rotation. Seismic waves provide information about the composition and properties of the different layers.
This document summarizes research on the lack of chert artifacts found at archaeological sites in the northern Maya lowlands region, known as the "Chert-Free Zone". Excavations in the Yalahau region of Quintana Roo yielded extremely small amounts of chert tools and debris compared to ceramic sherds. The document hypothesizes that a Chert-Free Zone can be defined based on the local geology, which lacks chert inclusions in the surface limestone deposits. Three hypotheses are presented to explain how the ancient Maya may have coped without access to local chert for tool-making.
This document summarizes the Wilson cycle, which describes the process of plate tectonics over geological time. It involves the opening and closing of oceans as continents drift apart and collide together due to lithosphere plate evolution. Key points of the Wilson cycle include:
1) Oceans initially open as continents rift apart along spreading ridges, forming new lithosphere.
2) As the oceans widen, continental shelves and ocean crust develop on either side.
3) Oceans eventually close as the lithosphere is subducted at consuming plate boundaries, bringing the continents back into collision and forming orogenic mountain belts.
4) The cycle then repeats itself over hundreds of millions of years, periodically assemb
Evidence of Clay Mineralization on Tropical Sediments from Afikpo Graben, SE ...Premier Publishers
Sedimentation in the Afikpo graben (SE Nigeria) thus commenced with the Campano-Maastrichtian marine and paralic shales of the Enugu and Nkporo Formations, overlain by the Mamu Formation. The fluviodeltaic and subtidal sandstones of the Ajali Formation lie on the Mamu Formation. The overlying deltaic Nsukka and marine shales of the Imo and Ameke Formations were deposited during the Paleocene. These two formations (Mamu and Nsukka) consist of a cyclic succession of coals, carbonaceous shales, silty shales and siltstones interpreted as deltaic deposits. The primary minerals are Feldspar, Quartz, Pyroxenes, Haematite. The secondary minerals are further classified into two major groups of 1:1 clay minerals and 2:1 clay minerals. The 1:1 clay minerals are kaolinite and halloysite, while the examples of 2:1 mineral are montmorillonite, vermiculite and illite. Clay fractions of shale samples obtained from the Cretaceous Mamu and Nsukka Formations in the Afikpo graben, South eastern Nigeria through the process of sedimentation technique were air – dried and analyzed using the empyrean diffractometer manufactured by Panalytical to determine the presence of clay mineralization in the area. The result shows that the bulk mineral composition of the shales comprises of quartz, clay minerals, carbonates and iron rich minerals, while the dominant clay mineral is kaolinite (70 – 80%) with minor amounts of illite (4 – 7 %) and smectite (10 – 20) as typical composition of tropical sediment.
Geology and groundwater quality assessment of ido osi area, southwestern nigeriaAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that assessed the geology and groundwater quality of the Ido/Osi area in southwestern Nigeria. Detailed geological mapping identified the dominant lithologic units as migmatites, gneisses, charnockites and granites. Water quality testing of 20 hand-dug wells found bacterial contamination above WHO standards and varying levels of physical and chemical parameters, though most were within WHO limits. The water chemistry showed moderate influence from the local bedrock. Regular monitoring is recommended given risks from contamination.
Petrographic evaluation of rocks around Arikya and its environs, North Centra...Premier Publishers
The study area covers Arikiya and parts of Wayopini in Lafia Local Government Area of Nassarawa State, situated in central Nigeria. This falls within the Basement Complex of central Nigeria that forms part of the Upper Proterozoic mobile belt extending from Algeria across the Sahara into Nigeria, Benin and the Cameroon. The area consists of gneisses, granite gneisses, migmatites and Porphyroblastic gneiss. Dolerite dyke and Pegmatite form intrusions into the host rocks. The major rock forming minerals are plagioclase, orthoclase, quartz and biotite. The major structures includes joints, foliations, quartz vein, fold and fault, Predominant structural trends include the NE-SW and NW-SE with minor E-W and N-S structural trends which are in agreement with the general trend of structures in the Basement Complex. Mineral resource potential of the study area include feldspar and mica from the gneiss and pegmatites as well as alluvial garnets, columbites, tantalite, and cassiterite (derived from the pegmatites) as evidenced from mining activities along river channels in the entire area.
This document discusses the structure and composition of the Earth. It describes the three main layers as the crust, mantle, and core. The crust consists of the lithosphere, oceans, and continents. Below the crust is the mantle, made of iron and magnesium silicate minerals. The core is divided into a solid inner core and liquid outer core, made mostly of iron and nickel, which generates the Earth's magnetic field through rotation. Seismic waves provide information about the composition and properties of the different layers.
Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential in Rufus Giwa Polytechnic...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document discusses theories of isostasy and plate tectonics. The theory of isostasy explains how mountains maintain their elevation despite erosion, through vertical movements that restore equilibrium as the crust adjusts to changes at the surface. Plate tectonic theory unified earlier concepts by proposing that the outer shell of the Earth is made of rigid plates that move due to convection currents, interacting at plate boundaries through divergence, convergence, or sliding. This causes geological phenomena like earthquakes, mountain building, and volcanic activity as plates adjust to maintain isostatic balance.
Paleodepositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of outcropping sedime...Alexander Decker
- The document analyzes the paleodepositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of outcropping sediments in parts of the Southern Middle Niger Basin in Nigeria.
- Three main lithofacies were identified (sand, shale, silt) with seven subfacies. Depositional environments were determined to be continental fluvial for the Lokoja Formation and shallow marine to transitional for the Patti Formation.
- Three sequence stratigraphic systems tracts were established - a lowstand systems tract for the Lokoja Formation, a transgressive systems tract for the lower Patti Formation, and a highstand systems tract for the upper Patti Formation. An unconformity and candidate maximum flooding surface were identified.
13 mysteries of nature and geological wonders shiva prasad
This document provides summaries of 13 geological mysteries and wonders around the world, including The Wave rock formation between Arizona and Utah, Antelope Canyon in Arizona known for its narrow sandstone slots, the Great Blue Hole off the coast of Belize which is a large underwater sinkhole, and the Hell Gate in Uzbekistan which has been burning natural gas that was ignited after a drilling accident. Other sights mentioned include the Giant's Causeway in Ireland composed of unusual hexagonal basalt columns, Wave Rock in Australia shaped like a breaking ocean wave, the Chocolate Hills of Bohol in the Philippines formed from limestone, and the Bermuda Triangle where some ships and planes have disappeared.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Peter dunham, et al. the maya mountains archaeological project (mmap) field ...Jack Corbo
Jack Corbo was a Molecular Biologist and a 2000 Maya Mountains Archaeological Project expedition member to the Bladen Nature Reserve, Toledo,District, Belize
The document provides background information on using vertical electrical sounding (VES) to study groundwater distribution in basement rock terrains. It discusses:
1) Groundwater in basement rocks occurs in weathered zones and fractures, which VES can help characterize. VES measures resistivity changes with depth to interpret subsurface layers.
2) Four VES soundings were conducted in a village in Nigeria to investigate the subsurface for borehole siting. Preliminary interpretation of VES curves provides insight into the geologic settings and potential water-bearing layers.
3) Typical earth material resistivities are listed, with weathered basement rock and fractures expected to host groundwater. Integrating VES with geology can aid groundwater
The Silurian Period occurred around 440 million years ago as the 4th period of the Paleozoic Era. Many species evolved during this time including fish with jaws and bone structures, small sharks, and the first plants and arthropods on land, though plants were limited to marshy areas without leaves. The Silurian Period saw regrouping and evolution of species following the disastrous Ordovician Period.
“The geological structures in the Bight basin and the possibility of petroleum” school exercise which I made in a group. This was one of our class subject.
Document is published in English, I hope the readers will get some effective information
The Devonian Period lasted from 417 to 354 million years ago. During this time, temperatures fluctuated and primitive plant life emerged on land. The early Devonian saw warm temperatures and simple plant life less than 3 feet tall. Middle Devonian temperatures cooled in some regions as plant life became more diverse. Late Devonian temperatures increased again and forests of trees up to 30 feet tall developed. Several extinction events occurred near the end of the period, including the Hangenberg Event, which caused the demise of some marine life groups. By the late Devonian, the continents had largely merged into a single landmass called Pangaea through the process of plate tectonics.
Climate Change is the most sought after a topic discussed very prominently in the media during this millennium as the Earth and the Environment is the worst affected due to it. Factors like global warming is leading to rise in Global Temperature, resulting melting polar ice, rising sea levels, high level of air pollution are affecting the quality of living for both men and animals.
Integrated Geophysical Studies Over Parts of Central Cross River State for th...iosrjce
A total of 71 Vertical Electrical Soundings were carried out using Schlumberger electrode
configuration for the evaluation of groundwater potential in parts of central Cross River State, Nigeria.
Interpretation of data showed three to six geoelectric layers. Productive shallow and deep aquifer zones were
identified at depths of 60 m and 150 m respectively, corresponding to a resistivity range of 100-500 Ωm for
shallow aquifers and 1000-2500 Ωm for deep aquifers respectively. The lithologic data of the aquifers revealed
sand/sandstone and very coarsed grained sand/fractured basement, respectively. Seismic refraction survey was
also carried out within the same study area for the foundation study of rocks. The studies revealed an average
thickness of 4.5 m (probably sand/clay) and 10.0 m (probably gravelly sand/shale) for the first and second
layers respectively. The range of velocities for the first three layers are 602 m/s to 960 m/s, 378 m/s to 2,424 m/s
and 1,587 m/s to 5,368 m/s, respectively, indicating that the soils in the area are not homogeneous. It is inferred
from the relative high values of calculated elastic constants in most of the locations, that the soils are well
consolidated and as such suitable for large engineering construction in such locations, while in the rest of the
locations the soils are considered unconsolidated and unsuitable for large construction work due to the relative
low values of the elastic constants.
Ancient hydrothermal seafloor deposits in Eridania basin on MarsSérgio Sacani
The Eridania region in the southern highlands of Mars once contained a vast inland sea with a
volume of water greater than that of all other Martian lakes combined. Here we show that the
most ancient materials within Eridania are thick (4400 m), massive (not bedded), mottled
deposits containing saponite, talc-saponite, Fe-rich mica (for example, glauconite-nontronite),
Fe- and Mg-serpentine, Mg-Fe-Ca-carbonate and probable Fe-sulphide that likely
formed in a deep water (500–1,500 m) hydrothermal setting. The Eridania basin occurs
within some of the most ancient terrain on Mars where striking evidence for remnant
magnetism might suggest an early phase of crustal spreading. The relatively well-preserved
seafloor hydrothermal deposits in Eridania are contemporaneous with the earliest evidence
for life on Earth in potentially similar environments 3.8 billion years ago, and might provide
an invaluable window into the environmental conditions of early Earth.
This document discusses the identification of Zealandia as Earth's hidden continent. Zealandia is a 4.9 million square kilometer region of continental crust in the southwest Pacific Ocean that was formerly part of the supercontinent Gondwana. Zealandia meets the criteria to be defined as a continent based on its elevated bathymetry relative to surrounding oceanic crust, diverse silica-rich rock types, thicker and lower velocity crustal structure compared to ocean plates, and large enough area separated from other land masses. While mostly submerged, the identification of Zealandia as a true geological continent provides important context for studying continental rifting and breakup processes.
The document is a set of questions about geology and geologic time periods as they relate to New York state. It asks about which time periods are best represented in the rock record in NY, which periods have no preserved rocks, when mountain building and continental rifting occurred, positions of continents at different times, and characteristics of different rock formations and landscape regions in NY state based on their age and geological history.
1) The document studies the structural architecture and evolution of Nemegt Uul mountain range in Mongolia located at a restraining bend in the Gobi Altai Mountains.
2) Fieldwork included geological mapping, structural and lithological transects, and detailed fault studies. The main phases of deformation identified were N-S Palaeozoic contraction (D1-D2), Mesozoic N-S extension and basin formation (D3), and Cenozoic left-lateral transpression (D4) forming the current mountain range.
3) Late Cenozoic transpression along the Gobi-Altai fault system has formed a long, thin, bivergent mountain range
The document discusses the Devonian period and various Devonian fossil sites. It begins by explaining the etymology of the term "Devonian" from Devon, England where the rocks were first studied. It then describes three specific Devonian fossil sites - a fossil gorge in Iowa discovered after flooding where crinoids, brachiopods and coral can be found, fossil beds in Indiana and Kentucky originally part of the Ohio River featuring rugosan corals, brachiopods and trilobites, and formations in Oklahoma containing over 30 trilobite species.
Snalthy is an innovative portal built to deliver snack food online. The service specializes in natural, preservative free and other chemical free snacks.
Mohammad Ali Romzan is seeking a position as a Document Controller. He has over 10 years of experience in construction document control. His objective is to manage and coordinate document control functions with a focus on quality and safety. He holds qualifications in computer applications and AutoCAD. Romzan has extensive experience working on projects in the UAE for Consolidated Contractors and Sicon Oil and Gas as a Document Controller and Assistant Document Controller. His responsibilities included document management and distribution, record keeping, coordination, and handover. He is proficient in various software programs including VBC, Atlas, and MS Office.
Book Summary- Grow: How Ideals Power Growth and Profit at the World's Greates...Omar M. Khateeb
In his book, Grow, Jim Stengel shows how 50 of the highest-performing companies in the world harnessed the power of brand ideals to tower over their competitors – and how your business can, too. Grow presents an actionable framework for developing the roots that are necessary to thrive in the new business climate. Start big or start small, but start now by reading Grow.
Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential in Rufus Giwa Polytechnic...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document discusses theories of isostasy and plate tectonics. The theory of isostasy explains how mountains maintain their elevation despite erosion, through vertical movements that restore equilibrium as the crust adjusts to changes at the surface. Plate tectonic theory unified earlier concepts by proposing that the outer shell of the Earth is made of rigid plates that move due to convection currents, interacting at plate boundaries through divergence, convergence, or sliding. This causes geological phenomena like earthquakes, mountain building, and volcanic activity as plates adjust to maintain isostatic balance.
Paleodepositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of outcropping sedime...Alexander Decker
- The document analyzes the paleodepositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of outcropping sediments in parts of the Southern Middle Niger Basin in Nigeria.
- Three main lithofacies were identified (sand, shale, silt) with seven subfacies. Depositional environments were determined to be continental fluvial for the Lokoja Formation and shallow marine to transitional for the Patti Formation.
- Three sequence stratigraphic systems tracts were established - a lowstand systems tract for the Lokoja Formation, a transgressive systems tract for the lower Patti Formation, and a highstand systems tract for the upper Patti Formation. An unconformity and candidate maximum flooding surface were identified.
13 mysteries of nature and geological wonders shiva prasad
This document provides summaries of 13 geological mysteries and wonders around the world, including The Wave rock formation between Arizona and Utah, Antelope Canyon in Arizona known for its narrow sandstone slots, the Great Blue Hole off the coast of Belize which is a large underwater sinkhole, and the Hell Gate in Uzbekistan which has been burning natural gas that was ignited after a drilling accident. Other sights mentioned include the Giant's Causeway in Ireland composed of unusual hexagonal basalt columns, Wave Rock in Australia shaped like a breaking ocean wave, the Chocolate Hills of Bohol in the Philippines formed from limestone, and the Bermuda Triangle where some ships and planes have disappeared.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Peter dunham, et al. the maya mountains archaeological project (mmap) field ...Jack Corbo
Jack Corbo was a Molecular Biologist and a 2000 Maya Mountains Archaeological Project expedition member to the Bladen Nature Reserve, Toledo,District, Belize
The document provides background information on using vertical electrical sounding (VES) to study groundwater distribution in basement rock terrains. It discusses:
1) Groundwater in basement rocks occurs in weathered zones and fractures, which VES can help characterize. VES measures resistivity changes with depth to interpret subsurface layers.
2) Four VES soundings were conducted in a village in Nigeria to investigate the subsurface for borehole siting. Preliminary interpretation of VES curves provides insight into the geologic settings and potential water-bearing layers.
3) Typical earth material resistivities are listed, with weathered basement rock and fractures expected to host groundwater. Integrating VES with geology can aid groundwater
The Silurian Period occurred around 440 million years ago as the 4th period of the Paleozoic Era. Many species evolved during this time including fish with jaws and bone structures, small sharks, and the first plants and arthropods on land, though plants were limited to marshy areas without leaves. The Silurian Period saw regrouping and evolution of species following the disastrous Ordovician Period.
“The geological structures in the Bight basin and the possibility of petroleum” school exercise which I made in a group. This was one of our class subject.
Document is published in English, I hope the readers will get some effective information
The Devonian Period lasted from 417 to 354 million years ago. During this time, temperatures fluctuated and primitive plant life emerged on land. The early Devonian saw warm temperatures and simple plant life less than 3 feet tall. Middle Devonian temperatures cooled in some regions as plant life became more diverse. Late Devonian temperatures increased again and forests of trees up to 30 feet tall developed. Several extinction events occurred near the end of the period, including the Hangenberg Event, which caused the demise of some marine life groups. By the late Devonian, the continents had largely merged into a single landmass called Pangaea through the process of plate tectonics.
Climate Change is the most sought after a topic discussed very prominently in the media during this millennium as the Earth and the Environment is the worst affected due to it. Factors like global warming is leading to rise in Global Temperature, resulting melting polar ice, rising sea levels, high level of air pollution are affecting the quality of living for both men and animals.
Integrated Geophysical Studies Over Parts of Central Cross River State for th...iosrjce
A total of 71 Vertical Electrical Soundings were carried out using Schlumberger electrode
configuration for the evaluation of groundwater potential in parts of central Cross River State, Nigeria.
Interpretation of data showed three to six geoelectric layers. Productive shallow and deep aquifer zones were
identified at depths of 60 m and 150 m respectively, corresponding to a resistivity range of 100-500 Ωm for
shallow aquifers and 1000-2500 Ωm for deep aquifers respectively. The lithologic data of the aquifers revealed
sand/sandstone and very coarsed grained sand/fractured basement, respectively. Seismic refraction survey was
also carried out within the same study area for the foundation study of rocks. The studies revealed an average
thickness of 4.5 m (probably sand/clay) and 10.0 m (probably gravelly sand/shale) for the first and second
layers respectively. The range of velocities for the first three layers are 602 m/s to 960 m/s, 378 m/s to 2,424 m/s
and 1,587 m/s to 5,368 m/s, respectively, indicating that the soils in the area are not homogeneous. It is inferred
from the relative high values of calculated elastic constants in most of the locations, that the soils are well
consolidated and as such suitable for large engineering construction in such locations, while in the rest of the
locations the soils are considered unconsolidated and unsuitable for large construction work due to the relative
low values of the elastic constants.
Ancient hydrothermal seafloor deposits in Eridania basin on MarsSérgio Sacani
The Eridania region in the southern highlands of Mars once contained a vast inland sea with a
volume of water greater than that of all other Martian lakes combined. Here we show that the
most ancient materials within Eridania are thick (4400 m), massive (not bedded), mottled
deposits containing saponite, talc-saponite, Fe-rich mica (for example, glauconite-nontronite),
Fe- and Mg-serpentine, Mg-Fe-Ca-carbonate and probable Fe-sulphide that likely
formed in a deep water (500–1,500 m) hydrothermal setting. The Eridania basin occurs
within some of the most ancient terrain on Mars where striking evidence for remnant
magnetism might suggest an early phase of crustal spreading. The relatively well-preserved
seafloor hydrothermal deposits in Eridania are contemporaneous with the earliest evidence
for life on Earth in potentially similar environments 3.8 billion years ago, and might provide
an invaluable window into the environmental conditions of early Earth.
This document discusses the identification of Zealandia as Earth's hidden continent. Zealandia is a 4.9 million square kilometer region of continental crust in the southwest Pacific Ocean that was formerly part of the supercontinent Gondwana. Zealandia meets the criteria to be defined as a continent based on its elevated bathymetry relative to surrounding oceanic crust, diverse silica-rich rock types, thicker and lower velocity crustal structure compared to ocean plates, and large enough area separated from other land masses. While mostly submerged, the identification of Zealandia as a true geological continent provides important context for studying continental rifting and breakup processes.
The document is a set of questions about geology and geologic time periods as they relate to New York state. It asks about which time periods are best represented in the rock record in NY, which periods have no preserved rocks, when mountain building and continental rifting occurred, positions of continents at different times, and characteristics of different rock formations and landscape regions in NY state based on their age and geological history.
1) The document studies the structural architecture and evolution of Nemegt Uul mountain range in Mongolia located at a restraining bend in the Gobi Altai Mountains.
2) Fieldwork included geological mapping, structural and lithological transects, and detailed fault studies. The main phases of deformation identified were N-S Palaeozoic contraction (D1-D2), Mesozoic N-S extension and basin formation (D3), and Cenozoic left-lateral transpression (D4) forming the current mountain range.
3) Late Cenozoic transpression along the Gobi-Altai fault system has formed a long, thin, bivergent mountain range
The document discusses the Devonian period and various Devonian fossil sites. It begins by explaining the etymology of the term "Devonian" from Devon, England where the rocks were first studied. It then describes three specific Devonian fossil sites - a fossil gorge in Iowa discovered after flooding where crinoids, brachiopods and coral can be found, fossil beds in Indiana and Kentucky originally part of the Ohio River featuring rugosan corals, brachiopods and trilobites, and formations in Oklahoma containing over 30 trilobite species.
Snalthy is an innovative portal built to deliver snack food online. The service specializes in natural, preservative free and other chemical free snacks.
Mohammad Ali Romzan is seeking a position as a Document Controller. He has over 10 years of experience in construction document control. His objective is to manage and coordinate document control functions with a focus on quality and safety. He holds qualifications in computer applications and AutoCAD. Romzan has extensive experience working on projects in the UAE for Consolidated Contractors and Sicon Oil and Gas as a Document Controller and Assistant Document Controller. His responsibilities included document management and distribution, record keeping, coordination, and handover. He is proficient in various software programs including VBC, Atlas, and MS Office.
Book Summary- Grow: How Ideals Power Growth and Profit at the World's Greates...Omar M. Khateeb
In his book, Grow, Jim Stengel shows how 50 of the highest-performing companies in the world harnessed the power of brand ideals to tower over their competitors – and how your business can, too. Grow presents an actionable framework for developing the roots that are necessary to thrive in the new business climate. Start big or start small, but start now by reading Grow.
Ufal 2015 - estatística e probabilidade - 16 correlação e regressão linearRanilson Paiva
O documento discute correlação e regressão linear. Explica que correlação se refere à relação entre variáveis e pode indicar previsibilidade. A regressão linear é usada para modelar a relação entre variável dependente e independentes para previsão e avaliar o impacto das variáveis. Inclui exemplos de cálculo de correlação e regressão linear.
The document provides an overview of a slideshow presentation on timber stand improvement (TSI). The presentation covers terminology, objectives of TSI treatments, site visits to examples of treated and untreated stands, developing TSI prescriptions, and economic and operational considerations for incorporating more TSI work. It includes slides on different types of TSI, benefits for wildlife, forests health, and productivity, and ties the content back to profitably marketing TSI services to landowners.
Ayogo ibm watson lunch and learn july 2015Mavis Dixon
The document summarizes an IBM Watson presentation about how Watson works and potential opportunities for integration. It describes how Watson uses natural language processing to understand unstructured data and formulate hypotheses by weighing evidence from its training corpus. Examples of Watson's applications include customer engagement by resolving issues, medical diagnosis by analyzing patient records, and scientific discovery by providing insights from research data. The presentation notes IBM's $1B investment in Watson and examples of partnerships with Wellpoint to support physicians and CVS to provide health recommendations at pharmacies using Watson.
The document summarizes research on the Whanganui Basin in New Zealand. Stratigraphic layers at Ototoka Beach were analyzed to determine the depositional environments at different time periods. Analysis of fossils and dating techniques showed the layers alternated between terrestrial and marine environments due to glacial-eustatic sea level changes. Notable layers included the Lower Maxwell deposited in a swamp 1.78 Ma, the Pukekiwi Shell Sand in a marine environment at 1.75 Ma, and the Upper Maxwell in a swampy environment at 1.71 Ma, demonstrating the cyclical sea level changes. In total, the stratigraphic analysis allowed researchers to understand the glacial-interglacial cycle's impact
1. Archaeologists have discovered a complex of megalithic structures and stone circles dating to around 6,000-7,000 years ago at Nabta Playa in southern Egypt.
2. The structures include five alignments of standing stones that radiate outward from a central megalithic structure, as well as a small stone circle that may have been used to track the summer solstice.
3. Radiocarbon dating indicates the ceremonial complex was built during a period of increased rainfall and lake formation in the region between around 7,000-6,700 years ago, before the area again became too dry to support human habitation around 4,800 years ago.
1. Archaeologists have discovered a complex of megalithic structures and stone circles dating to around 6,000-7,000 years ago at Nabta Playa in southern Egypt.
2. The structures include five alignments of standing stones that radiate outward from a central megalithic structure, as well as a small stone circle that may have been used to track the summer solstice.
3. The organization and orientations of the megaliths towards cardinal directions and solstices suggests they integrated astronomical knowledge and had symbolic meanings related to death, water, and the sun for the Neolithic pastoralists who constructed them.
The document provides information about the geology of the Flin Flon area in Manitoba, Canada. It discusses the regional history and lithology of the Flin Flon greenstone belt and broader Trans-Hudson Orogen. Specifically, it focuses on map area 4 from a University of Saskatchewan field school in Flin Flon. It describes a rock sample from the area as a greenschist facies mafic metavolcanic rock that displays a porphyritic texture and subtle foliation from deformation.
Pleistocene cave art from sulawesi indonesia (nature 13422) with cover (by Dr...Taruna Ikrar
A representation of an anoa — a type of dwarf buffalo — and human hand stencils from a cave in Sulawesi, Indonesia. New dating results challenge the traditional view that western Europe was the centre of a crucial stage in the evolution of modern human intelligence and culture — based largely on the emergence of figurative or representational art in cave paintings and sculptures around 40,000 years ago. New dating data on a series of hand stencils and paintings of wild animals from caves in the Maros karst in Sulawesi, Indonesia, suggest that figurative art appeared at more or less the same time at opposite ends of the Late Pleistocene world. Or was cave painting practised by the first Homo sapiens to leave Africa tens of thousands of years earlier? Cover: Maxime Aubert.
The document discusses the LSU Museum of Natural Science and its collections related to Louisiana rocks and minerals. It describes the museum's mission of acquiring, preserving, and studying collections to generate knowledge about biodiversity, geology, and human history. It provides details on the paleontology, vertebrate paleontology, mineralogy, petrology, and Louisiana Geological Survey collections. It also describes educational field trips and hands-on activities for learning about minerals, rocks, and geology.
Here are my responses to the reading questions:
1) Early settlers lived in or near groves of trees for several reasons. Trees provided wood for fuel, building materials, and fences. Groves also offered shelter from wind and sun. The soil around groves tended to be richer. Groves also marked locations of springs or creeks which were important water sources.
2) Groves were isolated islands because prairie fires kept most trees confined to low, wet areas that didn't burn easily. Groves were usually located along streams or springs where soil was richer and moisture was abundant.
3) Most groves have been cleared for agriculture or development. Surviving groves look different because selective clearing removed some
The document summarizes the geology of the Isle of Raasay in Scotland. It describes the island's basement rocks as Lewisian gneiss formed over 3 billion years ago. Sediments from eroded mountain ranges were deposited as Torridonian Sandstone over 1 billion years ago. Younger Mesozoic sediments including Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods were deposited in various shallow marine to terrestrial environments. During the Cenozoic era, the region experienced volcanism and intrusions of basalt and granite. Glaciation during the Pleistocene sculpted the modern landscape and deposited till.
- The document describes granitoid plutons from the Taylor Valley and Ferrar Glacier region of Antarctica. It identifies two distinct suites: the older calc-alkaline Dry Valleys 1 suite dominated by the elongate and compositionally variable Bonney Pluton; and the younger alkali-calcic Dry Valleys 2 suite comprising discordant plutons and dyke swarms.
- Field observations and whole-rock geochemistry support this subdivision and indicate the suites were derived from different parent magmas. The Dry Valleys 1 suite resembles Cordilleran I-type granitoids derived from mantle/lower crust sources above an ancient subduction zone. The Dry Valleys 2 suite resembles Caledonian I
This document summarizes the geology of the Banda Sea region and Lesser Sunda Islands, including:
1. The Neogene North and South Banda Sea basins formed by back-arc spreading behind the Banda Arc.
2. The active Banda volcanic arc built on oceanic crust.
3. The non-volcanic outer arc islands like Sumba, Timor and the Tanimbar Islands which are part of an accretionary prism.
4. The unusually deep Weber Trough between the Banda Arc and outer arc islands.
The document summarizes plate tectonics theory, which proposes that the Earth's outer layer is divided into plates that constantly move over Earth's mantle. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart and new crust is formed, convergent boundaries where plates collide with one subducting under the other, and transform boundaries where plates slide horizontally past one another. Evidence for plate tectonics includes matching fossil and rock formations between continents now separated by oceans, as well as variations in ancient climates that can be explained by past continental configurations.
Tide generated sedimentary structures, lithofacies and particle size distribu...Alexander Decker
1. The study examines tide-generated sedimentary structures, lithofacies, and particle size distribution in the Ajali Sandstone formation in southeastern Nigeria to interpret the depositional environment.
2. Three lithofacies were identified including cross-bedded medium-coarse sandstone, cross-bedded fine sandstone, and ripple laminated mudstone. Tide-generated structures include herringbone cross-stratification, mud drapes, tidal bundles, and reactivation surfaces.
3. Trace fossils including Skolithos and Ophiomorpha burrows indicate deposition in intertidal to subtidal marine environments. Particle size analysis shows the sediments were transported by traction, saltation
The discovery of stone tools and hominin fossils at Lomekwi 3 in West Turkana, Kenya dates tool use back to 3.3 million years ago, 700,000 years earlier than previously thought. 46 stone tools and fossils were found in situ within sandy sediments, representing a primary archaeological context. Stable carbon isotope analysis indicates a wooded environment at the site. The stone tools include cores and flakes, demonstrating techniques of core reduction and battering activities. This challenges assumptions that tool use originated with Homo and in response to climate change on the savannah.
Evidences of metasomatic processes during the emplacement of pan african gran...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study of granites in the Ilesha schist belt in southwestern Nigeria. Geochemical and petrographic analysis was conducted on samples from a granite batholith north of the Ilesha schist belt. The results show evidence of potash metasomatism during emplacement, as indicated by the presence of microcline, myrmekite formations, and muscovite grains. Variations in major oxide concentrations with SiO2 suggest a change in mineral phase during differentiation of the magma. The granites plot in the calc-alkaline field, supporting their origin through continental collision during the Pan-African orogeny. Potash metasomatism may have occurred through
This document describes three new dinosaur species discovered in latest Albian-aged sediments in the Winton Formation of central Queensland, Australia. The three new species are: Wintonotitan wattsi, a basal titanosauriform sauropod; Diamantinasaurus matildae, a derived lithostrotian titanosaur sauropod; and Australovenator wintonensis, an allosauroid theropod. The discovery of these new taxa indicates Australia had a more diverse Early Cretaceous sauropod and theropod fauna than previously recognized, including both primitive forms like Wintonotitan as well as more derived forms like Diamantinasaurus.
This document discusses the stratigraphy and tectonics of the Timor Sea region during the Paleogene and Early Neogene periods. It presents evidence that the Lower Miocene Cablac Limestone in Timor is autochthonous, indicating a major pre-Miocene orogenic phase affected Timor. It also provides new evidence that the Timor Trough separating Timor from the Sahul Shelf has existed since the Early Eocene, contrary to a recent proposal. Maps of the paleogeography of the region during these periods are presented based on this reinterpreted geological history.
The Ecuadorian shoreline is considered highly susceptible by impacts of tsunamis triggered by marine quakes or submarine landslides occurring close or nearby the subduction zone between the Nazca, Caribbean and South American plates. Since 1877 one dozen known tsunamis have been witnessed along this coast, mostly related to short-distanced seismic activities (earthquakes between Mw 6.9 to 8.8). However, no evidence of these impacts has been recorded in the sedimentary stratigraphy on the Ecuadorian platform so far. Nonetheless, in the southwestern
part of the Gulf of Guayaquil, due to a biological, chemical, stratigraphic and geochronologic study of a few cored samples an anomalous horizon to the other sedimentary layers has been identified and recognized as a paleo-tsunami deposit. This layer having a thickness of up to 10 cm and up to 1100 meters away from the actual shore, demonstrates various criteria which confirm its origin such as deep sea foraminifera like Pullenia bulloides, run-up and backwash features, fragments of molluscs, which are absent in other sedimentary levels, matrix of weathered chlorite potentially originated by glauconite besides other. Geocronologic evidence together with the calculated sedimentation rate, implies that a the tsunami surged the coastal lowlands around Villamil Playas about 1250 ± 50 yrs ago and must have been a major event originated from the western or northwestern direction.
The document discusses the K-T boundary problem, which marks the end of the Cretaceous period and the mass extinction event that wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs. The boundary is associated with the Chicxulub impact crater formed by an asteroid strike around 66 million years ago. Evidence suggests this impact triggered widespread environmental changes through effects like sulfur aerosols that blocked sunlight, causing a global climate shift and 75% of species to go extinct. Debate continues around other potential contributing factors like the Deccan Traps volcanic eruptions. The document provides details on the lithology, fossils, and occurrences of the K-T boundary in different regions including India.
2007 -- Fabricius et al_Octocorals Palau - MonogrPhil Alderslade
This document summarizes a study on octocorallia (soft corals and sea fans) in Palau, Micronesia. It finds that Palau's octocoral fauna is somewhat reduced compared to areas in the Coral Triangle due to open water barriers. Species richness at a site is affected by biogeography, environmental conditions, and disturbance history. The study provides a taxonomic inventory of octocoral genera in Palau between 0-300m depth and examines how communities change along environmental gradients in different habitat types.
The document provides an overview of several geological models that were used in the early 20th century to understand global geological features, including continental drift. It discusses the theory of contractionism, which proposed that continents separated as the Earth cooled and shrank. It also discusses permanentenism, which argued that continents have always been in largely the same positions. The land-bridge hypothesis suggested that land bridges once connected continents to explain terrestrial fossil distributions. The document examines problems with each of these early models and how they helped address questions about matching fossil distributions across continents.
Similar to Lapita_and_Later_Archaeology_of_the_Malo (20)
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Ethan E. Cochrane et al.
Figure 1. Map of the western Fiji Islands showing major archaeological sites of the Yasawa Islands
(see Cochrane 2004) and newly reported sites of the Mamanuca and Malolo Islands.
Island names italicized.
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News & Notes
Table 1. Archaeological sites of the Malolo and Mamanuca Islands identified in 2006.
Site
number Name
Estimated cultural
chronology Landform, primary use category
K27–1 Solevu 2000—0 BP Surface and subsurface ceramic deposit, low
intensity human activity
K27–2 Navasua 500—100 BP Annular ditch and bank defensive habitation,
platforms, surface ceramics
K27–3 Uluisolo 500—100 BP Terraced hilltop with United States military
structures (WW II), surface ceramics
(prehistoric)
K27–4 Tavua Village 2900—0 BP Beach flat occupation with subsurface
ceramics (including Lapita), midden, and
other artifacts
K27–5 Tavua Ridge 500—100 BP Modified ridgetop with earth platforms,
surface ceramics
K27–6 Yanuya Village 200—0 BP Beach flat occupation with subsurface
ceramics and midden
K27–7 Qwaqwa ? Rockshelter with surface and subsurface
ceramics, midden and other artifacts
K27–8 Kasa 200–50 BP Beach flat habitation with 3 house mounds
K27–9 Onedare 200–50 BP Beach flat habitation with 4 house mounds,
platform with stone upright and surface
ceramics
K27–10 — 500—100 BP Upland defensive habitation with
approximately 7 house mounds, surface
ceramics
annular ditch (approximately 100 m in
diameter, up to 2 m deep, and 15 m
wide) with a raised bank around the
outside. Four earth causeways crossing
the ditch are equally spaced around
the perimeter. Several stone-faced earth
platforms, likely post-occupation buri-
als, are located at the northern end of the
site. This site is similar to others found
throughout Fiji known as ring-ditches.
The inhabitants of site K27–2 would
have had an unrestricted view of another
ring-ditch site (Y2–22) on the southern
coast of Waya Island to the north.
Subsurface testing included hand-
driven auger cores generally placed
along transects perpendicular to coastal
terraces. The goals of coring were to lo-
cate anthropogenic paleobeach deposits
and generate preliminary data on coastal
landform evolution. Three areas were
chosen for controlled test excavation
(single 1 × 1 m units): sites K27–1,
-4, and -6. Subsurface deposits at site
K27–1, a tavioka garden near Solevu
village on Malolo Island, include a single
lithic flake and small amounts of ceram-
ics (n = 766) recovered from the surface
to the water table at 2.6 m forcing
excavation to cease. Approximately 12%
of the ceramic assemblage consists of
decorated forms, mostly various types
of carved-paddle impressing common in
Fiji. The prevalence of carved-paddle
JOURNAL OF ISLAND & COASTAL ARCHAEOLOGY 247
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Ethan E. Cochrane et al.
impressed designs indicates these de-
posits date very generally to the first
millennium AD. Stratigraphy at the site
and preliminary geoarchaeological anal-
yses suggest a continuous wetland envi-
ronment with depositional inputs from
wave action and wind with soil horizons
forming only in the upper deposits.
Subsurface deposits at K27–1 likely rep-
resent relatively low-intensity human
activity.
Subsurface deposits at K27–6,
within the single existing village on the
island of Yanuya, also contain ceramics
(n = 1970) and small amounts of bone
and shell with 97% of the ceramic
assemblage recovered from the top 0.4
m of excavation. Less than 1% of the
ceramic assemblage is decorated with
only a few carved-paddle impressed and
incised sherds present. The upper 0.5 m
of deposit is loamy sand with culturally
sterile coarse sand below this depth. The
coarse sand layer is penetrated by crab
and root holes that contain sherds and
shell. Deposits at K27–6 likely represent
the last 100–200 years of habitation in
the area.
At nearby Tavua Island, excavations
behind Tavua Village at site K27–4 on a
broad coastal terrace uncovered 1.4 m
of cultural deposit with ceramics (n =
1705), lithics, shell midden, and other ar-
tifacts. The ceramic assemblage includes
dentate Lapita designs on seven sherds
(Figure 2) from the deeper excavation
levels, 0.87–1.16 m below the surface
(Figure 3). Plain ceramics, bone, and
shell were found up to 1.36 m deep.
Three AMS analyses on charcoal and one
on shell date the site occupation. Char-
coal recovered from the deepest cultural
level returned a date of 3080–2860
cal BP (2σ, AA-73316) while char-
coal from the lowest level containing
Lapita decorated sherds returned a date
of 2870–2740 cal BP (2σ, AA-73315).
Carbonized residue on a sherd from
Figure 2. Examples of decorated Lapita ce-
ramics recovered from site K27–4
(Tavua Village). Motifs from Mead
et al. (1973).
the upper Lapita levels (approximately
0.87–0.97 m below surface) was dated
to 2750–2490 cal BP (2σ, AA-73317).
A Tridacna sp. shell from 0.47–0.57
m below surface produced a date of
2680–2380 cal BP (2σ, Wk-20392). The
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News & Notes
Figure 3. The island of Tavua with site K27–4 in foreground and excavation area indicated by
square. Islands in back ground are, from right to left, Yanuya with site K27–6, Monu
with sites K27–7 through K27–10, and Monu riki (not surveyed).
post-Lapita levels contain small amounts
of decorated ceramics (about 2% of all
ceramics) including carved-paddle im-
pressed, incised, and punctated forms
found across Fiji. Field analyses of stratig-
raphy and sediments suggest the de-
posit at site K27–4 represent continuous
habitation and primary deposition of
artifacts.
The results of our 2006 fieldwork
and preliminary analyses indicate that
the Malolo and Mamanuca islands were
likely colonized slightly earlier than
the Yasawa islands to the north (see
Cochrane 2004), but still approximately
100 years after other areas of Fiji. Fur-
thermore, the earliest inhabitants of site
K27–4 used multiple Lapita motifs (see
Figure 2), while previously only a very
simple, single Lapita motif had been
found in the Yasawa Islands (simple arcs
on a vessel lip, Motif 1 in Mead et al.
[1973]). The presence of several Lapita
motifs on Tavua Island, also found in
similarly dated deposits across Fiji and
Tonga, confirms that the far western
Fijian islands were part of a larger cul-
tural population spanning Fiji and West
Polynesia. The occurrence of typical
Fijian ceramic decorations in post-Lapita
deposits of the Mamanuca and Malolo
islands indicates some degree of contin-
ued interaction and transmission within
a Fiji-wide population. Finally, the high
proportion of defensive sites suggests
common processes leading to similar
competitive strategies found throughout
Fiji.
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Ethan E. Cochrane et al.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was supported by grants
from the British Academy (SG-41972)
and the UCL Institute of Archaeology
as well as assistance from the Fiji
Museum and the chiefs and people of
the Mamanuca and Malolo islands.
REFERENCES
Clark, G. R. and T. Murray. 2006. Decay charac-
teristics of the eastern Lapita design system.
Archaeology in Oceania 41(3):107–117.
Cochrane, E. E. 2004. Explaining Cultural Di-
versity in Ancient Fiji: The Transmission
of Ceramic Variability. Ph.D. Dissertation.
Honolulu: University of Hawaii.
Cochrane, E. E. and H. Neff. 2006. Investigating
compositional diversity among Fijian ceramics
with Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled
Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS):
Implications for interaction studies on
geologically similar islands. Journal
of Archaeological Science 33(3):378–
390.
Mead, S. M., L. Birks, H. Birks, and E. Shaw.
1973. The Lapita Pottery Style of Fiji and its
Associations. Polynesian Society Memoir 38.
Wellington: The Polynesian Society.
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