Cadastral surveying

1. LAND ADMINISTRATION &
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
by
COURSE TUTOR:
KIRK KATWA, M.I.S.K. R.V, R.E.A
Lecturer
Department of Real Estate, Const. Management & Quantity Surveying
Email: kirkkatwa@uonbi.ac.ke

2. Land administration Processes
1.Carry out adjudication
2.Undertake spatial planning
3.Survey the land
4.Carry out the valuation
5.Alienate and/or allocate
6.Register and issue titles,
7.Manage and physically develop land

3. Land Planning
• Land use planning is the allocation of various uses within
limited spaces
• It is the citing of buildings and communication routes so
as to secure maximum practicable degree of economy,
order and convenience. It is also the discipline
concerned with providing the right site, at the right time
in the right place and for the right people.
• Helps in reduction of land use conflicts
• Land use information records include zoning maps,
land use plans, Physical development plans, Part
Development Plans, County spatial plans
• All these store different information on users, zones,
topography, nature of developments allowed

4. Importance of land planning
✓ Ensuring consistency of land use/no conflicts.
✓ Putting land resources to the highest and best
use.
✓ Ensuring proper physical development hence
propagating sustainable development of cities
and communities as one of the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs – No. 11).
✓ Catering for the failures of the free land market
economy e.g. Some sectors such as health,
education may suffer due to lack of land.
✓ Settling land use conflicts
✓ Ensures environmental preservation

5. Development applications as
components of planning
• What are Development applications( and
what is the approval Procedure in Kenya
• See the Physical and Land Use
Planning Act 2019-On definition of term
“development”, development applications
and their approval process.
• Information outputs and records-
Planning briefs, approved scheme
plans, Zoning maps, Part Development
Plans, development plans…

6. Role of physical planners in land
administration
Relationship between physical/spatial
planning, land administration and land
information systems

7. Land surveying
• Land surveying is the determination of relative positions
of objects on the surface of the earth. There are various
types of surveys-Examples
➢ Engineering surveys
➢ Marine/hydro surveys
➢ Space Surveys
Cadastral surveys
• Cadastral surveying is key to land administration and LIS
• Cadastral surveying refers to the process of establishing
boundaries and other data in furtherance of cadastres
(land parcel record) production
• It provides the basis for future retracing of points and is
required for the initial setting out of land parcels, for
recording what has been built or for reestablishment of
boundaries

8. Land Surveying
• Cadastral surveys are concerned with geometrical data,
especially the size, shape and location of each land
parcels.
• It also deals with the location of property boundaries and
may also include topographical features
• Forms the basis for land titling and registration
• Cadastral surveying is carried out by the government
land surveyors or private licensed surveyors
• Techniques used in different countries are provided for in
law. In Kenya, Survey Act

9. Land surveying and land
administration
• Surveying of landed properties plays a critical
role in land administration
– determine parcels of land locations and to
provide evidence for their future retracing of
boundaries.
– setting out of land parcels –to facilitate land
development
– record the existing features
– re-establish boundaries either in the case of
dispute or where subdivision is to take place
– Settling of boundary disputes

10. Role of surveyors in land administration: Ref
Mwangi & Nyika,2018 PP 79-82
• Establishment of survey controls
• Topographical and cadastral mapping
• Delimitation of boundaries
• Adjudication, consolidation and
subdivisions
• Expert witnesses

11. Principles guiding cadastral surveying
• Based on 5 principles-
1) Accuracy and Consistency
2) Independent Check
3) Control
4) Maintenance
5) Economy
In Kenya, cadastral surveying is carried out under
the Survey Act Cap 299 and supported by other
land laws.
• The principles behind cadaster preparation are
the same that guide land surveying since
cadastral surveying is the basis of cadastre
hence LIS
– Control, consistency, economy, independent
check (self check) and maintenance

12. Principles that guide cadastral
surveying
• Control – it is the traditional principle when known
points (marks/controls are used to determine the location
of unknown points. Under this principle “the whole to
part’(known to unknown) guideline is followed
• A framework of points across a whole area is laid out,
with points well measured and separated. points may be
50-100 kms apart
• From this primary net, we calculate and measure
downwards into secondary nets so that the subsequent
errors cannot be bigger that in the preceding net
• It is from these lower order points that positions for
subplots’ boundaries of hedge junctions are fixed

13. Principles that guide cadastral
surveying
• Different methods may be used to achieve
controls
– Triangulation-establishment of points in a national
geodetic framework called triangulation
points.Theodolites are used to measure these points
to high levels of precision
– Traversing-more efficient than triangulation as it gives
flexibility of point selection not limiting one to the
triangle, it is quicker, adaptable to busy places since
the traverse can be run even on busy streets. uses
Electronic distance measurement approach

14. Principles that guide cadastral
surveying
• Map projections where the measure of angle
and distance is transformed from ground values
to those that would be calculated from
coordinates
– Coordinate systems- based on a rectangular grid,
where points are described in form of distances east
and north of a given point. allows for use of simple
survey methods and computations. work can be
easily checked and errors isolated
– Electronic positioning fixing such as satellite systems,
Global positioning Systems
– Photogrametry- use of aerial photographs

15. Principles that guide cadastral
surveying
– Geographical coordinates e.g. latitudes and
longitudes
– Rectangular Grid coordinates-based on map
projection on to a plane surface e.g. Northings and
Eastings
– Rectangular sections – Where large subdivision
parcels are put on quarter-quarter portions

16. Principles that guide cadastral
surveying
• Accuracy and Consistency- aims at reduction of error
to as minimal as possible and the surveyor must indicate
the estimated error of distance between two points eg
1part in 5000 + or – 5mm.Higher precision is required for
engineering surveys. Any error must provide for the
method of checking and correction
• Economy –Certain standards are set for the choice of
method used. cadastral and engineering surveys
contracts will often provide for nationally agreed
specifications that must be followed. However, the
survey must meet these conditions in way that is most
economic in time, effort and cost

17. Principles that guide cadastral
surveying
• Independent check-Gross errors caused by
human or mechanical failure should be avoided.
Such errors may have adverse effects on the
survey and they can be identified through
independent checks. These include measuring
triangles, starting and ending traverse on known
points or repeated measurements of points on a
photograph
• Maintenance- of both the ground marks
(beacons) and the land information gathered in
maps, photos and plans

18. Survey records in land
administration
Cadastral maps
• Topo maps
• Aerial photographs
• Deed plans
• Survey plans
• Registry Index Maps
• Area lists

23. Land Valuation
• Valuation is the process of estimating the worth of
landed property based on experience and judgment.
• The purpose of valuation is to determine “value” a term
generally prefaced by some description as market value
or benefit value
• Accurate valuations are normally determined by qualified
land valuers and guide the market towards fair prices
and allow informed decisions to be made about the
efficiency of land resources
• Valuations in land administration are usually done for
determination of rates, rents, sale or purchase, stamp
duty and capital gains.

24. Land Valuation
• The methods used in valuation process
are:
– Comparison Method
– The Income Method or the Investment
Method
– The Cost Method / Contractors Method or the
Quantity Survey Approach
– The Profit Approach
– Residual Approach

25. Land Valuation
• What guides the valuation standards globally
• Purposes of valuation in land administration
• How is valuation undertaken and what information/data
do you require to carry out a valuation
• What does Cap 266 and 267 say as far valuation for
rating is concerned in Kenya?
• What are the records/registers that emanate from the
valuation process?
• Information required and challenges
• What solutions can one offer?