Download to read offline
LanguageStyle.ppt
- 1.
- 2. „The medium isthe message.” (Marshall MacLuhan)
- 3. Three main aspects Voice Styleand vocabulary Rhetoric
- 4. Voice or paralanguage Rythm Speed Loudness Pitch Pause Differentvocalisations Expressions such as „er”, „wow”
- 5. Rythm and pause Intensityand intonation (codes!) Avoid monotony Pause: interest and expectation Speed Vary your speed according to the text! Use a code system
- 6. Voice quality, „loudness”, pitch Functions:emphasis,attention Comfort! Express attitude to topic „My voice is me”. (Montágh)
- 7. Common problems: „dynamic monotony” „singingspeech” lack of emphasis changing meaning by breaking the sentence at wrong points „A királynőt megölni nem kell félnetek jó lesz ha mindnyájan beleegyeztek én nem ellenzem. „
- 8. Breathing - find yourright voice! - too types: physiological speaking - posture Expressions such as „er”, „wow”, vocalisations
- 9. Style Depends on sexand culture Women use - more „we” ( „I”) - empty and exaggerating adjectives (fantastic, exciting, great) - personal intro phrases (I think) - conditionals - understatement
- 10. Central-Eastern European rhetoric reliesmore on „We” and communcal knowledge systems empty and exaggerating adjectives knowledge demonstration as opposed to evaluation the reader to infer hidden messages, conlusion
- 11. Words Denotation and connotation „thecompany exceeded the budget” Vs. „the company works with a planned deficit” Key feature: synonymy „I’m confident, you’re insistent, he’s obstinate” (Black)
- 12. Shortcomings of style Commonplaces Thematter at hand is … As a matter of speaking … By and large … It all boils down to … We should put a time frame on it
- 13. Euphemism:misleading vs. softening „Wecan see the light at the end of the tunnel” Vs. „I should think over this problem if I were you.” Confusing images - good striving for a more picturesque language with problems „In her embarrassment she felt like a fish on a hot tin roof.”
- 14. Active and passivestructures lively style grammar and vocabulary nouns static verbs dynamic „After long reflection, his decision to confess was made.” vs. „ He reflected for ages and then finally decided to confess.”
- 15. „camuflaged verbs” (togive a lecture) use active voice avoid conditionals and mitigators Updike’s literary invention
- 16. Stimulate attention And that’snot all … But first you should know a few things Now – and this is most important … But there is one more thing you have to do You might be asking yourself … Fulfill your promises!
- 17. How to developyour style Strive for clarity, avoid uncertainty in content reference to assumed BGK cramming too much info into a given time frame multiple subordinations in sentences sidetracks „in brackets”.
- 18. Be concise „Words arelike leaves; And where they most abund Much fruit of sense Beneath is rarely found.” (Alexander Pope)
- 19. „Amint azt azeddig leírtakban is aláhúztuk, és amint az a közelmúltban a Miskolci Egyetemen megrendezésre került konferencia felszólalásaiból is kiviláglott, az új termékek bevezetése vállalatainknál nem tűnik előnyben részesíthető alternatívának a jelenlegi időperiódusban.” „A Miskolci Egyetemen tartott konferencia hozzászólásai is alátámasztották: az új termékek bevezetése ma nem előnyös vállalatainknak.”
- 20. How to expressyourself effectively: Rhetoric Comparison „Business is like riding a bicycle. Either you keep moving or you fall down.” - Illustration more familiar quality than the real object - Avoid overused images (pure as a virgin)
- 21. Metaphore – analogybetween ideas „A man without judgement is like a car without brakes; but a man without enthusiasm is like a car without a motor.” Personification – imagine that your subject is a human being „Are commercial banks an endangered species?”
- 22. Hyperbole – intentionalexaggeration „I believe that with the new biotechnology we can achieve anything that can be achieved!” Understatement – seemingly lessening value, merit or importance but implying the opposite „The disadvantages should not be overlooked either.”
- 23. Irony – statingthe opposite with implied negative evaluation „No advertisement has ever bored a reader. That’s because it requires little effort and less time to turn the page.” Antithesis – contrasting two opposing views „They promised prosperity and delivered misery.”
- 24. Climax –arrangement ofwords/ phrases in order of increasing power „He who loses wealth loses much; he who loses a friend loses more; but he who loses his courage loses all.” Rhetorical question „Is language change good? The answer is yes.”
- 25. Anacoluthon - abreak in sentence structure for heightened effect „Cleopatra’s nose, had it been shorter, could have changed the face of the world.” Antimetabole – repetition with inverted order of items „Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country.”
- 26. Do not: Use longand complicated sentences Use long and abstract words Lie or trick your audience Abuse cliches Use too many figures of speech Hum and haw with words like Well – Hum – I mean – you know . Keep silent. Talk about banal generalities (Everyone knows)